泛硫乙胺原料中残留溶剂测定方法学研究

目的建立一种气相色谱法测定泛硫乙胺原料药的有机残留。方法采用顶空方法进样,以极性毛细管柱DB-WAX,FID检测器对泛硫乙胺中的有机残留甲醇和乙醇进行分离和检测。结果甲醇和乙醇的峰能够得到有效的分离,泛硫乙胺样品对其无干扰。甲醇的最低检出限为5.08μg.mL-1,最低定量限为12.69μg.mL-1,在12.69~887.55μg.mL-1的浓度范围内,线性方程为y=0.1265x+0.7612(r=0.9997,n=8),加样回收率为98.04%(RSD=1.78%);乙醇的最低检出限为4.01μg.mL-1,最低定量限为10.03μg.mL-1,在10.03~1402.24μg.mL-1的浓度范围内,线性方程为y=0.2346x+1.3015(r=0.9997,n=8),加样回收率为99.36%(RSD=1.44%)。结论该方法准确可靠,能有效检测出泛硫乙胺中的有机残留。     

顶空气相色谱法测定左乙拉西坦中有机溶剂残留量

目的建立左乙拉西坦中有机溶剂残留量的顶空气相色谱分析方法.方法选用大口径HP-快速GC残留溶剂柱为分离柱,FID检测器,外标法进行定量,并对分离条件、顶空平衡温度、平衡时间对残留有机溶剂测定的影响进行了研究.结果二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、甲苯的线性范围分别为0.133～1.326 μg·mL-1(r=0.999 7),4.330～43.296 μg·mL-1(r=1.000 0),0.009～0.087 μg·mL-1(r=0.999 7);平均回收率范围99.70%～102.46%,精密度RSD(n=6)为1.79%～3.05%;检测限分别为0.008,0.005,0.001 μg·mL-1.结论该方法快速、灵敏、准确.     

气相色谱法测定异丙基安替比林中的残留溶剂

目的:采用顶空进样气相色谱法测定异丙基安替比林中残留甲醇、乙醇、丙酮的残留量。方法:使用配置顶空进样器的气相色谱仪,选择固定相为6％氰丙基苯基-94％二甲基聚硅氧烷、膜厚为3．0μm,0．53mm ×30m的色谱柱,以氮气为载气,顶空进样FID检测,通过外标法计算残留溶剂的含量。结果:异丙基安替比林中有乙醇检出。乙醇的线性范围:0．10-164．96μg／mL(r=0．999 9),甲醇的线性范围:0．21-164．72μg／ mL(r=0．999 9),丙酮的线性范围:0．10-163．36μg／mL(r=1．000 0);定量限乙醇、甲醇均为0．3μg／mL,丙酮为0．1μg／mL;平均回收率甲醇为101．0％(RSD=4．8％,n=6),乙醇为99．89％(RSD=4．4％,n=6),丙酮为99．85％(RSD=3．4％,n=6)。结论:本方法简便、灵敏度高、重复性好,结果准确,可用于异丙基安替比林原料药中有机溶剂残留量的测定。     

气相色谱测定盐酸头孢吡肟中残留甲醇、乙醇和丙酮的含量

目的建立用气相色谱(GC)测定盐酸头孢吡肟中残留溶剂甲醇、乙醇和丙酮的方法。方法采用GDX-101色谱柱(3mm×2 m),N2为载气,氢焰离子化检测器,N,N-二甲基甲酰胺-水(8∶2)为溶剂,直接进样,外标法计算残留溶剂的含量。结果甲醇、乙醇和丙酮均完全分离;甲醇在15~300μg.ml-1,乙醇和丙酮在25~500μg.ml-1的范围内线性关系良好,r分别为0.99810、.9997、0.9990;平均加样回收率甲醇为98.51%(RSD=1.29%,n=5),乙醇为100.9%(RSD=2.37%,n=5),丙酮为97.09%(RSD=3.31%,n=5);检测限分别为3.0、1.0、20.0μg.ml-1。结论方便简便、重复性好,结果准确。     

HPLC法同时测定感冒灵颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因和马来酸氯苯那敏的含量

目的建立HPLC法同时测定感冒灵颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因和马来酸氯苯那敏的含量。方法色谱柱为Welch Xtimate C18柱(5μm 4.6×250mm),以甲醇-1%醋酸(用二乙胺调节至pH 3.7)(38∶62)为流动相,流速为1.0mL·min-1,柱温为40℃,PDA检测器,波长260nm。结果对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、马来酸氯苯那敏的线性范围分别为49.90~499.0μg·mL-1(r=0.9997),1.028~10.28μg·mL-1(r=0.9999),1.087~10.87μg·mL-1(r=1.000),平均加样回收率(n=9)分别为98.71%(RSD 1.2%),99.17%(RSD1.4%),100.78%(RSD为1.6%)。结论本方法快速、简便、准确,重现性好,可作为控制感冒灵颗粒质量的方法。     

快速反相高效液相色谱法测定血清中卡马西平的浓度

目的 建立了一种简单的卡马西平萃取方法和高效的反相高液相色谱法.方法 血清中卡马西平用乙醚-石油醚(9∶1)单步提取;色谱柱:HYPERSIL ODS(5μm,4.6mm×25mm),流动相:乙睛-0.06mol·L-1 NaAc-HAc(pH4.3)=36∶64(内含0.05%的三乙胺).检测波长285nm,室温,内标:艾司唑仑.结果 卡马西平在2-16μg·mL-1范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9998),平均回收率99.91%(n=9,RSD=1.87%).结论 此方法提取步骤少,方法简单快速、专一性强、费用低,适合临床卡马西平的血药浓度监测.     

顶空气相色谱法测定盐酸伐昔洛韦中的残留溶剂

目的:建立测定盐酸伐昔洛韦中残留溶剂甲醇、乙醇、丙酮和四氢呋喃含量的方法。方法:采用水溶液顶空进样气相色谱法测定3批样品中残留溶剂的含量。色谱柱:Agilent DB-5;柱温:35℃;进样口温度:200℃;火焰离子化检测器温度:260℃;流速:1.5mL·min-1;分流比:1:1;载气:氮气;顶空炉温度:80℃(平衡时间:45min)。按外标法进行定量分析。结果:甲醇、乙醇、丙酮和四氢呋喃具有良好的分离度(均大于4.0),检测浓度线性范围分别为:37.5～750、62.5～1250、62.5～1250、9～180μg·mL-1(r=0.9990～0.9995,n=5),回收率分别为:103.0%(RSD=2.6%)、98.9%(RSD=1.0%)、102.2%(RSD=1.8%)、105.1%(RSD=3.1%)。3批样品中4种溶剂的残留量均小于2010年版《中国药典》对其的规定限度。结论:该方法简单、准确、灵敏度高,能达到残留溶剂的检测要求,可用于盐酸伐昔洛韦中残留溶剂的检测。     

顶空毛细管气相色谱法测定美司钠原料和注射液的残留溶剂

目的建立美司钠原料及其注射剂中4种残留溶剂的顶空毛细管气相色谱测定方法。方法使用HP-1毛细管气相色谱柱(30m×0.25mm,0.25μm),采用程序升温。初始温度为40℃,保持5min,再以20℃·min-1升温至150℃;进样口温度为200℃;检测器为FID;检测器温度为250℃。顶空进样,平衡温度为75℃,平衡时间为30min。结果同时测定了美司钠原料和注射液中4种残留有机溶剂,甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇和丙酮分离度均在2.0以上,线性范围分别为6.6～66.0(r1=0.999 4),4.9～49.1(r2=0.999 9),5.8～58.0(r3=0.999 5)和8.0～80.0μg·mL-1(r4=0.999 6),平均加样回收率分别为97.3%,98.2%,99.5%和99.1%,RSD值分别为1.9%,2.1%,1.5%和1.7%。结论该方法灵敏、准确,可用于美司钠原料及其注射液中残留溶剂的检测。     

顶空气相色谱法测定硝酸芬替康唑原料药中有机溶剂残留量

目的：：建立测定硝酸芬替原料药中二氯甲烷、甲醇和乙醇3种有机溶剂残留量的分析方法。方法：采用毛细管气相色谱法,色谱柱：OV-1301毛细管色谱柱(30 m ×0.53 mm,3.0μm),检测器：FID;检测器温度：250℃;进样器温度：200℃;载气：氮气;顶空进样。结果：在上述色谱条件下,二氯甲烷、甲醇和乙醇分别在2.436~21.924μg·ml-1(r=0.9988),12.268~110.412μg·ml-1(r=0.9995),20.052~180.468μg·ml-1(r=0.9969)质量浓度范围内线性关系良好。平均回收率分别为99.30%(RSD=2.36%,n=9),100.21%(RSD=1.07%, n=9),100.15%(RSD=1.27%, n=9)。结论：该检测方法灵敏、准确、可靠,可用于硝酸芬替康唑原料药的质量控制。     

顶空毛细管气相色谱法测定盐酸丁卡因原料药中的残留溶剂

目的:建立了顶空毛细管气相色谱法同时测定盐酸丁卡因原料药中乙醇、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇、溴丁烷、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺等5种残留溶剂的分析方法。方法:采用Agilent DB-624毛细管色谱柱(30 m×0.53 mm×3.0μm),FID检测器,二甲基亚砜(DMSO)为溶剂。结果:5种残留溶剂在各自的浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.99882~0.99994,n=8),最低检出限范围为1.2~112μg.g-1;5种残留溶剂检测的日间稳定性(以RSD)计)为0.5%~2.2%(n=3),3种加标浓度的平均添加回收率为94.9%~105.6%(RSD为0.6%~3.4%,n=3)。结论:本方法简单、灵敏、可靠,适用于盐酸丁卡因原料药中残留溶剂的分析检测。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.     

Sleep-disordered breathing with chronic opioid use

Chronic opioid use for pain relief or as substitution therapy for illicit drug abuse is prevalent in our societies. In the US, retail distribution of methadone and oxycodone has increased by 824 and 660%, respectively, between 1997 and 2003. μ-Opioids depress respiration and deaths related to illicit and non illicit chronic opioid use are not uncommon. Since 2001 there has been an emerging literature that suggests that chronic opioid use is related to central sleep apnoea of both periodic and non-periodic breathing types, and occurs in ～ 30% of these subjects. The clinical significance of these sleep-related abnormalities are unknown. This review addresses the present knowledge of control of ventilation mechanisms during wakefulness and sleep, the effects of opioids on ventilatory control mechanisms, the sleep-disordered breathing found with chronic opioid use and a discussion regarding the future research directions in this area.     

Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders

The investigation of novel drug targets for treating cognitive impairments associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders remains a primary focus of study in central nervous system (CNS) research. Many promising new therapies are progressing through preclinical and clinical development, and offer the potential of improved treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other disorders that have not been particularly well treated to date like the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Among targets under investigation, cholinergic receptors have received much attention with several nicotinic agonists (α7 and α4β2) actively in clinical trials for the treatment of AD, CIAS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both glutamatergic and serotonergic (5-HT) agonists and antagonists have profound effects on neurotransmission and improve cognitive function in preclinical experiments with animals; some of these compounds are now in proof-of-concept studies in humans. Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists are in clinical development not only for cognitive enhancement, but also for the treatment of narcolepsy and cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation because of their expression in brain sleep centers. Compounds that dampen inhibitory tone (e.g., GABA_A α5 inverse agonists) or elevate excitatory tone (e.g., glycine transporter inhibitors) offer novel approaches for treating diseases such as schizophrenia, AD and Down syndrome. In addition to cell surface receptors, intracellular drug targets such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to impact signaling pathways that affect long-term memory formation and working memory. Overall, there is a genuine need to treat cognitive deficits associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions as well as an increasingly aging population.