浅议英语课堂教学提问技巧

目的 探讨英语课堂提问的方式与方法。方法 明确课堂提问的目的及遵循“六要”原则。结果 课堂教学能达到事半功倍的效果。结论 精心构思的问题能达到师生进行信息交流的目的,提高课堂教学效果。     

Analysis of human transforming growth factor β-induced gene mutation in corneal dystrophy

Background Corneal dystrophy is a group of inherited blinding diseases of the cornea. This study was to identify the mutations of the keratoepithelin (KE) gene for proper diagnosis of corneal dystrophy. Methods Three families with corneal dystrophy were analysed. Thirteen individuals at risk for corneal dystrophy in family A, the proband and her son in family B, and the proband in family C were examined after their blood samples were obtained. Mutation screening of human transforming growth factor 15-induced gene (BIGH3 gene) was performed. Results Five individuals in family A were found by clinical evaluation to be affected with granular corneal dystrophy and carried the BIGH3 mutation W555R. However, both probands in families B and C, also diagnosed with granular corneal dystrophy, harboured the BIGH3 mutation R124H. Conclusion Molecular genetic analysis can improve accurate diagnosis of corneal dystrophy.     

重组人角质细胞生长因子异构体抑制兔角膜基质细胞增殖分化的研究

目的 观察重组人角质细胞生长因子异构体(recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor variant,K102)对实验性兔角膜损伤的治疗作用.方法 108只家兔均在显微镜下造成板层切割损伤模型,并分成K102药物大剂量(0.5 mg/ml)、中剂量(0.25 mg/ml)、小剂量(0.125 mg/ml)治疗组、贝复舒对照组(贝复舒滴眼液治疗,2 400 AU/ml)、地塞米松对照组(地塞米松磷酸钠滴眼液治疗,0.25 mg/ml)和空白组(K102滴眼液的溶媒滴眼治疗).通过裂隙灯观察角膜上皮下雾状浑浊(Haze)差别.于术后30、90 d处死动物取角膜行光镜及电镜检查.结果 术后30、90 d,K102药物治疗的各组Haze评分及前50 μm角膜基质层内平均角膜细胞数均明显低于阳性对照组及空白组(P＜0.05),光镜及电镜检查结果显示K102大剂量组角膜成纤维细胞活化及增殖程度明显轻于贝复舒对照组、空白组.结论 K102滴眼液可抑制角膜损伤后的角膜基质细胞过度增殖、活化,减少早期Haze形成.     

聚乙二醇400对体外培养人角膜上皮细胞生长的影响

目的研究聚乙二醇400对体外培养人角膜上皮细胞（CECs）生物学特性的影响及其分子机制。方法制备含0．1％聚乙二醇400的DMEM／F12培养基。采用含0．1％聚乙二醇400培养基培养人CECs,倒置显微镜下观察并照相记录细胞培养24、48、72h时的形态;四甲基偶氮唑蓝（MTT）法检测角膜上皮细胞生长曲线;流式细胞术检测角膜上皮细胞细胞周期;RT-PCR检测角膜上皮细胞中碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF）、表皮生长因子（EGF）基因表达水平。结果0．1％聚乙二醇400对角膜上皮细胞的细胞形态无影响,实验组及对照组细胞形态均呈典型的多角形。MTT及流式细胞术检测结果显示,0．1％聚乙二醇400对体外培养人CECs的生长有促进作用（均P〈0．01）。0．1％聚乙二醇400培养人CECs后bFGF和EGF的基因表达水平比对照组高（P〈0．05或〈0．01）。结论0．1％聚乙二醇400可能通过缩短人CECs的细胞周期和上调人CECsbFGF、EGF基因的表达,从而加速CECs增殖。     

中风刍议

指出真中与类中、外风与内风有其相关性;瘀热阻窍是中风急性期的基本病理环节;卒中多属标实本虚,但以标实为其病性特点。阐明中风的辨证分类和治疗方法,即首分卒中期、恢复期(附后遗症期),卒中期分为中血脉、中腑、中脏3类;恢复期则按虚实而分证。强调无论出血、缺血,凡属“瘀热阻窍”证候者,均可采用凉血通瘀法,以分解瘀热相搏之势。介绍通腑泄浊三要诀,即下燥热、下痰火、下瘀热。     

血管内皮生长因子在羊膜为载体培养的角膜上皮细胞中的表达

目的 探讨血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)在羊膜为载体培养的角膜上皮细胞中的表达情况.方法 体外羊膜为载体培养大鼠角膜上皮细胞(羊膜载体组),以无载体培养的角膜上皮细胞为对照组.逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测两组细胞VEGF mRNA表达,酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测两组细胞VEGF蛋白表达.结果 羊膜载体组角膜上皮细胞VEGF mRNA含量为0.66±0.08,蛋白表达量为1 605.22±196.08;对照组角膜上皮细胞VEGF mRNA含量为0.83±0.10,蛋白表达量为1 614.39±142.43;两组细胞VEGF表达水平无显著差异.结论 羊膜载体不能有效抑制角膜上皮细胞VEGF的表达.     

Nerve Growth Factor Modulate Proliferation of Cultured Rabbit Corneal Endothelial Cells and Epithelial Cells

Summary： In order to investigate the effect of nerve growth factor （NGF） on the proliferation of rabbit corneal endothelial cells and epithelial cells, the in vitro cultured rabbit corneal endothelial cells and epithelial cells were treated with different concentrations of NGF.MTT assay was used to examine the clonal growth and proliferation of the cells by determining the absorbency values at 570 nm. The results showed that NGF with three concentrations ranging from 5 U/mL to 500 U/mL enhanced the proliferation of rabbit corneal endothelial cells in a concentration-dependent manner. 50 U/mI. and 500 U/mI. NGF got more increase of proliferation than that of 5 U/mL NGF did. Meanwhile, 50 U/mL and 500 U/mL NGF could promote the proliferation of the rabbit corneal epithelial cells significantly in a concentration-dependent manner. However, 5 U/mL NGF did not enhance the proliferation of epithelial cells. It was suggested that exogenous NGF can stimulate the proliferation of both rabbit corneal endothelial and epithelial cells, but the extent of modulation is different.     

血管内皮生长因子在羊膜为载体培养的角膜上皮细胞中的表达

目的探讨血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)在羊膜为载体培养的角膜上皮细胞中的表达情况。方法体外羊膜为载体培养大鼠角膜上皮细胞(羊膜载体组),以无载体培养的角膜上皮细胞为对照组。逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测两组细胞VEGF mRNA表达,酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测两组细胞VEGF蛋白表达。结果羊膜载体组角膜上皮细胞VEGF mRNA含量为0.66±0.08,蛋白表达量为1 605.22±196.08;对照组角膜上皮细胞VEGF mRNA含量为0.83±0.10,蛋白表达量为1 614.39±142.43;两组细胞VEGF表达水平无显著差异。结论羊膜载体不能有效抑制角膜上皮细胞VEGF的表达。     

重组人表皮生长因子对翼状胬肉切除后角膜损伤的修复作用

目的 观察重组人表皮生长因子滴眼液对胬肉切除后角膜损伤的修复作用。方法 选择单纯性非复发性胬、局麻、显微镜下切除并做结膜瓣转移和缝合。术后滴EGF滴眼液2滴,5min后结膜囊涂0．3％氧氟沙星眼膏,钆扎患眼。术后每日按时换药并观察角膜愈合情况。结果 对照组角膜上皮100％痊愈时间为7d,与实验组角膜上皮100％痊愈时间5d相比,差异有显著性（P＜0．05）;同样,将两组“显效”、“有效”进行比较,差异均有显著性（P＜0．05）。结论 EGF滴眼液能有效地促进角膜上皮细胞再生与修复。所有受试者主观感觉良好,无过敏等副作用。     

浅析《内经》论饮食

饮食是人类维持生命的主要方法,合理的饮食调养,不仅能补充营养,更有祛病延年之效。而不当的饮食,也会给人体带来损害。所以饮食在疾病的防治与养生保健中有着重要的作用。《内经》作为祖国医学的活水源头,对此已有了系统而充分的认识,下面就《内经》中有关饮食的论述,简述如下。     

大鼠穿透性角膜移植角膜中转化生长因子βⅡ型受体的变化

目的:观察大鼠穿透性角膜移植角膜中转化生长因子βⅡ型受体(Ⅱ型受体)的变化。方法:异体角膜移植:30只SD大鼠与30只Wistar大鼠相互进行右眼角膜移植。自体角膜移植:10只SD大鼠与10只Wistar大鼠进行右眼自体角膜移植。记录排斥反应指数。免疫组化染色后研究角膜Ⅱ型受体的表达强度。结果:在异体角膜移植初期,Ⅱ型受体表达迅速增多,而当排斥反应发生时,则迅速减少甚至消失;而在自体角膜移植中,Ⅱ型受体迅速增多并维持在一个相当高的水平。结论:排斥反应发生时,Ⅱ型受体减少甚至消失,从而使转化生长因子β(transforminggrowthfactor-β,TGF-β)无法发挥其免疫抑制的作用。     

Infection and growth of herpes simplex virus (HSV) in rabbit's corneal culture cells

With the view of making quantitative examination of the susceptibility of corneal epithelial cell and stromal cell to herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, 6 HSV strains (4 of HSV type I, 2 of HSV type II) were inoculated in cultured rabbit's corneal cells (epithelial and stromal cells), and the following results were obtained: 1. When stock HSV was titrated with monolayer culture of each epithelial or stromal cells, strong CPE appeared within 24 hr in epithelial cell and the TCID50 titer of HSV was read as 10(7.5)-10(8.7)/ml at 120 hr. On the other hand, in stromal cell the TCID50 titer showed 10(6.4)-10(6.8)/ml at 72 hr and did not increase thereafter. 2. In terms of the growth curve for HSV type I, the eclipse period was about 4 hr for epithelial cell compared with about 4 hr for stromal cell. At 24 hr, postinfection of standard strain, about 10(7) TCID50/ml of virus was obtained from both epithelial and stromal cell culture. In the case of clinical isolate infection, however, about 10(7) TCID50 was obtained from epithelial cells and 1 in 10th lower titer of virus was obtained from stromal cells. The above results seemed to be of importance in the consideration of different onset mechanisms of epithelial type corneal herpes and stromal ones.     

Cutaneous Malignancies Presenting as Superficial Ulcers

Epidermal skin cancers are the most common cancers in humans. Epidermal skin cancers present a unique opportunity for effective intervention with both early detection and primary prevention. They are amenable to clinical diagnosis by simple visual inspection and to pathologic diagnosis by minimally invasive biopsy. Our objective is to show that the cutaneous malignancies are common in our environment and frequently present as superficial ulcer. This is a 4-year retrospective histopathological analysis of cutaneous malignancies diagnosed between January 2006 and December 2009 in the Department of Pathology, Federal Medical Centre, Keffi, Nasarawa State. The specimens were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, processed in paraffin wax and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. The slides were studied and the lesions were characterized by two consultant pathologists who were blinded and they agreed on the diagnosis. Twenty-one cases were reviewed in this analysis. The age range was between 20-79 years old with the mean age of 59.5 years old. The male to female ratio was 1.1：1. The peak age of distribution was in the fourth decade. In this review, the most common malignancy was squamous cell carcinoma; followed by malignant melanoma and basal cell carcinoma. The lower extremity was the commonest site with 11 （52.2%） cases; this was followed by the head and neck region with 7 （33.1%） cases, while one （4.7%） case with each presented in the anterior chest wall, elbow and at an unspecified site. Cutaneous malignancies are common in our environment; and the early sign is that of chronic non-healing ulcer. So there is need for high index of suspicion on the part of the Clinicians and Pathologists. Early identification of high-risk lesions can allow for more rapid therapeutic intervention, reducing the likelihood of metastasis and death.     

表浅性膀胱癌患者的循证治疗

目的针对1例表浅性膀胱癌患者,借助循证医学的方法进行证据检索和评价,寻找合适及有效的治疗方法。方法充分评估患者情况后,提出临床问题,计算机检索Pubmed(1998～2011年)、Cochrane图书馆(2011年第4期)、中国学术期刊全文数据库(1990～2011年)等,查找治疗表浅膀胱癌有关的系统评价、临床随机对照试验等,并对所获证据进行评价。结果纳入表浅膀胱癌治疗的随机对照试验29篇,系统评价或Meta分析27篇,根据所获证据给患者制订治疗方案。结论以高质量证据、结合患者情况制订治疗方案,能明显提高表浅性膀胱癌患者的近期疗效,但远期预后尚需更长时间的随访观察。     

浅表膀胱癌的治疗现状

膀胱癌是泌尿系统的常见的肿瘤，表浅性膀胱癌在临床上尤为多见，其具有复发率高，需反复多次治疗的特点。传统的开放手术创伤大、并发症多、手术重复实施困难大，目前大部分已被腔内手术加术后膀胱灌注化疗所取代。腔内手术也在新科技的引导下，不断的完善，使得浅表性膀胱癌的外科学治疗跨入微创的时代。灌注化疗的在临床的广泛应用，大大的降低了浅表性膀胱癌术后的复发率及死亡率。     

激光治疗眼表浅部血管瘤的临床研究

为研究 CO2 激光和 Nd:YAG激光对眼睑、结膜血管瘤的治疗效果、方法以及两种激光器的不同应用 ,我们对 2 86例眼睑、结膜血管瘤进行了激光治疗。结果显示痊愈占 93.7% ,显效 5 .2 % ,好转 1.1%。研究表明 :激光治疗眼表浅部血管瘤具有方法简单、并发症少、无感染、治愈率高等优点 ,值得临床上大力推广应用。     

医学遗传学教学的几点体会

医学遗传学是医学教育的重要基础学科之一,其在医学教育中的地位日显突出。结合医学遗传学课程的特点,从优化教学内容、强化绪论教学、合理利用多媒体、加强教学互动及合理利用网络资源几方面浅谈对医学遗传学教学的几点体会。