三种虫草抗氧化活性的化学发光法研究

为研究冬虫夏草、蛹虫草、蒙山虫草3种虫草的抗氧化活性，考察实验条件对结果的影响，采用化学发光法测定3种虫草清除超氧阴离子自由基的活性。结果显示，3种虫草的水提液中蛹虫草样品的抗氧化活性较高，蒙山虫草和冬虫夏草的抗氧化活性比较接近。提示：蛹虫草和蒙山虫草有着良好的应用前景，有望替代冬虫夏草应用于临床。     

人工蛹虫草中核苷类化学成分的研究

目的：研究人工蛹虫草Cordyceps militaris中核苷类化学成分。方法：建立人工蛹虫草中核苷类化合物的提取方法并用色谱水法分离各个核苷类化合物。结果：分离鉴定了4个化合物，分别是尿嘧啶核苷（1）、腺嘌呤核苷（2）、鸟嘌呤核苷（3）和酪氨酸（4）。结论：从核苷类物质分析来看，该人工蛹虫草菌丝体中核苷类物质含量丰富，主要为化合物1、2、3，三者总和约占菌丝体干重的1．3％。     

Cordyceps militaris extract stimulates Cl(-) secretion across human bronchial epithelia by both Ca(2+)(-) and cAMP-dependent pathways

Ethnopharmacological relevance

The caterpillar fungus Cordyceps militaris (CM; Clavicipitaceae) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine that can be artificially cultivated on a large scale. We have previously demonstrated that its stimulatory action on ion transport in human airway epithelia is similar to Cordyceps sinensis (Clavicipitaceae), which has been traditionally used to treat respiratory diseases.

Aim of the study

To investigate the signal transduction mechanism(s) underlying CM-induced ion transport activity in cultured human bronchial epithelia.

Materials and methods

16HBE14o-, a human bronchial epithelial cell line, was used to study the regulation of ion transport by the water extract of CM. CM extract was added to the apical or basolateral aspect of the epithelia. In subsequent experiments, different Cl⁻ channel and K⁺ channel blockers, adenylate cyclase and protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitors, and an intracellular Ca²⁺ chelator were used to examine the involvement of apical Cl⁻ and basolateral K⁺ channels in mediating CM-induced Cl⁻ secretion and the underlying signal transduction mechanism(s). PKA activity was also measured in 16HBE14o- cells.

Results

CM stimulated Cl⁻ secretion across 16HBE14o- monolayers in a dose-dependent manner. Cl⁻ secretion could be inhibited by apical application of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl⁻channel blocker and the calcium-activated Cl⁻ channel (CaCC) blocker. Cl⁻ secretion was sensitive to basolateral application of different K⁺ channel blockers. Similar inhibitory patterns were obtained in nystatin-permeabilized epithelia. The CM-induced Cl⁻ secretion could be inhibited by adenylate cyclase and PKA inhibitors as well as an intracellular Ca²⁺ chelator. Data from the PKA assay suggested that CM extract caused a significant increase in PKA activity compared with untreated control epithelia.

Conclusions

These results suggest that CM extract stimulated Cl⁻ secretion across human bronchial epithelia, possibly via apical CFTR and CaCC, and the basolateral K⁺ channels are involved in driving apical Cl⁻ exit. The underlying signal transduction mechanisms involve both cAMP- and Ca²⁺-dependent pathways.     

Cordyceps sinensis extracts do not prevent Fas-receptor and hydrogen peroxide-induced T-cell apoptosis

Aqueous and alcohol extracts of Cordyceps sinensis (Berk) Succ. are used as a traditional medicine in China for the treatment of a wide range of diseases and are reported to have antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties. We therefore examined the ability of aqueous, organic, and alcohol extracts of Cordyceps sinensis to inhibit apoptosis induced either by hydrogen peroxide or Fas-receptor ligation; both stimuli induce apoptosis dependent on reactive oxygen species. Cells pre-incubated with Cordyceps sinensis extracts were equally sensitive to hydrogen peroxide and Fas-mediated apoptosis. Thus, the putative antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties of Cordyceps sinensis are insufficient to rescue cells from apoptosis induced by these stimuli in vitro.     

Anti-inflammatory and related pharmacological activities of cultured mycelia and fruiting bodies of Cordyceps militaris

This study aimed to elucidate pharmacological activities of Cordyceps militaris. The 70% ethanolic extracts of cultured mycelia (CME) and fruiting bodies (FBE) of Cordyceps militaris were prepared. CME was able to directly scavenge the stable free radical diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), indicating its antioxidant activity. Both CME and FBE showed topical anti-inflammatory activity in the croton oil-induced ear edema in mice. CME was found to contain acute anti-inflammatory activity, which was evaluated using the carrageenin-induced edema, and also strong antinociceptive activity in writhing test. CME and FBE contain potent inhibitory activity on the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) angiogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. Cordycepin, a metabolite of Cordyceps militaris, appeared to be at least partly responsible for its anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic activities. CME concentration-dependently inhibited the NO production and iNOS expression upon stimulation by lipoposaccharide in RAW 264.7, a murine macrophage cell line. In brief, we demontrate that Cordyceps militaris possesses anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activites, and related antioxidant, anti-angiogenic, and NO production-inhibitory activities.     

人工虫草提取物抗急性心肌缺血作用的实验研究

目的：观察及比较人工虫草提取物抗垂体后叶素致大鼠急性心肌缺血的作用。方法：采用垂体后叶素（pituitrin，Pit）诱发大鼠急性心肌缺血模型，观察并记录pit注射前及注射后15s，30s，2min，5min，10min时心电图的变化。结果：与生理盐水组相比，人工虫草菌丝体提取物能显著缓解垂体后叶素所引起的心肌缺血。结论：人工虫草提取物对垂体后叶素所致的急性心肌缺血具有较好的保护作用。     

冬虫夏草及其混淆品亚香棒虫草的鉴别

目的 :比较鉴别冬虫夏草与亚香棒虫草。方法 :对冬虫夏草、亚香棒虫草的外观性状、显微鉴别、紫外吸收、纸层析等进行了鉴别研究。结果 :冬虫夏草与亚香棒虫草的外观性状、显微鉴别、紫外吸收有明显差异 ,纸层析没有差异。结论 :亚香棒虫草不能混充冬虫夏草入药 ,应予以鉴别     

Antioxidant activity of the extracts from fruiting bodies of cultured Cordyceps sinensis

Cordyceps sinensis is one of the most valued herbs in traditional Chinese medicine. We investigated the antioxidant activities of the cultured fruiting bodies of Cordyceps sinesis. The water and ethanol extracts of Cordyceps sinensis were found to possess a potent antioxidant activity. The scavenging effects of the extracts on superoxide were very weak, but the extracts moderately inhibited malondialdehyde formation via hydroxyl radical induced by SIN-1, a peroxynitrite generator. Of the extracts examined, the hot water extract (70 degrees C for 5 min) showed the greatest oxygen free radical scavenging activity. Also, when low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was incubated with macrophages in the presence of CuCl2 (1 microM), the hot water extract showed a strong inhibitory effect against lipid peroxidation in the medium and consequent accumulation of cholesteryl ester in macrophages. Their activities were comparable to that of authentic Cu/Zn SOD. These results suggest that the extracts of cultured Cordyceps sinensis possess potent antioxidant and anti-lipid peroxidation activities and inhibit accumulation of cholesteryl ester in macrophages via suppression of LDL oxidation.     

The traditional Chinese medicine Cordyceps sinensis and its effects on apoptotic homeostasis

Cordyceps sinensis is a medicinal fungus of Traditional Chinese Medicine. While there are a wide range of reported uses of Cordyceps sinensis in the literature, the reports that extracts of this fungus may alter apoptotic homeostasis are most intriguing. However, there are significant challenges regarding research surrounding Cordyceps sinensis, such as the difficulty identifying the various species of Cordyceps and the many conflicting reports of pharmacological function in the literature. In this review we outline what is known about the ability of Cordyceps sinensis to alter apoptotic homeostasis, attempt to reconcile the differences in reported function, identify the challenges surrounding future Cordyceps sinensis research, and delineate options for overcoming these critical hurdles.     

工业化培育北虫草生物活性成分含量变化的研究

目的:明确工业化培育北虫草的主要生物活性成分在不同生长时期含量变化的规律.方法:采用HPLC和苯酚硫酸法,分别对不同生长时期的工业化培育的北虫草的虫草素、腺苷和虫草多糖含量的变化进行了跟踪.结果:培养周期内虫草素含量随生长期增长而不断增高,而腺苷和虫草多糖含量均在第40d达到最高值.结论:本研究结果对工业化生产,合理有...     

人工蛹虫草药材高效毛细管电泳指纹图谱研究

目的:利用高效毛细管电泳(HPCE)技术建立人工蛹虫草药材的指纹图谱。方法:采用50 cm×75μm毛细管柱,以0.5 mmol/L硼砂溶液为缓冲液,运行电压为20 kv,检测波长为254 nm,柱温25℃。结果:建立的指纹图谱中共有11个共有峰,且方法学考察符合规定的标准。结论:该法准确简便,可作为控制人工蛹虫草中药材内在质量的有效手段。     

虫草菌粉对致敏豚鼠肺功能和大鼠气道炎症反应的影响

目的 :探索人工发酵虫草菌粉防治支气管哮喘方面的新用途。方法 :测定肺功能和肺灌流液中嗜酸性粒细胞变化。结果 :虫草菌粉 5 g·kg^-1对致敏豚鼠抗原攻击引起的肺阻力增高和动态肺顺应性降低以及致敏大鼠肺灌流液中嗜酸性粒细胞增多都有明显抑制作用 (P<0 .05)。结论 :结果提示虫草菌粉可用于哮喘缓解期的治疗或与其它平喘药合用。     

活体柞蚕蛹复壮北虫草菌种初探

目的：对北虫草菌株进行复壮处理以提高菌种活力。方法：用一株人工培育的北虫草菌株P感染刚化蛹的活体柞蚕蛹,蛹体近头部长出子实体后,待子实体近成熟期时采集孢子进行有性繁殖对原菌株进行复壮。结果：复壮后菌株10-2的子实体产量和生物转化率分别是原来菌株P的1.2倍和1.5倍。结论：在表面消毒过的活体柞蚕蛹上接种液体菌株活化复壮菌种的方法是可行的。     

冬虫夏草药理学作用的研究进展

冬虫夏草是中国的一种传统名贵中药,富含了虫草多糖、虫草素、虫草酸、虫草多肽、麦角甾醇等多种单体活性成分。现代医学发现其具有抗肿瘤、免疫调节、降血糖、抗氧化、对肾脏的保护作用等广泛的药理学功能。目前的研究已证实冬虫夏草及其单体活性成分可以有效的治疗多种疾病。本文在检索近几年来有关冬虫夏草及单体活性成分药理作用的相关研究资料的基础上,主要从冬虫夏草的单体活性成分的研究现状及冬虫夏草的药理学作用的研究进展两个方面对目前冬虫夏草及单体活性成分药理作用进行归纳和总结,为今后进一步开发和利用冬虫夏草提供帮助。     

北虫草废弃培养料多糖提取条件优化研究

虫草人工栽培产生的大量废弃培养料,采用正交设计,确定从提取多糖的条件为提取温度80℃,提取2次,浸提时间120 min,料液比(w/v)1 20.本项实验结果可为北虫草的清洁生产及综合利用资源提供参考.     

人工蛹虫草子实体化学成分研究

目的：研究人工蛹虫草子实体的化学成分。方法：大孔吸附树脂和硅胶色谱柱分离纯化，根据理化性质和波谱数据鉴定结构。结果：分离鉴定了9个化合物，分别为:麦角甾-4，6，8(14)-四烯-3-酮(1)，柠檬甾二烯醇(2)，二十四烷酸单甘油酯(3)，麦角甾醇(4)，麦角甾醇过氧化物(5)，麦角甾-7，22-二烯-3β，5α，6β-三醇(6)，虫草素(7)，腺苷(8)，N-(2-羟乙基)腺苷(9)。结论：化合物1～3，6，9均为首次从该种真菌子实体中分离得到。     

Determination of adenosine and 3'-deoxyadenosine in Cordyceps militaris (L.) Link. by HPLC]

The establishment of a quantitative determination method by HPLC for adenosine and 3'-deoxyadenosine in Cordyceps militaris is reported. The sample was extracted with water under ultrasonic management for 2 hours. Chromatographic conditions: YWG C18 10 microns 5 mm x 200 mm; mobile phase consisted of NaH2PO4-NaOH buffer solution (pH 6.8); UV detection at 260 nm. The recoveries of adenosine and 3'-deoxyadenosine were 95.8% +/- 0.64% and 100.6% +/- 0.65% (n = 5) respectively.     

冬虫夏草及其伪劣商品的鉴别

冬虫夏草为名贵滋补药。明代即出口日本，现畅销国际市场，是中国传统的出口商品，享有极高的声誉。近年来国内外市场需求增大，而产量小，价格上扬，伪品、掺杂品增多。本文提出实用鉴别方法，以利保证冬虫夏草的质量。     

人工虫草及野生虫草的成分比较研究

目的比较野生虫草与人工虫草中主要成分的差异。方法用比色法检测野生虫草与人工虫草中虫草酸及虫草多糖的含量,HPLC法比较野生虫草与人工虫草中的差异。结果野生虫草中虫草酸及虫草多糖的含量分别为11.4%和2.359%,人工虫草中虫草酸及虫草多糖含量分别为7.60%和3.13%,两种虫草HPLC图谱不完全相同。结论野生虫草与人工虫草成分不完全相同,虫草酸及多糖的含量也有差异。     

冬虫夏草对系统性红斑狼疮模型大鼠的治疗作用

目的：观察冬虫夏草对系统性红斑狼疮模型大鼠的作用,为临床上系统性红斑狼疮的治疗开拓新的药物治疗提供理论基础。方法：12只MRL 1pr/1pr大鼠经处理后行淋巴结炎和蛋白尿的评价、肾功能的测定和血浆抗体分析。结果：冬虫夏草能够抑制系统性红斑狼疮大鼠淋巴结增生、降低蛋白尿以及抗ds-DNA抗体的水平和改善肾功能。结论：冬虫夏草对系统性红斑狼疮大鼠有一定的治疗作用,但其机理尚需进一步研究。