腭裂患儿术后腭咽闭合功能变化特点及其影响因素分析

目的：探讨腭裂患儿术后腭咽闭合功能变化特点及其影响因素。方法：回顾性分析2015年10月-2019年10月笔者医院收治的80例腭裂患儿资料,术后随访12个月,根据腭咽闭合功能,将其分为腭咽闭合不全组和腭咽闭合完全组,分析腭咽闭合功能变化特点,统计腭裂患儿术后腭咽闭合不全发生率,对比两组患儿临床特征,采用Logistic回归分析影响腭裂患儿术后腭咽闭合不全的因素。结果：术后6个月、12个月腭咽闭合不全率分别为62.50%、53.75%;术后12个月,闭合不全组患儿性别、手术方式构成比及年龄、腭裂宽度、上颌宽度、软腭长度、腭咽比、腭裂指数与闭合完全组患儿比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),闭合不全组患儿腭裂类型构成比以及手术年龄、咽腔深度与闭合完全组患儿比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);Logistic多因素回归分析显示双侧完全性腭裂、手术年龄、咽腔深度均是腭裂患儿术后腭咽闭合不全的独立危险因素(OR=3.304,2.617,2.469)。结论：双侧完全性腭裂、手术年龄、咽腔深度均是腭裂患儿术后腭咽闭合不全的独立危险因素,应适当提前手术年龄,采取针对性手术方案,以创造...     

Sommerlad腭帆提肌重建术联合腭咽肌瓣咽成形术修复大龄患者腭裂的临床研究

目的:探讨Sommerlad腭帆提肌重建术联合腭咽肌瓣咽成形术修复大龄患者腭裂的临床疗效,并观察术后对腭咽功能及语音效果的影响。方法:选择2013年5月-2017年8月在口腔颌面外科就诊的58例大龄腭裂患者为研究对象。实验组:31例,男18例,女13例,年龄(15.3±6.4)岁,均在全麻下行Sommerlad腭帆提肌重建联合腭咽肌瓣咽成形术修复;对照组:27例,其中男16例,女11例,年龄(17.7±7.5)岁,全麻下行Sommerlad腭帆提肌重建术修复。术后随诊6～36个月,采用头颅侧位X线片及鼻咽纤维镜检测腭咽功能,主观语音评估鼻腔共鸣、鼻漏气、语音清晰度。结果:所有患者创口愈合良好,实验组20例获得腭咽闭合,腭咽闭合率61.3%;对照组7例获得腭咽闭合,腭咽闭合率24.4%,两者之间比较有统计学差异(P0.05)。实验组鼻腔共鸣、鼻漏气、语音清晰度症状改善程度优于对照组(P0.05)。结论:Sommerlad腭帆提肌重建术联合腭咽肌瓣咽成形术同期修复大龄腭裂可提高术后的腭咽功能,改善语音效果。     

三维磁共振对腭裂术后患者腭咽结构的观察和测量

目的探讨三维磁共振技术观察测量腭咽结构的可行性,并比较腭裂术后成年患者与正常成年人腭咽结构的差异,用于指导腭裂修复术手术方式的选择。方法根据入选标准选择2018年2月至2018年8月就诊于蚌埠医学院第一附属医院整形烧伤科的6例成年男性腭裂修复术后患者(腭裂组),年龄18~26岁,平均21.8岁。招募6例皖北地区健康成年男性(正常组),年龄19~28岁,平均23.3岁。对2组测量对象进行语音检测,评估语音发音和腭咽闭合情况。行正中矢状面静态三维和动态磁共振扫描,在矢状面、冠状面和腭帆提肌平面(斜冠面)测量软腭长、有效软腭长度、腭咽比、腭高、腭帆提肌长度及厚度等32个数据,共测量2次。采用Pearson积矩相关系数对2次数据进行相关性检验,判断测量结果误差大小。使用两独立样本t检验对2组数据进行组间比较。结果所有研究对象均无语音异常,腭咽闭合均完全。2次测量的Pearson积矩相关系数r值范围在0.789~0.925(P<0.05),即2次测量结果误差在可接受范围内。正常组腭帆提肌形态较为流畅,而腭裂组腭帆提肌形态不规则,中线处可观察到不连续现象,且提肌插入软腭时角度明显不同。腭裂组具体测量数据中咽宽为(23.83±3.48)mm、咽深为(29.94±3.52)mm、骨性咽深为(39.68±3.63)mm、腭长比为1.18±0.16、腭咽比为0.87±0.91、发/i:/时软腭膝部和鼻后棘、悬雍垂连线的夹角[PVU角(动)]为(105.68±20.54)°、腭帆提肌内侧段长度为(13.13±1.00)mm、腭帆提肌插入间距为(24.63±2.54)mm、腭帆提肌起点角为(58.0±3.3)mm,均大于正常组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。腭裂组腭宽为(37.5±1.43)mm、软腭厚度为(9.48±1.03)mm、软腭相对伸长度(/ts/)为(1.09±0.05)mm、安静时鼻后棘和鼻前棘、软腭膝部连线的夹角[APV角(静)]为(180.51±8.55)°、腭帆提肌厚度为(4.07±0.25)mm、腭帆提肌起点间距为(52.27±7.08)mm,均小于正常组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论三维磁共振技术测量腭咽结构方法可行,且腭裂成人和正常成人的腭咽结构、软腭动度和腭帆提肌形态结构存在显著差异,在腭裂早期修复时需要注意提肌的解剖复位,尤其是对作用较大的外侧段的保护和延长,以及软腭瓣分离时有效软腭体的延长。     

双侧单蒂瓣法加提肌吊带成形术修复6～12个月婴儿完全性腭裂畸形

目的 探讨修复婴儿完全性腭裂畸形的最佳时机.方法 应用双侧单蒂瓣法(Bardach法)加双侧腭帆提肌吊带成形术.于婴儿6～12个月时完成腭裂修复术,并应用计算机辅助FFT(快速博立叶变换)元音声学对婴儿术前、后的发音进行分析比较.结果 本组26例婴儿腭裂伤口均一期愈合,无腭瘘等并发症发生,术后发音经计算机辅助FFT声学分析结果显示:所有患儿腭咽闭合功能均有明显改善.结论 应用双侧单蒂瓣法加双侧腭帆提肌吊带成形术,于婴儿6～12个月时完成腭裂修复术,技术安全可靠.术后发音效果良好.     

改良兰式法同期腭咽肌瓣转移修复大龄腭裂患者的临床研究

目的:探讨改良兰式法同期腭咽肌瓣咽成形术治疗大龄腭裂患者的临床效果,为改善和提高大龄腭裂患者术后的腭咽闭合率及语音清晰度提供更多的临床参考。方法:对33例非综合征大龄腭裂患者行改良兰式法同期腭咽肌瓣咽成形术,术后6～12个月进行随访,对其腭咽闭合率及语音清晰度进行评估。结果:所有患者均达到临床I期愈合,其中14例达到腭咽闭合完全(velopharynegeal competence,VPC),4例达到边缘性腭咽闭合,15例腭咽闭合不全率(rate of velopharyngeal incompetence,RVPI)明显改善,术后语音清晰度均有提高。结论:改良兰式法同期腭咽肌瓣咽成形术具有创伤小、时间短、并发症较少、术后效果稳定可靠,可作为大龄腭裂患者的一种常规术式选择。     

改良兰式法同期腭咽肌瓣转移修复大龄腭裂患者的临床研究

目的:探讨改良兰式法同期腭咽肌瓣咽成形术治疗大龄腭裂患者的临床效果,为改善和提高大龄腭裂患者术后的腭咽闭合率及语音清晰度提供更多的临床参考。方法:对33例非综合征大龄腭裂患者行改良兰式法同期腭咽肌瓣咽成形术,术后6～12个月进行随访,对其腭咽闭合率及语音清晰度进行评估。结果:所有患者均达到临床I期愈合,其中14例达到腭咽闭合完全(velopharynegeal competence,VPC),4例达到边缘性腭咽闭合,15例腭咽闭合不全率(rate of velopharyngeal incompetence,RVPI)明显改善,术后语音清晰度均有提高。结论:改良兰式法同期腭咽肌瓣咽成形术具有创伤小、时间短、并发症较少、术后效果稳定可靠,可作为大龄腭裂患者的一种常规术式选择。     

后推、减张、缩咽综合手术修复腭裂

为修复腭裂畸形1992年1月以来,应用硬腭粘膜瓣后推,软腭鼻腔粘膜 Z 成形术,腭帆提肌吊带重建,颊肌粘膜瓣移转修复硬腭裂隙及腭部创面,选择性地施行去神经的(足母)短伸肌游离移植行腭咽环扎等综合手术,修复20例腭裂及腭裂术后腭咽闭合不全患者,效果满意。     

两种术式对大龄腭裂患儿术后瘘发生率及语音清晰度改善的影响

目的探讨腭帆单纯提肌重建以及腭帆提肌重建联合带蒂颊脂垫瓣和咽后壁瓣两种术式,对大龄腭裂患儿术后瘘发生率及语音清晰度的影响。方法 60例大龄腭裂患儿(4~9岁),随机分为2组,分别予以单纯腭帆提肌重建(A组)及腭帆提肌重建联合颊脂垫瓣和咽后壁瓣修复(B组),观察并比较术后腭瘘的发生率及语音清晰度情况。结果术后A组瘘发生率明显高于B组(P<0.05);两组术后语音清晰度均较术前提高(P<0.05),且B组优于A组(P<0.05);腭部瘢痕情况B组优于A组(P<0.05)。结论对于大龄腭裂患儿,腭帆提肌重建联合咽后壁瓣及带蒂颊脂垫瓣的术式有效降低了腭瘘的发生率,可获得更好的语音清晰度,并可避免裸露骨面,减少腭部瘢痕形成及对上颌骨生长发育的影响,是一种值得推荐的功能性腭裂修复术式。     

重建腭咽部肌肉对腭裂修复术后腭咽闭合状况的影响

目的 通过两组不同腭裂修复术后患者的X线造影比较观察，了解腭咽部肌肉重建对腭咽闭合状况的影响。方法 将62例腭裂及腭咽闭合不全患者分为腭咽部肌肉重建腭裂修复组(重建组)和改良兰氏腭裂修复术(非重建组)，并采用鼻咽部钡造影X线侧位片检查摄取静止和发Ⅲ音时的侧位片，对鼻咽腔面积、可移动鼻咽腔距离及腭咽闭合方式进行观察和测量，所得数据进行统计学处理。结果 重建组在腭咽闭合功能、鼻咽腔面积缩小率、静态可移动鼻咽腔中份腭咽距离和静、动态可移动鼻咽腔下份腭咽距离等方面优于非重建组，并可形成多种形式的咽后隆突-软腭闭合方式；非重建组腭咽闭合完全良好的患者在鼻咽腔面积缩小率方面要优于腭咽闭合不良的患者。结论 腭裂修复术后腭咽闭合的主要功能区在可移动鼻咽腔中份。腭裂修复术时重建腭咽肌肉有助于缩小鼻咽腔面积和提供协调的腭咽闭合活动。     

两种手术方法修复不完全性腭裂的临床效果比较

目的:比较Sommerlad腭帆提肌重建术与Von Langenbeck法修复不完全腭裂的临床效果方法:143例不完全性腭裂患者接受手术修复,其中54例(年龄1~6岁,平均2.6岁)行Sommerlad腭帆提肌重建术修复(T1组)、89例(1~8岁,平均3.2岁)行Von Langenbeck法修复(T2组),术后1~4周随诊,采用临床回顾性研究的方法比较两组术后体温、出血、感染、进食、腭部穿孔率。结果:T1组平均术中出血量约18.6ml,T2组术中血量约34.2ml(P0.01);T1组术后1例感染,5例发热,1例继发性出血;T2组术后4例感染,21例发热,3例继发性出血(P0.05);T1组腭部穿孔3例,T2组腭部穿孔4例,两组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:Sommerlad腭帆提肌重建术修复腭裂创伤小、术后并发症较少,推荐临床应用。     

A modified procedure for velopharyngeal sphincteroplasty in primary cleft palate repair and secondary velopharyngeal incompetence treatment and its preliminary results.

During cleft repair, velopharyngeal sphincter reconstruction is still a challenge to plastic surgeons. To improve the surgical treatment for cleft palate and secondary velopharyngeal incompetence (VPI), a carefully designed modified procedure for primary palatoplasty and secondary VPI was presented. Fifty-six patients (48 for primary cleft palate repair and eight for secondary VPI of previously repaired clefts) underwent this procedure from 1988 to 2001. The modified procedure is a combination of the tunnelled palatopharyngeus myomucosal flap for dynamic circular reconstruction of the pharyngeal element of the velopharyngeal sphincter and the double-reversing Z-plasty with levator velo palatini muscles reposition in the velar element of the sphincter. The satisfactory velopharyngeal competence (complete velopharyngeal closure and marginal velopharyngeal closure) was achieved in 23 of 25 patients with primary cleft palate repair examined by nasendoscopy and the nasality, speech articulation and intelligibility are also assessed in 25 primary cleft palate repaired patients with 92% satisfactory result (normal speech and speech with mild VPI) in single word test and 88% in continuous speech evaluation. Based on our experience, we believe that this modified procedure is a reasonable choice for primary cleft repair and secondary VPI treatment because it is in accord with normal physiology and anatomy of the velopharyngeal sphincter, can lengthen the soft palate, decrease the enlarged velopharynx, augment the posterior pharyngeal wall, and enhance the relationship between the muscles of velopharyngeal sphincter which results in a dynamic neo-sphincter in palatopharyngoplasty. Further study of the procedure is needed. The theoretical basis, operative highlights, velopharyngeal function, advantages and disadvantages of the modified procedure were discussed.     

Isolated cleft palate requires different surgical protocols depending on cleft type

A staged protocol for isolated cleft palate (CPO), comprising the early repair of the soft palate at 6 months and delayed repair of the eventual cleft in the hard palate until 4 years, designed to improve maxillary growth, was introduced. CPO is frequently associated with additional congenital conditions. The study evaluates this surgical protocol for clefts in the soft palate (CPS) and for clefts in the hard and soft palate (CPH), with or without additional malformation, regarding primary and secondary surgical interventions needed for cleft closure and for correction of velopharyngeal insufficiency until 10 years of age. Of 94 consecutive children with CPO, divided into four groups with (+) or without (?) additional malformations (CPS?+?or CPS???and CPH?+?or CPH?), hard palate repair was required in 53%, performed with small local flaps in 21% and with bilateral mucoperiosteal flaps in 32%. The total incidence of soft palate re-repair was 2% and the fistula repair of the hard palate was 5%. The total incidence of secondary velopharyngeal surgery was 17% until 10 years, varying from 0% for CPS???and 15% for CPH?, to 28% for CPS?+?and 30% for CPH+. The described staged protocol for repair of CPO is found to be safe in terms of perioperative surgical results, with comparatively low need for secondary interventions. Furthermore, the study indicates that the presence of a cleft in the hard palate and/or additional conditions have a negative impact on the development of the velopharyngeal function.     

腭裂术后腭咽闭合不全的一种修复方法

目的　　探讨腭黏膜瓣后推及选择性应用去神经肌肉游离及腭咽环扎术 ,修复腭裂术后腭咽闭合不全的效果。　方法　 1 987年～ 2 0 0 0年 ,采用腭黏膜瓣后推及选择性应用去神经肌肉游离移植行腭咽环扎术治疗腭裂术后腭咽闭合不全 ,经治疗并获随访的患者 2 5例 ,随访时间 1～ 1 3年 ,平均 2年 6个月。　结果　 2 5例术后均取得了良好的腭咽闭合 ,语言清晰。　结论　此手术方法治疗腭裂术后腭咽闭合不全可以达到完全的腭咽闭合 ,并获得良好的语言功能。     

过宽裂隙的腭裂修复术探讨

目的：探讨修复过宽腭裂的方法，以获得良好的腭咽闭合功能。方法；对治疗26例过宽腭裂的手术方法及疗效进行回顾性总结。结果：26例过宽腭裂修复术后均获得了满意疗效，腭咽闭合功能有不同程度的改善。结论：过宽腭裂修复手术中，增大腭大血管神经束的游离度，重建软腭肌环是保证手术成功的首要条件。     

Speech Outcome after Cleft Palate Surgery with the G teborg Regimen Including Delayed Hard Palate Closure

The regimen for treatment of children with cleft lip and palate in Göteborg, Sweden, until 1996 included early soft palate repair at 6-8 months of age and delayed closure of the hard palate at about 8 years of age to improve maxillary growth. The aims of this report were to describe the treatment concept and to present speech data of 59 children treated by this method. The speech of 38 children with unilateral and 21 with bilateral cleft lip and palate was evaluated perceptually from standardised tape recordings of repeated sentences and spontaneous speech at five ages from 3 to 16 years of age. All patients were not evaluated at each age level. The results showed a low prevalence of hypernasality after hard palate closure and pharyngeal flap surgery in only five children (8%), indicating a primary velopharyngeal insufficiency in less than 10% of the children. Only three children with bilateral clefts had glottal articulation when at pre-school age and no child with a unilateral cleft did. These results were interpreted as an indication of velopharyngeal competence (VPC) in most of the children. In addition, the speech problem found in these children consisted of retracted oral articulation of alveo-dental pressure plosives, which is almost always an indicator of VPC. However, we do consider that retracted oral articulation is a problem and to improve our results further we have decided to modify the technique for soft palate closure slightly and place the vomer flap further anteriorly to encourage narrowing of the cleft in the hard palate, and to close the hard palate at 3 years of age.     

运用声学技术分析腭裂患者术后的辅音特点

目的:研究腭裂术后不同腭咽闭合状况患者的语音声学特征,为腭裂患者语音矫治过程中的语音评价提供新的方法。方法:运用语音分析软件Speech Analyzer1.5对健康人、腭裂术后VPI患者、腭裂术后VPC患者进行/pa/ /ka/ /si/ /xi/ /zi/ /qi/音的语图分析,比较各组空白间隙、冲直条、噪音乱纹的出现率。结果:术后VPI组患者与VPC组患者在塞音、塞擦音冲直条、空白间隙以及擦音乱纹出现率上均有显著性差异,P <0.05;而术后VPC患者与正常组在上述各指标方面也有显著性差异,P <0.05。结论:计算机语音分析技术可以评估患者的腭咽闭合状况,腭咽闭合不是影响腭裂患者语音发育的唯一条件,腭裂术后语音矫治的重点应在辅音训练上。     

Association between velopharyngeal function and dental-consonant misarticulations in children with cleft lip/palate.

We studied the association between velopharyngeal function and misarticulation of the dental consonants /r/, /s/ and /l/ in children with cleft lip/palate. We assessed 278 6-year-old Finnish-speaking non-syndromic children (115 girls, 163 boys) with isolated cleft palate (n= 81), cleft lip/alveolus (n= 82) or unilateral (n= 84) or bilateral (n= 31) cleft lip and palate. Auditory analysis of speech and velopharyngeal function, the presence of fistulae, previous velopharyngoplasty and speech therapy, as well as surgical technique and timing of primary palatal surgery were obtained from the hospital records. The misarticulations of the sounds /r/, /s/ and /l/ were evaluated in spontaneous speech by two experienced speech pathologists from the cleft team. Velopharyngeal function was categorised, on the basis of the effect on speech, into competent, marginal incompetent and obvious incompetent. Nasal grimace and distortions due to palatal fistulae were registered. The results indicated that velopharyngeal function was not significantly associated with misarticulation of any of the sounds /r/, /s/ and /l/ or their combinations in any cleft groups. The technique and timing of primary palatal surgery, the presence of fistulae and previous pharyngoplasty were not associated with misarticulations. On the basis of these results we conclude that dental-consonant misarticulations occur independently of velopharyngeal function, primary palatal surgical technique and timing of palatoplasty.