假肌源性血管内皮瘤3例临床病理观察并文献复习

目的探讨假肌源性血管内皮瘤(pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma,PHE)的临床病理特征、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析3例PHE的临床病理特征、免疫表型、诊断及鉴别诊断、预后等,并复习相关文献。结果 3例患者,年龄38～70岁,中位年龄56岁,肿块平均直径4 cm,边界不清,浸润性生长。镜下见肿瘤细胞结节状生长,瘤细胞上皮样,卵圆形或梭形,大而肥胖,胞质嗜酸性,核仁小,核分裂罕见。免疫表型:肿瘤细胞表达CD31、Fli-1、CK(AE1/AE3),不表达S-100、desmin、SMA。结论 PHE是一种少见的软组织肿瘤,需与上皮样肉瘤、上皮样血管内皮瘤、上皮样血管肉瘤等肿瘤鉴别。     

肾脏横纹肌样滑膜肉瘤1例并文献复习

目的探讨罕见的肾脏横纹肌样滑膜肉瘤的临床病理学特征。方法回顾性分析1例肾脏横纹肌样滑膜肉瘤患者的临床资料和病理学形态,对其原发灶和转移灶行免疫组化EnVision两步法检查及SS18-SSX融合基因检测,并复习相关文献。结果患者男性,31岁,2014年11月影像学检查发现右肾肿瘤,行右肾根治性手术,镜下见肿瘤细胞呈短梭形,弥漫排列,胞质丰富,可见嗜伊红团块样物,初次病理诊断为肾脏横纹肌样瘤。2015年10月影像学检查发现肝脏及膈肌间占位,行肝脏肿瘤及部分膈肌切除,镜下见肿瘤细胞均呈长梭形,细胞密集,交叉束状排列,细胞质较少,胞质内未出现嗜伊红团块样物,该形态学为典型滑膜肉瘤。免疫表型:EMA、TLE1、vimentin、CD56均阳性,INI1阴性。FISH检测SS18-SSX融合基因,原发灶和转移灶均为阳性,最终证实原发灶即为滑膜肉瘤。结论肾脏横纹肌样滑膜肉瘤罕见,易误诊为肾脏横纹肌样瘤,该例肾脏横纹肌样滑膜肉瘤拓宽了肾脏横纹肌样肿瘤的鉴别诊断瘤谱,即使为典型的横纹肌样形态,也需利用分子生物学手段进行鉴别诊断。SS18-SSX融合基因检测阳性是确诊滑膜肉瘤的依据。     

34例滑膜肉瘤分子遗传学改变的诊断学意义

目的 探讨石蜡包埋滑膜肉瘤组织中t(x；18)(p11．2；q11．2)染色体易位融合基因SYT-SSX mRNA表达的诊断学意义和应用价值。方法 收集滑膜肉瘤标本34例，以14例梭形细胞肉瘤和小圆细胞肉瘤做对照(包括2例纤维肉瘤、2例平滑肌肉瘤、1例恶性神经鞘膜瘤、4例Ewing肉瘤、2例腺泡型横纹肌肉瘤、2例恶性黑色素瘤、1例血管外皮瘤)。在进行免疫组织化学指标检测的基础上，用一步法逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)技术检测34例石蜡包埋滑膜肉瘤组织中SYT-SSX的表达。结果 34例滑膜肉瘤中30例获得有效RNA，28例(93．3％)检出SYT-SSX融合基因表达。其中14例表达SYT-SSXl型者中10例为双相型，9例表达SYT-SSX2型者中5例为单相分化型，5例SYT-SSXl／2均未检出。对照组均未检出SYT-SSX基因的表达。结论 SYT-SSX融合基因表达可作为诊断滑膜肉瘤新的分子诊断指标。一步法RT-PCR是一种理想而可行的用于石蜡包埋滑膜肉瘤组织SYT-SSX融合基因检测的分子诊断技术。     

异位性错构瘤性胸腺瘤1例报道及文献复习

目的 探讨良性异位性错构瘤性胸腺瘤的临床病理特征及其鉴别诊断.方法 石蜡包埋组织连续切片分别做HE染色和免疫组化染色,光镜观察,分析1例异位性错构瘤性胸腺瘤的临床病理学特征及免疫表型特征,并进行文献复习.结果 肿块位于左颈部,生长缓慢.大体为结节状,包膜完整,切而部分囊性变.镜下显示肿瘤由梭形细胞、上皮样细胞、脂肪细胞和少量淋巴细胞组成.免疫组化染色显示:梭形细胞和上皮样细胞均弥漫性强阳性表达细胞角蛋白CK7、CK8、CK、CK5/6,不表达desmin、TTF-1、GFAP,,此外,梭形细胞阳性表达p63、Calponin、SMA、CD10、CD34,不表达细胞膜抗原EMA.而与之相反的是上皮样细胞阳性表达EMA不表达SMA、CD10、CD34.结论 异位性错构瘤性胸腺瘤是一种罕见的良性肿瘤,好发于中青年男性的颈部下方、锁骨上方及胸骨上方,需要与其它双向分化的肿瘤尤其是高级别肉瘤如滑膜肉瘤或腺样恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤鉴别,故该肿瘤的诊断及鉴别诊断尤为重要.     

心包原发性恶性间皮瘤的临床病理分析

目的：探讨心包原发性恶性间皮瘤的临床病理特征。诊断与鉴别诊断要点。方法：对4例心包原发性恶性间皮瘤进行临床病理分析。光镜及免疫组化染色观察并复习有关文献。结果：男3例,女1例,平均年龄42岁,3例呈局限型,1例为弥漫浸润型。组织学上可表现为肉瘤样梭形细胞型,上皮样型及双相型,免疫组化染色显示肉瘤样梭形细胞表CK、vimentin;上皮样型瘤细胞表达HBME1、CK。结论：原发于心包的恶性间皮瘤罕见,预后极差。临床常被误诊,其组织形态亦复杂多样,应注意与心包的良性增生性病变,心包转移性腺癌和梭形细胞肿瘤等相鉴别。     

表达CD10的非特殊类型乳腺肉瘤3例报道并文献复习

目的 探讨表达CD10的非特殊类型乳腺肉瘤的病理形态学、免疫表型特点以及诊断与鉴别诊断.方法 应用光镜观察、免疫组织化学染色等方法对3例表达CD10的非特殊类型乳腺肉瘤进行分析,并复习文献.结果 肿瘤境界清楚,主要由梭形-胖梭形细胞组成,与数量不等的胶原束交错呈流水样或席纹状排列,胞质红染或空淡,核梭形,染色体粗颗粒状,部分有细小核仁.1例伴大片坏死,1例伴出血及破骨细胞样巨细胞反应.免疫组化染色3例均CD10(+),2例EGFR(+),上皮标记物cK(AEl/AE3)、CK5/6、CK7、CKl4、CK8/18、3413E12及其他肌上皮标记物SMA、p63、ealponin等则(一).结论 表达CD10的非特殊类型乳腺肉瘤是一种罕见而具有独特免疫表型的肉瘤,诊断时须借助免疫组化与化生性癌、叶状肿瘤等鉴别.     

长骨骨纤维结构不良型釉质上皮瘤临床病理分析

目的探讨长骨骨纤维结构不良型釉质上皮瘤的临床病理特点、鉴别诊断及生物学特征。方法对2例长骨骨纤维结构不良型釉质上皮瘤进行病理学、免疫组织化学观察,结合临床资料进行分析并复习相关文献。结果2例长骨骨纤维结构不良型釉质上皮瘤患者均为年轻人,临床以小腿疼痛或无痛性肿胀为主,病程较长,影像学均示胫骨骨干病变。光镜下肿瘤主要由梭形细胞和散在的新生编织骨组成,梭形细胞密度较高,呈束状或编织状排列,纤维组织间见少数巢团状或裂隙状的上皮样细胞巢,梭形细胞和上皮样细胞均无明显异型性。免疫表型:上皮细胞巢表达CKpan、CK14和CK19,但不表达CK8、CK18。EGFR阳性表达主要见于上皮样细胞,Ki-67在上皮样细胞和梭形细胞均有少量散在阳性表达。结论长骨骨纤维不良型釉质上皮瘤是一种罕见的好发于年轻人胫骨骨干的低度恶性肿瘤,主要根据影像学、光镜及免疫组化确诊,应与骨纤维结构不良、转移癌、滑膜肉瘤等相鉴别。     

化生性胸腺瘤临床病理分析

目的探讨化生性胸腺瘤的临床病理特点。方法应用光镜、免疫组织化学(EnVision法)染色[单克隆抗体选用AE1/AE3、波形蛋白、上皮膜抗原(EMA)、CD3、CD5、CD20、CD34、CD57、CD99、末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶(TdT)、HMBE-1、calretinin、p53和Ki-67]和透射电镜观察3例化生性胸腺瘤的组织学特点、免疫学表型和超微结构。结果3例化生性胸腺瘤均为女性,年龄为33、58和45岁。组织学表现为双相分化特征,上皮细胞区域与梭形细胞区域交错分布并相互移行。上皮细胞区域的细胞轻度异型,有核沟和核内假包涵体,核分裂象罕见,呈岛状和条索状排列并相互吻合;梭形区域细胞形态温和,未见核分裂象,排列成束状或席纹状结构。免疫组织化学染色:上皮细胞区域AE1/AE3强阳性表达,不表达波形蛋白和CD5,Ki-67指数3%~5%;梭形细胞区域波形蛋白弥漫表达,EMA阳性,不表达CD5和CD20;间质淋巴细胞CD3阳性,不表达TdT和CD99。超微结构示上皮细胞区域细胞间有桥粒和半桥粒结构,而梭形细胞区域缺乏。结论化生性胸腺瘤是一类罕见的具有独特临床病理特征的良性或低度恶性胸腺上皮来源肿瘤。     

肺梭形细胞横纹肌肉瘤1例并文献复习

目的探讨成人梭形细胞横纹肌肉瘤(spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma,SCRM)的临床病理学特征。方法回顾性分析1例肺内SCRM的临床病理学与免疫表型特征,并复习相关文献。结果患者男性,72岁,因咳嗽、胸闷2个月入院,胸部CT检查示右肺上叶见一巨大软组织肿块影。镜检:肿瘤无包膜,呈不规则束、片状排列,局部呈巢状结构,间质纤维组织增生。瘤细胞小圆形、梭形或上皮样,胞质稀少,胞核深染、染色质细颗粒状,部分可见核仁,核分裂象达25个/10 HPF,局部可见横纹肌母细胞。免疫表型:vimentin、desmin、Myogenin、CD56、CD99均阳性(阳性细胞数>50%),CK(AE1/AE3)、CK7、Syn、CgA、CD45、TTF-1、MyoD1、NSE、BCL-2、S-100蛋白均阴性,Ki-67增殖指数约60%。结论肺成人原发性SCRM临床罕见,组织学形态多样,预后较差,需与肺小细胞癌、滑膜肉瘤、淋巴瘤等鉴别。     

化生性胸腺瘤2例临床病理分析

目的：探讨化生性胸腺瘤的临床及病理学特征。方法：应用光镜及免疫组织化学方法观察2例化生性胸腺瘤的组织学特点及免疫学表型,并复习相关文献。结果：2例均为男性,年龄55岁及56岁。组织学肿瘤显示双相分化特点,上皮细胞区域与梭形细胞区域交错分布并相互移行。上皮细胞呈相互吻合的束状、岛状及宽大的梁状排列,细胞轻度异型,可见核沟及核内假包涵体,偶见核分裂像;梭形细胞呈短束状或席纹状排列,细胞温和,未见核分裂像。免疫表型：上皮细胞区域CK19和AE1/AE3呈强阳性表达,上皮膜抗原（epithelial membrane antigen,EMA）弱阳性;梭形细胞区域表达Vimentin、Bcl-2及CD99,AE1/AE3局灶阳性,EMA弱阳性。两种区域中Ki67指数均〈5%。间质淋巴细胞CD3、CD5、CD20阳性,不表达Td T和CD99。结论：化生性胸腺瘤是一种罕见的良性或低度恶性胸腺肿瘤,诊断依靠病理组织学和免疫组织化学标记,完整切除预后良好。     

滑膜肉瘤石蜡包埋组织SYT-SSX融合基因检测的临床病理意义

目的：探讨在石蜡包埋组织中检测SYT－SSX融合基因的可行性及其对滑膜肉瘤的诊断,分型和鉴别诊断的价值。方法：收集滑膜肉瘤标本38例,以恶性周围神经鞘膜瘤,纤维肉瘤,平滑肌肉瘤,尤文肉瘤,血管外皮肉瘤和转移性腺癌作为对照,共40例,均为甲醛固定,石蜡包埋组织,用逆转录－聚合酶链反应（RT－PCR）方法检测SYT－SSX融合基因mRNA表达,以看家基因PBGD作为内对照检测mRNA质量。结果：78例标本中64例（占82．1％）可检出PBGD mRNA表达,38例滑膜肉瘤中33例中可检出SYT－SSX融合基因mRNA表达,对照组无一例检出SYT－SSX基因,去除PBGD及SYT－SSX均阴性病例1例,滑膜肉瘤SYT－SSX融合基因检出率为89．2％（33／37）,33例SYT－SSX阳性滑膜肉中,SYT－SSX1型22例,SYT－SSX2型6例,5例无法区分。融合基因类型与滑膜肉瘤组织学类型有关。10例双相型滑膜肉瘤均为SYT－SSX1型,而18例单相型滑膜肉瘤中SYT－SSX1型12例,SYT－SSX2型6例,二者差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）,结论：（1）从石蜡包埋组织中检测SYT－SSX融合基因对滑膜肉瘤有较高的敏感性和特异性,可用于滑膜肉瘤的诊断和鉴别诊断;（2）SYT－SSX融合基因类型与滑膜肉瘤组织学类型相关,SYT－SSX2型仅见于单相型。     

An ultrastructural,immunohistochemical, and cytogenetical study of a monophasic pulmonary synovial sarcoma: implications of the frequent ultrastructure of oligocilia and concentric membranous bodies with positive immunostaining for VS38c and MEF2

A rare case of a monophasic pulmonary synovial sarcoma is reported. A 44-year-old Japanese man underwent lower lobectomy for a nodular mass in his right lung. Immunohistochemical study of the excised primitive spindle cell sarcoma revealed occasional positive stains by hitherto reported antigens of S-100, cytokeratin 7, high molecular weight cytokeratin (34betaE12), pankeratin (AE1/AE3), and EMA, which were helpful for the differential diagnosis of other spindle cell sarcomas. Furthermore, positive immunostains for MEF2, VS38c (plasma cell antigen), and bcl-2 were rather significant findings in the present case. The definitive evidence that molecular genetic analysis showed a clonal single electrophoretic band of SYT-SSX mutated chimera gene was conclusive for the pathological diagnosis. The implications of the frequently seen ultrastructure of oligocilia and concentric membranous bodies with positive stains for VS38c and MEF2 are discussed. In the difficult pathological diagnosis of a rare and undifferentiated type of sarcoma with unusual clinicopathological features generated at an unusual site, comprehensive ultrastructural, immunohistochemical, and cytogenetic studies will lead to the correct pathological diagnosis and elucidate the detailed characteristics of the tumor.     

An Ultrastructural,Immunohistochemical, and Cytogenetical Study of a Monophasic Pulmonary Synovial Sarcoma: Implications of the Frequent Ultrastructure of Oligocilia and Concentric Membranous Bodies with Positive Immunostaining for VS38c and MEF2

A rare case of a monophasic pulmonary synovial sarcoma is reported. A 44-year-old Japanese man underwent lower lobectomy for a nodular mass in his right lung. Immunohistochemical study of the excised primitive spindle cell sarcoma revealed occasional positive stains by hitherto reported antigens of S-100, cytokeratin 7, high molecular weight cytokeratin (34betaE12), pankeratin (AE1/AE3), and EMA, which were helpful for the differential diagnosis of other spindle cell sarcomas. Furthermore, positive immunostains for MEF2, VS38c (plasma cell antigen), and bcl-2 were rather significant findings in the present case. The definitive evidence that molecular genetic analysis showed a clonal single electrophoretic band of SYT-SSX mutated chimera gene was conclusive for the pathological diagnosis. The implications of the frequently seen ultrastructure of oligocilia and concentric membranous bodies with positive stains for VS38c and MEF2 are discussed. In the difficult pathological diagnosis of a rare and undifferentiated type of sarcoma with unusual clinicopathological features generated at an unusual site, comprehensive ultrastructural, immunohistochemical, and cytogenetic studies will lead to the correct pathological diagnosis and elucidate the detailed characteristics of the tumor.     

Pulmonary synovial sarcoma with polypoid endobronchial growth: a case report, immunohistochemical and cytogenetic study

A rare case of primary pulmonary synovial sarcoma with polypoid endobronchial growth in a 42-year-old Japanese woman is described. Left upper sleeve lobectomy was performed for the polypoid tumor measuring 2.5 cm in the left major bronchus and the patient was treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. Three years later, a recurrent tumor was discovered. Microscopically, this tumor was characterized by a proliferation of oval to spindle-shaped cells arranged in sheets and fascicles and covered by the thin normal bronchial epithelium. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells were positive for vimentin, and focally positive for pancytokeratin recognized by AE1/AE3, cytokeratin 7 and epithelial membrane antigen. A chimera gene, SYT-SSX1, was detected. Recently, primary pulmonary synovial sarcoma is an increasingly recognized clinical entity; however, most of these tumors present as a parenchymal mass. The present case is a unique example of primary synovial sarcoma of endobronchial polypoid type. This case suggests that pulmonary synovial sarcoma might originate from bronchial submucosal stromal tissue.