Management of differentiated thyroid carcinoma

The study was done to determine the clinical, radiological and histopathological characteristics along with the management outcome of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. This Retrospective study included sixty patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma presented to Department of Otolaryngology and Head-Neck Surgery at Dhaka Medical College Hospital and Apollo Hospitals Dhaka from June 2006 to December 2008. The data of each patient included age, sex, presenting symptoms and signs, provisional diagnosis, preoperative investigations, operation notes, histopathological examination and state at follow up. This study included 28 males and 32 females. The mean age was 42.7 years. Maximum patients presented at 4th decade. The commonest presentation was thyroid swelling followed by lateral neck swelling. Detailed clinical assessment before operative treatment has been done for all patients. Fifty five patients (91.66%) presented with single nodule. Distant metastasis was found in 2 cases. All patients underwent fine needle aspiration cytology which was conclusive in 38 patients (63.33%). All the sixty patients underwent surgical excision; either total thyroidectomy or completion thyroidectomy. Neck dissection was performed in 8 patients. All patients received postoperative radio-iodine. Fifty one cases were papillary carcinoma and 9 cases were follicular carcinoma. Except for one case with local recurrence the remaining cases were disease free on follow up (up to 10-40 months). One patient died with bone metastasis 2 years after operation. Of all thyroid cancers, majority cases are papillary cancer (85%). In contrast to other cancers, thyroid cancer is almost always curable. Most thyroid cancers grow slowly and are associated with a very favorable prognosis. Early diagnosis and treatment of the same is strongly advisable.     

Canadian survey of thyroid cancer

We report the results of a multicentre retrospective chart review of 2214 patients with thyroid cancer registered at 13 radiotherapy centres between 1958 and 1978. The data analysed included sex, age at the time of diagnosis, pathological diagnosis, extent of disease before treatment, types of treatment and their complications, and the rates of recurrence and survival up to 24 years after diagnosis. Although papillary cancers were most common, anaplastic and miscellaneous tumours were more frequent than expected, which reflects the type of patients referred by endocrinologists and surgeons to radiotherapy centres. There were marked differences in patterns of referral to the centres. Some patients with papillary and follicular thyroid cancers died of these cancers up to 20 years after diagnosis. The clinical manifestations, treatment and outcome of the rarer types of thyroid malignant tumours were of particular interest. The influence of age at the time of diagnosis on survival rates for patients with papillary or follicular thyroid cancer was highly significant, indicating much more aggressive behaviour of these cancers in older patients, particularly those beyond the age of 60 years. A more detailed analysis of tumour subtypes should provide new information on their natural history and lead to better management.     

Solitary cerebral metastasis from a papillary carcinoma of the thyroid

A woman aged 52 was treated with radioactive iodine for a papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. Four years later she developed signs and symptoms of an intracranial space occupying lesion. A computed tomographic scan showed a mass in the right posterior frontal region. Although she was suspected of having metastatic disease a definite diagnosis was not established until she died 6 months later when post-mortem examination confirmed that she had a cerebral metastasis from a papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. There was no evidence of metastatic disease elsewhere in the body. Cerebral metastases from papillary carcinoma of the thyroid are uncommon but may occur in patients who have metastases in bones or lungs. A search of the literature has revealed only two patients with solitary cerebral metastases.     

6: Thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer

Thyroid nodules are common clinically (prevalence, about 5%) and even more common on ultrasound examination (about 25%). About 5% of thyroid nodules are malignant. Most thyroid cancers are well-differentiated papillary or follicular tumours with an excellent prognosis (10-year survival, 80%-95%). The incidence of papillary thyroid cancer appears to be increasing on the east coast of Australia. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid is the most cost-effective diagnostic tool. Recommended initial management of all follicular carcinomas and of papillary carcinomas > 1.0 cm is total thyroidectomy followed by radioiodine ablation. Most patients should be managed postoperatively with doses of thyroid hormone sufficient to suppress plasma levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone. Recurrences can occur many years after initial therapy, and follow-up should be lifelong. Thyroid nodules are very common, but have a relatively low risk of malignancy     

Good prognosis in thyroid cancer found incidentally at surgery for thyrotoxicosis

An analysis of the outcome of thyroid carcinoma incidentally discovered in patients undergoing surgery for hyperthyroidism is presented. Among 986 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer, 23 had presented with symptoms and signs of hyperthyroidism. Graves'' disease was diagnosed in 11, multinodular goitre in eight and toxic adenoma in four. Following thyroidectomy, histology revealed papillary (18), follicular (four) and Hurthle cell (one) carcinoma. Tumour size ranged from 4 mm to 5.5 cm, multifocality was detected in three patients, and lymph node involvement in one. Two patients (one with associated Graves'' disease, one with multinodular goitre) relapsed locally and required further surgery; one developed distant metastases and died 7 years after initial presentation. Two patients died of unrelated causes; the remaining 20 patients are alive and well with a median follow-up of 16 (1-34) years. Differentiated thyroid cancer found incidentally at surgery for hyperthyroidism has a good prognosis.


     

甲状腺乳头状癌中E2F1和P16蛋白的表达及意义

目的探讨E2F1和P16蛋白在甲状腺乳头状癌中的表达及二者的关系,为甲状腺乳头状癌的发生发展及预后判断提供一定的依据。方法应用免疫组化EnVision法检测78例甲状腺乳头状癌和51例正常组织中E2F1和P16蛋白的表达情况,分析二者与临床病理因素的关系。结果 E2F1和在P16蛋白甲状腺乳头状癌中的阳性率分别为78.2%和39.7%,正常组织中阳性率分别为5.9%和58.8%,二者在癌组织与正常组织间比较均有统计学差异(P<0.05);E2F1与P16蛋白阳性表达与年龄、性别及肿瘤的发病部位无关(P>0.05),与淋巴结转移及临床病理分期有关(P<0.05);E2F1和P16蛋白在甲状腺乳头状癌中的阳性表达呈显著负相关(r=-0.269,P<0.05)。结论 E2F1、P16蛋白与甲状腺乳头状癌的发生发展有关,E2F1阳性表达和P16表达缺失与患者的预后相关,二者联合检测可能更有利于评价患者的预后。     

Patterns of differentiated thyroid cancer in Baluchistan Province of Pakistan: some initial observations

The incidence of thyroid cancer is increasing in several countries. The main objective of this retrospective study was to find and describe province-specific estimates of incidence in males and females by age groups for differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). This study reports on 87 cases of DTC from Baluchistan province of Pakistan treated with post operative radioiodine at the Center for Nuclear Medicine and Radiotherapy (CENAR) Quetta from January 2003 to December 2009. The patient data has been collected from CENAR Quetta. Patients with DTC were confirmed by clinical examination, thyroid scintigraphy (Thyroid scan), blood tests (T3, T4, TSH) and histopathalogy tests and then treated with radioiodine. The Median age of the patients was 35.5 years (Range 12-70 years). The final histological diagnosis was papillary carcinoma in 71 (81.6 %) cases, follicular carcinoma in 6 (6.9%) cases while 10 (11.5%) cases presented with mixed papillary and follicular carcinoma. About 53 % cases were found in females with age 21-40 years. No strike predominance was observed in any age group for males. Four patients presented with recurrence while six patients showed metastasis in cervical lymph nodes. The small annual incidence did not follow any definite pattern. DTC has a small incidence in Baluchistan due to lack of education and health care facilities. The incidence of DTC is higher in females when compared with males as per this study. This preliminary study will provide an insight to incidence of DTC, its treatment facilities and future planning strategies in Baluchistan, Pakistan.     

Long-term impact of initial surgical and medical therapy on young patients with papillary thyroid cancer and bilateral cervical metastases

Background There are few reviews on the clinical features and prognosis of young patients with papillary thyroid cancer and bilateral cervical metastases. We have investigated the long-term impact of initial surgical and medical therapy on such patients. Methods A retrospective study was performed on 24 young patients （11 females and 13 males） with papillary thyroid cancer and bilateral cervical lymph node metastases, ranging in age from 11 to 20 years （mean age, 16.6 years）, who were treated in our institution from 1 January 1970 to 31 December 1985. Results All the patients in this group were followed up for 20 years. The survival of the patients at 20 years was 91.7%. The recurrence of local tumor and distant metastases was 20.8% and 12.5%, respectively. Based on analysis of the clinical data, we determined that the completeness of the surgical excision had a significant correlation with tumor recurrence. Conclusion These young patients with papillary thyroid cancer and cervical metastases have a good prognosis after suitable treatment.     

甲状腺转移癌临床诊治分析

目的探讨甲状腺转移癌的临床发病特点、诊断、治疗及预后分析。方法回顾性分析83例甲状腺转移癌病例。结果83例患者中,男性39例,女性39例,性别不明5例;年龄16-78岁,中位年龄52岁;原发癌依次为食管癌31例、肺癌12例、喉咽部癌8例、肾透明细胞癌7例、直肠癌6例、黑色素瘤6例、乳腺癌3例、肌肉瘤3例、胃癌2例、肝癌、宫颈癌、非嗜铬性副神经节瘤、卵巢癌、唇鳞癌各1例。64例经过治疗（手术或放疗或化疗）,原发癌转移至甲状腺时间间隔为1个月至26年,中位时间2．5年;79例以发现颈部肿物入院;80例行甲状腺转移癌切除术或放疗、化疗;83例中,生存期1个月至12年,中位生存期32个月。死亡原因为重要脏器的广泛癌转移。结论甲状腺转移癌临床不常见,对既往有恶性肿瘤史近期发现甲状腺包块的患者应考虑转移癌可能,治疗以手术切除为主,辅以放疗、化疗可延长生存期。     

桥本氏病合并甲状腺癌11例诊治分析

目的探讨桥本氏病合并甲状腺癌的临床特点及诊断治疗经验。方法回顾分析本院2005年1月至2010年1月间收治的11例桥本氏病合并甲状腺癌患者的临床资料。11例患者均经手术治疗。>1cm的肿瘤行癌侧甲状腺全切除、甲状腺峡部全切、健侧甲状腺次全切除及择区性颈淋巴结清扫术,共9例。<1cm肿瘤则仅行癌侧甲状腺次全切除术加Ⅵ区颈淋巴结清扫术,共2例。结果桥本氏病合并甲状腺癌发生率为12.7%(11/86),其中乳头状癌9例,滤泡状癌2例。随访1～5年无复发。结论桥本氏病合并甲状腺癌发生率高,手术仍是最有效的治疗方法,术前穿刺,术中病理对于诊断和术式选择具有重要意义。     

Pattern of malignancy in clinically solitary thyroid nodule

Solitary thyroid nodule (STN) is a common thyroid disorder. Clinically recognized thyroid carcinoma constitutes less than 1% of human malignant tumours. The risk of malignancy in solitary thyroid nodule is greater than other thyroid swelling. The risk of malignancy in generalized thyroid swelling is about 3% and in solitary thyroid nodule it is about 15%. This study was carried out in Surgery and ENT Department, Mymensingh Medical college Hospital from November 2008 to October 2009 to see pattern of malignancy in clinically solitary thyroid nodule. Total 108 patients of STN was included in this study, majority of the patients were within 20-39 years age group with female predominance. In addition to thyroid swelling some patients presented with other symptoms like cervical lymphadenopathy in 6(5.56%), dysphagia 2(1.85%), hoarseness of voice 2(1.85%) and metastatic lesion in bone 1(0.92%) cases. Among 108 cases of solitary thyroid nodule only 19 cases were malignant. Patients with malignant lesion presented with shorter duration of symptoms. Out of 19 malignant cases 6(31.58%) cases presented with features of metastasis. Malignancy was more predominant in male (25.00%) than the female (14.47%) in STN. Out of 19 malignant cases, 12(63.16%) were papillary carcinoma, 5(26.31%) were follicular carcinoma and 2(10.53%) cases were medullary carcinoma. Study showed significant difference (p<0.01) between papillary & follicular carcinoma and significant difference (p<0.001) between papillary & medullary carcinoma. Papillary carcinoma was most common among all thyroid malignancies in patients with solitary thyroid nodule.     

桥本病合并甲状腺癌的诊断与治疗

目的分析桥本病合并甲状腺癌的临床特征、诊断、治疗及预后。方法回顾性分析1998年1月至2008年1月经病理证实为桥本病合并甲状腺癌10例的临床资料。结果术后病理诊断桥本病合并乳头状癌8例,滤泡状癌2例。术后声音嘶哑1例,有不同程度的甲状腺功能减退9例,术后均常规行甲状腺素抑制／替代治疗。结论桥本病合并甲状腺癌术前诊断困难,以手术治疗最有效,掌握其手术探查指征很重要并应按甲状腺癌根治性手术的原则施术,术后常规应用甲状腺素治疗。     

桥本病合并甲状腺癌12例治疗观察

目的探讨桥本病合并甲状腺癌的诊断和治疗。方法回顾性分析我院1994年￣2005年收治的12例桥本病合并甲状腺癌患者的临床资料。结果桥本病合并甲状腺癌的发病率占慢性淋巴性甲状腺炎的10.1%,占甲状腺癌的8.5%,所有病人均以颈部结节就诊;并存甲状腺癌中乳头状癌8例,滤泡状癌2例,混合性癌1例,髓样癌1例。其中6例行Ⅰ期根治性手术,2例行Ⅱ期根治性手术;4例行一侧或双侧甲状腺全切或次全切术。随访3个月至10年不等,1例复发,无死亡。结论桥本病与甲状腺癌并存率高,诊断困难,因此掌握桥本病的手术探查指征十分必要,对桥本病合并甲状腺癌手术应采取根治性治疗原则。     

Changing patterns of thyroid carcinoma

Background  To assess changing trends in histological types of thyroid cancer in an Irish hospital over the past 30 years. Methods  Biographical data, tumour characteristics, treatment and outcome from 190 patients with thyroid carcinoma from 1970 to 2000 were reviewed retrospectively. Results  Detailed records of 190 patients with thyroid cancer were identified with a mean age at presentation of 50 years. From 1970 to 1979 the distribution of histological types was: papillary carcinoma; 9 patients (4.7%), follicular; 17 patients (8.9%), anaplastic; 9 patients (4.7%), medullary; 1 patient (0.5%) and lymphoma; 1 patient (0.5%). From 1980 to 1989 papillary carcinoma accounted for 32 patients (16.8%), follicular; 14 patients (7.3%), anaplastic; 13 patients (6.8%), medullary; 7 patients (3.7%) and lymphoma; 5 patients (2.6%). From 1990 to 1999 papillary cancer accounted for 48 patients (25.2%), follicular; 14 patients (7.3%), anaplastic; 8 patients (4.2%), medullary; 7 patients (3.7%) and lymphoma; 5 patients (2.6%). Survival rates were significantly better for those aged less than 45 years (P < 0.0001), female sex (P < 0.01) and those with papillary carcinoma (P < 0.01). Conclusions  This study demonstrated a significant increase in the incidence of papillary carcinoma. This may be related to increasing dietary iodine intake and may be significant as papillary carcinoma is associated with a more favourable prognosis.     

Gonadal damage due to radioactive iodine (I131) treatment for thyroid carcinoma

Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid is the most common type of thyroid cancer and is associated with a good prognosis. Complications of treatment with surgery and radioiodine are uncommon. We report the case of a 13 year old boy who developed testicular damage following treatment with radioactive iodine 350 mCi for a papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. Four years after radioiodine treatment there has been no suggestion of recovery of spermatogenesis. Detailed follow-up studies of similarly treated young patients are required to define the incidence of this complication and to determine its reversibility.     

甲状腺未分化癌和乳头状癌超声成像特征的差异

目的 探讨甲状腺未分化癌和甲状腺乳头状癌超声成像特征的差异。方法 回顾性分析2001年4月至2014年6月在北京协和医院就诊并经病理证实的7例甲状腺未分化癌的临床和超声特征,并以同时期内性别、年龄相匹配的21例经病理证实甲状腺乳头状癌患者为对照,分析两组的超声特征差异。结果 甲状腺未分化癌的患者以女性为主(5/7,71.4%),平均发病年龄为(64.9±11.3)岁。分析超声特征结果显示,甲状腺未分化癌较甲状腺乳头状癌病灶大[(5.17±1.26)cm比(1.85±1.89)cm,P＜0.001]、纵横比＜1的比例高(100.0%比47.6%,P＝0.03)、微钙化程度高(100.0%比52.4%,P＝0.03)。两组在形态、边界、回声、均匀性、囊性变、血流状况、被膜受侵与否方面差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05)。结论 老年女性甲状腺内最大径大于5 cm结节如具备常见的超声恶性征象,同时又存在纵横比小于1和微钙化,应高度怀疑未分化癌。     

Carcinoma of thyroid--clinical presentation and outcome.

The clinical, biochemical and pathological features of 31 patients with thyroid carcinoma managed at Hospital Universiti Sains Málaysia, Kubang Kerian from 1985 to 1989 were analyzed. There were 25 females and 6 males. The types of carcinoma were: papillary-17 cases; follicular-10 cases; medullary-2 cases and anaplastic-2 cases. For papillary carcinoma the mean age of the patients was 52.9 years. For follicular carcinoma the mean age was 48.3 years, for medullary carcinoma, 48.5 years and for anaplastic, 74.5 years. All patients had pre-existing goitre except for 2 and most presented with advanced disease. The mean duration of symptoms for papillary carcinoma was 3.7 years, follicular carcinoma 1.6 years, medullary carcinoma 13.5 years and anaplastic carcinoma 6 months. 12 patients presented with goitre of increasing size; 9 had compression symptoms; 4 presented with cervical lymph node enlargement and 6 presented with bony pains of whom 2 had paraplegia. None of the patients were ever thyrotoxic or hypothyroid. Treatment in general was unsatisfactory because of patients' non-acceptance of surgery and/or radioactive iodine.     

青少年甲状腺单发结节的临床分析

目的探讨青少年甲状腺单发结节的临床特点、诊断、治疗及预后。方法回顾性分析1993～2004年间收治的青少年甲状腺单发结节23例。结果本组23例患者行B起检查、细针穿刺细胞学检查等检查,术后病理证实9例甲状腺癌。本组均行手术治疗,手术方式根据结节性质、范围确定。甲状腺癌术后均口服甲状腺素片,随访1～7年,无一例死亡。结论青少年甲状腺单发结节手术效果好,恶性病变选择适宜的手术方式和术后治疗,预后好,患者能长期生存。     

术前NLR、PLR、SII与甲状腺乳头状癌临床病理特征的关系

目的 研究外周血中性粒细胞和淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio,NLR)、血小板和淋巴细胞比值(platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio,PLR)及系统性免疫性炎症指数(systemic immune-inflammation index,SII)与甲状腺乳头状癌临床病理特征的关系。 方法 回顾性分析2015年1月—2017年12月在中国人民武装警察部队特色医学中心甲状腺和乳腺外科初次行手术治疗的甲状腺乳头状癌患者临床病理资料,分别讨论NLR、PLR、SII与甲状腺乳头状癌患者临床病理特征的关系。 结果 术前NLR与甲状腺乳头状癌的双侧癌(P=0.040)和多灶性有关(P<0.001),与患者年龄、性别、肿瘤直径、TNM分期及腺外侵犯、颈部淋巴结转移无关(均P>0.05);术前PLR与患者性别(P=0.019)、颈部淋巴结转移有关(P=0.048),与年龄、肿瘤直径、TNM分期、多灶性、双侧癌和腺外侵犯无关(均P>0.05);术前SII与甲状腺乳头状癌的多灶性(P<0.001)和双侧癌(P=0.002)有关,与患者年龄、性别、肿瘤直径、TNM分期以及腺外侵犯、颈部淋巴结转移无关(均P>0.05)。 结论 术前外周血NLR、PLR、SII水平可反映甲状腺乳头状癌的生物学特征,较高的NLR、PLR、SII值与较差的病理组织学特征和更加侵袭性的临床生物学行为密切相关。      

趋化因子受体4及Ki-67在甲状腺癌中的表达及意义

目的 探讨趋化因子受体4(CXCR4)及Ki-67在甲状腺癌中的表达及临床意义,为判断甲状腺癌预后寻找新的指标.方法 将112例甲状腺癌患者按病理类型分为未分化癌与分化型癌(乳头状腺癌、滤泡状腺癌、髓样癌),用免疫组化SP染色法检测CXCR4及Ki-67在各型甲状腺癌组织中的表达,应用统计学方法分析二者的表达与肿瘤病理类型、淋巴结转移、患者年龄及性别的关系.结果 CXCR4在各型甲状腺癌组织中均为阳性或强阳性表达,分化型癌组织中CXCR4强阳性表达率与未分化癌比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);有淋巴结转移和无淋巴结转移的甲状腺癌组织中CXCR4强阳性表达率比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).不同病理类型甲状腺癌组织中Ki-67增殖指数比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);有淋巴结转移和无淋巴结转移的甲状腺癌组织中,Ki-67增殖指数比较差异亦有统计学意义(P＜0.01).CXCR4及Ki-67在不同性别及不同年龄的甲状腺癌组织中的表达比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).线性相关分析显示,甲状腺癌组织中CXCR4和Ki-67的表达呈正相关(P＜0.01).结论 CXCR4及Ki-67在甲状腺癌组织中的表达与病理类型、淋巴结转移密切相关,可作为甲状腺癌患者判断预后的指标,与患者的年龄、性别无关.