异基因外周血干细胞移植供者CD34细胞及亚群的测定

目的　探讨流式细胞技术测定异基因外周血干细胞移植 (allo PBSCT)中供者细胞表面分化抗原 34 (CD34 )细胞及其亚群变化和意义。方法　应用流式细胞多色分析技术 ,测定 15 1份allo PBSCT供者 ,经细胞因子动员后外周血标本CD34 及其亚群变化及影响因素。结果　在检测的15 1份标本中 ,CD34 细胞占外周血单个核细胞的 (0 .95 4± 0 .46 6 ) % ,含量为 (3.5 5± 2 .41)× 10 9/L ;其中CD34 CD38-亚群含量为 (0 .2 5 3± 0 .2 40 )× 10 9/L ,占CD34 细胞的 6 .78% ;CD34 HLA DR 亚群含量为 (0 .2 73± 0 .310 )× 10 9/L ,占CD34 细胞的 6 .82 % ,两者差异无显著意义 (P >0 0 5 ) ;随着采集次数的增加 ,CD34 细胞及其亚群数量逐渐减少 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;随着供者年龄增加 ,其外周血CD34 细胞数逐渐减少 ,≥ 40岁供者CD34 细胞百分比和含量比 <2 0岁供者分别降低了 47%和 5 0 % ;动员后外周血CD34 细胞数存在性别差异 ,男性供者外周血CD34 细胞数较女性高 2 3%。结论　应用流式细胞多色技术测定外周血造血干祖细胞 ,不仅能确定造血细胞数量 ,而且对造血干祖细胞的质量进行评价 ,为临床干细胞移植治疗提供重要数据。     

rhG-CSF动员对异基因造血干细胞移植供者T淋巴细胞亚群S1P5表达的影响

目的:研究重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子(rh G~-CSF)动员对异基因造血干细胞移植(allo~-HSCT)供者T淋巴细胞亚群1磷酸鞘氨醇受体(S1P5)表达变化的影响。方法:采集10例异基因造血干细胞移植供者在rh G~-CSF动员前及动员后静脉血,应用流式细胞术分析CD3~+、CD4~+和CD8~+T细胞及CD3~-/CD56~+NK细胞等细胞亚群的S1P5表达率变化。结果:rh G~-CSF动员前及动员后淋巴细胞胞均无S1P5表达。采用破膜剂对淋巴细胞进行破膜处理后,可检测到rh G~-CSF动员后淋巴细胞胞内S1P5表达较动员前明显上调,其中CD3~+T细胞(57.92±2.32)%vs(7.94±1.47)%(P0.05),CD4~+T细胞(72.58±1.73)%vs(5.48±0.82)%(P0.05),CD8~+T细胞(51.79±3.57)%vs(6.46±1.01)%(P0.05),CD3~-/CD56~+NK细胞(40.00±1.47)%vs(4.97±0.74)%(P0.05),其中CD4~+T细胞S1P5表达率上升幅度最大,与其他淋巴细胞亚群相比有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:rh G~-CSF动员可使allo~-HSCT供者T淋巴细胞亚群S1P5表达上调,其中CD4~+T细胞S1P5表达率上升幅度最大。     

粒系集落刺激因子对外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的影响及与CD34+细胞动员效果的相关性

本研究观察粒系集落刺激因子(G—CSF)作为造血干细胞动员剂对外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的影响及与CD34^ 细胞动员效果的关系。对26例行自体造血干细胞移植患在G—CSF动员前后收集外周血标本，用流式细胞术检测动员前后CD3^ 、CD3^ CD4^ 、CD3^ CD8^ 、CD3^ CD4^ CD8^ 及CD3^ CD4^-CD8细胞绝对数量的变化并与外周血CD34^ 细胞的动员效果进行相关性分析。结果表明：GCSF动员后外周血CD3^ 、CD3^ CD4^ 、CD3^ CD4^ CD8^ 及CD3^ CD4^-CD8细胞的绝对数量分别增加2.23，2．62，2.99及10．96倍，而CD3^ CD4^ CD8^ 细胞的变化无统计学意义(P=0．243)。各亚群细胞的变化与CD34^ 细胞动员效果比较，仅CD3^ CD4 CD8细胞的变化与CD34^ 细胞动员效果间具有良好的相关性，r=0．796，P=0.000。结论：G—CSF将造血干细胞由骨髓动员到外周血的同时，使外周血中T细胞亚群的绝对数量发生不同程度的变化。在各T淋巴细胞亚群中CD3^ CD8^-细胞的增加与CD34^ 细胞的动员效果间具有统计学意义的相关性。     

rhG-CSF体内诱导造血干细胞移植供者外周血T细胞免疫耐受的初步研究

本研究探讨rhG CSF体内应用诱导健康供者外周血T淋巴细胞免疫耐受的机制。对 15例病人进行了外周血干细胞移植 ,借助三色和四色荧光标记技术 ,对供者rhG CSF动员前后外周血T细胞上共刺激分子CD2 8的表达、树突状细胞 (DC)亚群以及CD8 CD2 8- 抑制性T细胞的变化进行了流式细胞术测定。结果显示 ,rhG CSF动员后外周血采集物中CD3 CD2 8 细胞的相对数显著升高 (P <0 .0 1) ,CD2 8表达的平均荧光强度明显降低 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;CD8 CD2 8 细胞的相对数也显著升高 (P <0 .0 1)。但在T细胞上CD2 8总体表达的相对荧光强度无变化 (P >0 .0 5 )。动员前外周血中DC2的含量明显低于正常骨髓 (P <0 .0 1) ,动员后采集物中DC2的数量较动员前和正常骨髓均有显著增加 (P <0 .0 1) ,DC的数量也显著增加 (P <0 .0 1) ,DC1 DC2比值倒置 (P <0 0 1) ,而DC1在动员前后无变化 (P >0 .0 5 )。CD8 CD2 8- 细胞占有核细胞的百分比较动员前明显增加 (P <0 0 5 )。结论 :rhG CSF体内应用后 ,采集物中DC2和CD8 CD2 8- 抑制性T细胞数量的增加可能是外周血T细胞免疫耐受产生的重要机制。     

经粒系集落刺激因子刺激外周血CD34~+细胞动员效果相关因素的考察

目的探讨粒系集落刺激因子(G-CSF)动员健康供者外周血造血干细胞效果的影响因素。方法对24例健康供者皮下注射G-CSF动员造血干细胞,检测外周血T淋巴细胞亚群和血常规数据。结果经G-CSF刺激后,外周血CD3+(%)、CD3+CD4+(%)、白细胞计数、血小板均明显升高(P0.05);而动员第4天、第5天、第6天骨有核细胞密度、CD34+细胞百分比无明显差别。经相关性分析,性别、年龄、体质量与CD34+细胞百分比呈负相关(P0.05),白细胞计数呈正相关(P0.01)。结论在一定范围内男性供者优于女性供者,年龄越小,体质量越轻,白细胞计数越高,经G-CSF动员的外周血造血干细胞CD34+细胞百分比越高。     

肠易激综合征病人外周血免疫指标研究

目的　研究肠易激综合征 (IBS)病人外周血T淋巴细胞亚群比例和免疫球蛋白 (Ig)水平的变化 ,探讨IBS与机体免疫之间的关系。方法　应用流式细胞术测定IBS患者T 淋巴细胞亚群的比例 ,采用免疫散射比浊法测定患者Ig和补体 (C3、C4 )含量。结果　与健康对照组比较 ,IBS患者CD3 细胞数下降 ,C3、C4均偏低 ,但无统计学意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。腹泻型CD4 细胞数显著降低 (P <0 .0 1) ,CD8 细胞数显著升高 (P <0 .0 1) ,致CD4 /CD8比值下降 (P <0 .0 1) ;IgG、IgA相对增高 (P <0 .0 5 )。便秘型CD4 、CD8 细胞数均显著降低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,但CD8 细胞抑制更明显 ,而使CD4 /CD8比值明显升高 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,此型患者IgA显著增高 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　各型IBS患者T淋巴细胞亚群比例和Ig水平的变化 ,提示IBS患者的发病与机体的免疫异常有关。     

骨髓增生异常综合征患者骨髓细胞周期及CD34+细胞增殖特征的研究

目的　探讨骨髓增生异常综合征 (MDS)患者骨髓细胞周期分布及CD34 细胞增殖特征。方法　碘化丙锭细胞核染色分析MDS、MDS转化的急性髓系白血病 (MDS AML)和原发性AML患者骨髓G0 /G1期、S期和G2 /M期细胞比例 ;免疫荧光双标法分析 3组患者骨髓CD34 细胞中增殖性抗原Ki6 7的表达。结果　与正常组相比 ,MDS患者和原发性AML患者骨髓单个核细胞 (BMM NC)G0 /G1期细胞比例呈明显增高趋势 [(92 .4 8± 4 .4 8) %、(96 .71± 2 .75 ) %对 (86 .94± 6 .77) % ](P<0 .0 5 ) ,而MDS组与正常组相比 ,S期和G2 /M期比例呈明显降低趋势 [(6 .79± 3.98) %、(0 .86±0 .82 ) %对 (11.97± 7.0 0 ) %、(1.10± 0 .98) % ](P值均 <0 .0 5 )。MDS AML患者与原发性AML相比 ,G0 /G1期细胞为 (91.16± 7.0 9) %对 (96 .71± 2 .75 ) % ,S期为 (7.90± 6 .70 ) %对 (2 .87± 2 .4 9) %、G2 /M期为 (0 .96± 0 .99) %对 (0 .4 3± 0 .4 2 ) % ,S G2 /M期为 (8.84± 7.0 9) %对 (3.34± 2 .83) % (P值均 <0 .0 5 )。MDS患者骨髓CD34 Ki6 7 细胞明显高于正常组 [(1.13± 1.10 ) %对 (0 .2 4±0 .2 2 ) % ](P <0 .0 1) ,MDS低危组患者CD34 Ki6 7 细胞为 (0 .5 4± 0 .4 9) % ,明显低于高危组 [(1.6 9± 1.6 6 ) % ](P <0 .0     

女性供者特征对粒细胞集落刺激因子动员的骨髓和外周血混合采集物中造血和免疫细胞组份的影响

目的 探讨女性健康供者特征对粒细胞集落刺激因子（G CSF）预激的骨髓和外周血混合采集物造血细胞和免疫细胞组份的影响。方法 111名健康女性供者应用G CSF动员,用流式细胞仪测定骨髓和外周血混合采集物中的CD34+细胞和T细胞亚群的数量,并分析怀孕、年龄、身高等供者特征对骨髓和外周血采集物中细胞组份的影响。结果 111例女性健康供者骨髓和外周血混合采集物中的CD34+细胞、CD3+T细胞、CD3+CD4+T细胞、CD3+CD8+T细胞和CD3+CD4-CD8-调节性T细胞的数量以每公斤供者体重计算的中位值分别为2.39×106/kg、226.57×106/kg、120.80×106/kg、89.99×106/kg和15.05×106/kg。①年龄对混合移植物中CD3+CD4-CD8-调节性T细胞的数量有影响。②体重指数（BMI）对混合采集物中的CD3+T细胞以及CD3+CD4-CD8-T细胞的数量有影响;③外周血干细胞采集当天的淋巴细胞（LYM）对混合采集物中的CD3+T细胞、CD3+CD4+T细胞和CD3+CD8+T细胞的数量有影响;④骨髓干细胞采集当天的LYM对混合采集物中CD3+T细胞和CD3+CD4-CD8-调节性T细胞的数量有影响;⑤与怀孕供者相比,未怀孕供者混合采集物中含有更高数量的CD3+CD8+ T细胞。结论 供者年龄、BMI、是否怀孕以及骨髓干细胞和外周血干细胞采集当天的LYM是骨髓免疫组份的主要影响因素。     

rhG-CSF对健康供者的影响

目的 :探讨人重组粒细胞集落刺激因子 (rhG CSF)对健康供者的影响。方法 :1998年 1月至 2 0 0 3年6月年间 2 2例接受rhG CSF 10 μg·kg-1·d-1动员的健康供者 ,观察动员及分离过程的不良反应 ,检测动员前后血常规、CD3、CD4、CD8细胞比例 ;采集物进行单个核 (MNC)、CD3 4+细胞计数 ;所有供者随访至 2 0 0 3年 10月 3 0日。结果 :2 2例供者在rhG CSF动员过程中出现 1～ 2级 (按WHO急性毒副作用分级标准 )肌肉或骨痛 ( 4 5 5 % )、头痛( 2 2 7% )、食欲减退 ( 5 0 % )等副作用 ,无需终止动员。动员后白细胞较动员前显著升高 ,停止动员后 7d基本恢复至动员前水平。血红蛋白及血小板、CD3 +、CD4+、CD 8+和CD 4/CD8比值于动员前、动员第 4天及停止动员后 7d的变化无统计学意义。结论 :绝大多数健康供者可耐受rhG CSF剂量为 10 μg·kg-1·d-1的短程动员和PBSC采集过程 ;rhG CSF对健康供者的T淋巴细胞亚群分布无影响。     

rhG-CSF对健康供者外周血和骨髓免疫特性影响的比较

本研究探讨rhG—CSF对健康供者外周血采集物（G—PB）和骨髓采集物（G—BM）免疫学特性影响的异同。用MTT法和夹心酶联免疫复合物（ELISA）法检测G—PB和G—BM中T淋巴细胞增殖能力和IL-4、IFN-7的分泌，并用流式细胞术测定两种移植物的T细胞亚群、树突状细胞（DC）亚群、单核细胞及共刺激分子CD28的表达。结果表明：G—PB中淋巴细胞，CD3^＋、CD4^＋、CD8^＋T淋巴细胞，DC1、DC2以及单核细胞的含量，CD4／CD8的比值高于G—BM（P〈0，001）。G—PB的T淋巴细胞增殖能力高于G—BM（P〈0．05）；每微升G—PB移植物中T淋巴细胞分泌细胞因子IFN-γ,IL-4的量均明显高于G—BM，且G—PB中IL-4／IFN-γ比值小于G-BM（P〈0．001），DC2与T淋巴细胞的比值也低于G—BM（P〈0．01）；而G-PB中CD4^＋、CD8^＋细胞上CD28表达的百分比和总体表达均高于G—BM（P〈0．001）。结论：rhG—CSF体内应用诱导G—PB和G—BM产生的T细胞免疫低反应性是有差异的，而两者之间的差异是G—PB和G—BM移植后移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）发生率和程度不同的免疫学基础。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.