小剂量美托洛尔防治大鼠急性心肌梗死左心室重构的研究

目的探讨小剂量美托洛尔(metoprolol)防治大鼠急性心肌梗死(AMI)左心室重构(LVRM)的作用.方法70只雌性AMI大鼠随机分成AMI对照组(n＝35)和小剂量美托洛尔[2mg/(kg·d)]组(n＝35).另设假手术组(n＝16)做对照.给药4周后行血流动力学测定和病理分析.结果AMI对照组与假手术组相比,左心室舒张末压、容积、重量以及室间隔厚度均增加,有极显著性差异(P均＜0.001),左心室内压最大上升和下降速率(±dp/dtmax)及其左心室收缩压的校正值(±dp/dt/LVSP)均显著降低,有极显著性差异(P均＜0.001).小剂量美托洛尔组与AMI对照组相比,左心室舒张末压和容积均显著降低,有极显著性差异(P＜0.01～0.001),球形指数和±dp/dtmax及±dp/dt/LVSP均显著增加,有极显著性差异(P＜0.05～0.001),而室间隔厚度和左心室重量均无显著差异(P均＞0.05).结论小剂量美托洛尔能有效防治大鼠AMI左心室扩张,改善血流动力学和左心室功能,但似不能抑制左心室肥厚.     

大、中、小剂量依那普利防治大鼠急性心肌梗塞左心室重构的作用对比

目的对比大、中、小剂量依那普利对大鼠急性心肌梗塞(AMI)左心室重构的防治作用,并评价其量效关系.方法AMI术后48小时存活的97只雌性SD大鼠随机分成AMI对照以及依那普利大、中、小剂量[10mg/(kg·d)、1 mg/(kg·d)和0.1 mg/(kg·d)]4组.另设假手术组和正常组作对照.给药治疗4周后均行血液动力学测定、心脏标本固定及病理分析.最终67只大鼠获完整资料,在上述各组中的数目分别为13、13、12、12、8和9只.结果AMI各组间梗塞面积均无显著差异(45.4%～47.4%,P均>0.05).与假手术组相比,AMI对照组左心室舒张末压、容积以及实际和相对重量均显著增加(P均<0.001),发生了左心室重构;而左心室内压最大上升下降速率(±dp/dt)及其校正值[±dp/dt/左心室收缩压(LVSP)]均显著降低(P<0.01～0.001).与AMI组相比,依那普利大、中、小剂量3治疗组的左心室舒张末压、容积以及实际和相对重量均显著降低或减小(P<0.05～0.001),且左心室舒张末压、容积和实际重量在大剂量组比小剂量组降低或减小更显著(P均<0.05);而±dp/dt/LVSP仅在大、中剂量2治疗组显著改善(P<0.05～0.01).结论①依那普利大、中、小剂量均能有效防治AMI大鼠左心室重构,且大剂量更优.②依那普利大、中剂量能明显改善AMI大鼠的左心室功能,而小剂量则无效.     

心复康口服液对心力衰竭大心功能及心肌中链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶基因表达的影响

目的 观察心复康口服液对心肌梗死后心力衰竭大鼠血流动力学、心功能及梗死周围心肌中链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶基因表达的影响.方法 采用结扎SD大鼠左冠状动脉前降支致心肌梗死后心力衰竭大鼠模型,用心复康口服液于术后24 h灌胃给药至6周,以卡托普利作为阳性对照药.给药4周后观察大鼠心脏功能、血流动力学及梗死周围心肌中链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶基因表达的变化.结果 模型组与假手术对照组比较,左心室舒张末压升高,左心室收缩压、心排血量、左心室内压最大上升速率、左心室内压最大下降速率均显著降低,梗死周围心肌中链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶基因表达下调(P＜0.01).与模型组比较,心复康口服液和卡托普利皆可显著降低心梗后心衰大鼠左心室舒张末压(P＜0.05),升高左心室收缩压、心排血量、左心室内压最大上升速率、左心室内压最大下降速率(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);梗死周围心肌中链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶基因表达上调(P＜0.01).结论 心复康口服液可改善心肌梗死后心力衰竭模型大鼠心脏功能,并可上调心肌中链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶基因表达.     

抑郁对急性心肌梗死大鼠心室重构的影响

目的 观察抑郁对急性心肌梗死(AMI)大鼠心室重构及血流动力学的影响.方法实验大鼠46只,随机分为四组:假手术组(n=10),梗死模型组(n=12)、抑郁模型组(n=12)、路优泰组(每天90 mg/kg)(n=12).4 w后用Open-field法观察各组大鼠行为学变化以及血流动力学测定和病理及光镜下心肌组织切片观察.结果①行为学观察:与假手术组相比,抑郁模型组,水平穿越格数、竖立次数、理毛时间,均减少,中央格停留时间、粪便粒数均增加(P＜0.01);与抑郁模型组相比,梗死模型组、路优泰组水平穿越格数、竖立次数、理毛时间明显增加,中央格停留时间、粪便粒数明显减少(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).②心室重构指标测定:与假手术组相比,梗死模型组、抑郁模型组、路优泰组,心率、左心室舒张末压、左、右室相对重量、室间隔厚度明显增加,主动脉收缩压、主动脉舒张压、左心室收缩压、左心室内压最大上升及下降速率明显减少(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).与抑郁模型组相比,梗死模型组、路优泰组,主动脉收缩压、左心室收缩压、左心室内压最大上升及下降速率明显增加,心率、左心室舒张末压、左、右室相对重量、室间隔厚度减少(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),且抑郁组大鼠光镜下心肌损伤最为严重.结论 AMI后抑郁可加重心肌梗死后心室重构过程,对血流动力学、心功能均有极为不利影响.     

参桂胶囊对大鼠心肌梗死后心功能影响的研究

目的观察参桂胶囊对大鼠急性心肌梗死(AMI)后心功能不全心室重构(VR)的干预作用.方法结扎Wistar大鼠冠状动脉左前降支,标准肢导联Ⅱ导心电图示ST段弓背抬高,证实AMI形成后,将大鼠随机分为7组,于手术后第2天开始灌胃给药,连续8周.然后经左颈总动脉插管观察大鼠的心脏功能.结果与模型组比较,参桂胶囊大、中剂量组和卡托普利(开博通)组皆可明显降低AMI大鼠心脏指数和左室舒张末压(P＜0.05～P＜0.01),增加左室收缩末压(P＜0.01)和 dp/dtMax(P均＜0.05或P＜0.01).结论参桂胶囊可显著降低AMI大鼠左室重量和心脏指数,改善心脏收缩及舒张功能,对AMI后心功能不全大鼠心室重构具有一定的干预作用.     

微小剂量卡维地洛防治大鼠急性心肌梗死左室重构的实验研究

目的　探讨微小剂量卡维地洛对大鼠急性心肌梗死 (AMI)左室重构的防治作用。方法　采用Olivetti的方法对 130只雌性SD大鼠致AMI,随机分成AMI和卡维地洛微小剂量组。另设假手术对照组。给药 4周后行血流动力学测定和病理分析。结果　AMI组与假手术组相比 ,左室舒张末压 (LVEDP)、容积 (LVV)、重量 (LVW )均显著增加(P均 <0 .0 0 1) ,左室内压最大上升和下降速率 (±dp/dp)及其校正值 (±dp/dt/LVSP)均显著降低 (P <0 .0 1～0 .0 0 1)。卡维地洛组与AMI组相比 ,LVEDP、LVV和LVW均显著降低 (P均 <0 .0 1) ,±dp/dt及±dp/dt/LVSP均显著增加 (P <0 .0 5 ～ 0 .0 1)。结论　卡维地洛微小剂量即能有效防止大鼠AMI左室重构 ,改善血流动力学和左室功能     

替米沙坦对实验性心衰大鼠非梗死区胶原重构的影响

目的 研究替米沙坦对实验性心衰大鼠非梗死区胶原重构的影响.方法 结扎大鼠左冠状动脉前降支并饲养6 w的16只存活大鼠随机均分为模型组及替米沙坦组,另有8只大鼠为假手术组.连续灌胃给药4w后测定大鼠血流动力学参数,RT-PCR法测定左心室非梗死区心肌组织AT1-R mRNA表达水平,Masson染色观察非梗死区心肌胶原的沉积.结果 替米沙坦能明显升高左心室内压最大上升和最大下降速率(±dp/dtmax),降低左心室收缩压(LVSP)、左心室舒张末压(LVEDP)、下调AT1 -R mRNA表达水平(P＜0.05 ～0.01),但对心率(HR)、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)无明显影响(P＞0.05),Masson染色可见非梗死区心肌胶原沉积明显减轻.结论 替米沙坦通过下调AT1-R mRNA表达抑制梗死后心衰大鼠非梗死区心肌间质胶原重构,非梗死区胶原沉积是降低心功能的主要因素之一.     

心复康口服液对心力衰竭大鼠心功能及心肌中链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶基因表达的影响

目的观察心复康口服液对心肌梗死后心力衰竭大鼠血流动力学、心功能及梗死周围心肌中链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶基因表达的影响。方法采用结扎SD大鼠左冠状动脉前降支致心肌梗死后心力衰竭大鼠模型,用心复康口服液于术后24h灌胃给药至6周,以卡托普利作为阳性对照药。给药4周后观察大鼠心脏功能、血流动力学及梗死周围心肌中链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶基因表达的变化。结果模型组与假手术对照组比较,左心室舒张末压升高,左心室收缩压、心排血量、左心室内压最大上升速率、左心室内压最大下降速率均显著降低,梗死周围心肌中链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶基因表达下调(P<0.01)。与模型组比较,心复康口服液和卡托普利皆可显著降低心梗后心衰大鼠左心室舒张末压(P<0.05),升高左心室收缩压、心排血量、左心室内压最大上升速率、左心室内压最大下降速率(P<0.05或P<0.01);梗死周围心肌中链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶基因表达上调(P<0.01)。结论心复康口服液可改善心肌梗死后心力衰竭模型大鼠心脏功能,并可上调心肌中链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶基因表达。     

氟伐他汀对急性心肌梗死大鼠基质金属蛋白酶9表达的影响

目的 观察氟伐他汀对急性心肌梗死大鼠基质金属蛋白酶9表达的影响,以探讨他汀类药物改善急性心肌梗死后左心室重构的机制.方法 选用雄性Wistar大鼠47只,随机分为心肌梗死组、心肌梗死用药组、假手术组和假手术用药组,结扎大鼠冠状动脉前降支建立心肌梗死模型,术后心肌梗死用药组及假手术用药组饲氟伐他汀10 mg/(kg·d),心肌梗死组和假手术组不给予任何处理和干预.4周后测左心室血流动力学参数、左心室重量指数及基质金属蛋白酶9含量.结果 术后基质金属蛋白酶9含量和左心室舒张末压在假手术组和假手术用药组均较低,且组间无明显差别(P0.05),在心肌梗死组和心肌梗死用药组均高于假手术组(P<0.05),而在心肌梗死组又高于心肌梗死用药组(P<0.05).与假手术组比较,心肌梗死组和心肌梗死用药组大鼠左心室收缩压、左心室压最大上升速率及左心室压最大下降速率均明显下降(P<0.05),且心肌梗死组较心肌梗死用药组下降更明显(P<0.05).各组左心室重量指数无明显差别(P0.05).结论 氟伐他汀能抑制基质金属蛋白酶9的表达,从而阻止大鼠心肌梗死后心室重构,改善心脏功能.     

二甲双胍对心力衰竭大鼠心功能的影响及其机制

目的 探讨二甲双胍对心力衰竭大鼠心功能的影响及其可能的作用机制.方法 选择成年Wistar大鼠67只,采取结扎冠状动脉前降支的方法建立心力衰竭模型,随机分为二甲双胍治疗组19只、AMPK激动剂(AIC-AR)治疗组20只、生理盐水对照组13只,同时设假手术组15只,分别给予相应的处理.4周后,观察各组左室射血分数(LVEF)、血流动力学指标、血浆BNP水平,并留取心肌组织检测p-AMPKαThr-172蛋白表达.结果 与生理盐水对照组比较,二甲双胍治疗组、AICAR治疗组LVEF、左室收缩压和左室压力最大上升和下降速率均显著提高(P均＜0.05),左室舒张末压显著降低(P均＜0.05).所有心力衰竭大鼠用药前血浆BNP水平高于假手术组(P均＜0.05);药物干预4周后,二甲双胍治疗组、AICAR治疗组血浆BNP水平较生理盐水对照组明显降低(P均＜0.05).免疫组化显示,二甲双胍治疗组、AICAR治疗组P-AMPKαThr-172蛋白表达明显升高(P均＜0.05).结论 二甲双胍可明显改善心力衰竭大鼠的心功能状态,这种作用与激活AMPK信号转导通路有关.     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

治疗高血压药物的经济学评价

重视高血压治疗中的经济学评价,对利用我国有限的卫生资源来遏制高血压对人民群众的危害有着重要的现实意义。药物经济学对于药物治疗的成本和治疗的结果给予同样的关注。因为治疗高血压的费用,不仅涉及药物价格,还包括患者的危险水平,降压疗效和对临床终点事件的影响,以及治疗的依从性和安全性。因此药物经济学更强调整体成本和价-效比。低危病人,若非药价低廉,治疗的价-效比不够理想。而在高危的患者,价-效比越小越经济而不是药费越便宜越好。