反相高效液相色谱法同时测定三种常用抗癫痫药血清浓度

目的　建立反相高效液相色谱法同时测定苯巴比妥 (PBB)、苯妥英钠 (PHT)和卡马西平 (CBZ)三种抗癫痫药的血清浓度。方法　以YWG -C18为分离色谱柱 ,苯乙酮为内标 ,甲醇 -水 (4 7∶5 3)为流动相 ,流速 1.0ml/min ,柱温 35℃ ,检测波长2 0 5nm。结果　PBB、PHT、CBZ分离良好 ,线性范围分别为 5 .0 0～ 75 .0 0、2 .0 0～ 4 0 .0 0、1.2 3～ 19.6 8μg·ml-1;血清最低检测浓度分别为 1.5 0、0 .80、0 .5 0 μg·ml-1;平均回收率分别为 94 .2 0 %、91.94 %、92 .32 % ;日内、日间RSD均小于 5 %。结论　本法简便灵敏、准确可靠、经济 ,可用于临床常用抗癫痫药物的血药浓度监测。     

健康志愿者单剂量口服甲磺酸加替沙星胶囊的药代动力学研究

目的　建立高效液相色谱法测定血浆中加替沙星的药物浓度 ,研究其在人体内的药动学特征。方法　采用Shim packCLC ODSC1 8色谱分析柱 (1 5 0mm× 6mm ,5 μm) ,流动相为甲醇 -水 -十二烷基硫酸钠 (5 0 0ml∶5 0 0ml∶3.5g) ,磷酸调pH =3.0 ;流速1 .0ml/min ;检测波长为 2 92nm。结果　本测定方法的线性范围为 0 .1 5～ 9.92 μg·ml-1 ,r =0 .999,最低检出浓度为 2 0ng·ml-1(按信噪比≥ 3计 ) ,方法平均回收率为 96 .4 0 %～ 97.2 1 % (n =6 ) ,日内RSD在 1 .0 2 %～ 5 .5 6 %之间 ,日间RSD在 1 .6 4 %～ 7.34%之间。药动学研究表明 ,加替沙星体内过程符合一级吸收的一室开放模型 ,Tmax　、Cmax　、T1 / 2 (Ke)　　、AUC(0 -2 4h) 　分别为 (1 .6 0 4± 0 .4 1 9)h、(3.71 5± 0 .4 2 4 ) μg·ml-1 、(6 .1 4 2± 0 .6 84 )h、(36 .5 6 8± 5 .5 2 2 ) μg·h·ml-1 。结论　口服甲磺酸加替沙星胶囊每次4 0 0mg,每日 1次的给药方案 ,在人体内可达到有效血药浓度。本方法准确快速 ,适用于加替沙星的药动学研究及临床血药浓度监测。     

HPLC法测定生物样品中来氟米特活性代谢产物A77 1726

目的　建立用于测定生物样品中来氟米特的活性代谢产物A77172 6的HPLC方法 ,进行药代动力学研究。方法　分析柱为SpherecloneODS柱 (15 0× 4 .6mm ,5 μm) ,流动相为乙酸钠缓冲液 -乙腈 (6 3∶37) ,紫外检测波长 2 90nm。血和肝匀浆样品用乙酸乙酯提取。结果　方法的线性范围为 0 .1～ 10 0 μg·ml-1(血 )和 0 .0 0 1～ 0 .2 5 μg·g-1(肝 ) ,r分别为 0 .9994 5和 0 .99998,检测下限 0 .1μg·ml-1和 0 .0 0 1μg·g-1。A77172 6在血和肝匀浆中的回收率 (% )分别为 98.4 2± 3.4 4和 94 .5 0± 2 .5 3;日间日内RSD 均小于 9.5 7%。结论　本方法各项指标均符合新药报批要求 ,已用于来氟米特动物药代动力学研究中药物浓度的检测     

HPLC法测定硝基安定的血药浓度

目的　测定血清中硝基安定浓度。方法　采用高效液相色谱法 ,甲基睾丸酮为内标 ,经YWG -C18色谱柱 (4.6mmi.d .× 2 0 0mm ,5 μm)分离 ,流动相为 [乙腈 -甲醇 (1∶2 ,v/v) ]-水 (5 8∶4 2 ,v/v) ,2 6 5nm波长处二极管阵列检测品检测 ;13例服药患者 ,设定时间抽血 ,测定血药浓度。结果　在 4 5 .4～ 4 5 4 μg·L-1浓度范围内硝基安定和内标的色谱峰高比与浓度呈线性关系(r =0 .9999) ;平均回收率为 92 .0 8% (RSD =2 .30 % ,n =9) ;最低检测限为 2 5 μg·L-1。 13例服药患者血药浓度监测结果平均值为 98.90± 36 .74 μg·L-1,其中 5例连用卡马西平 ,8例连用丙戊酸钠的癫痫患者 ,其抗癫痫药的有效治疗浓度均有下降趋势 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　本法测定硝基安定的血药浓度方法简便、快速准确 ,可用于临床的常规监测。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定全血中环孢素A的浓度

目的　建立一种简便可行的RP—HPLC法测定肾移植术后病人服用环孢素A(CsA)后全血中的药物浓度 ,为临床合理应用CsA提供一个良好的指标。方法　病人血样经乙醚单步提取后 ,以C8硅胶键合相为固定相 ,乙腈 -甲醇 -水 (40∶34∶2 6 )为流动相 ,6 0℃柱温下进行色谱分析 ,紫外检测波长为 2 14nm。结果　CsA全血浓度在 5 0～ 6 0 0ng·ml-1范围内呈良好的线性关系 ,r =0 .9998,方法的平均回收率为 96 .0 8% ,日内和日间精密度RSD均小于 6 % (n =5 ) ,最低检测限为 10ng·ml-1。结论　本法简便、快速、易于开展 ,用于肾移植术后患者CsA的血药浓度监测 ,效果良好     

维拉帕米在高血压患者的药代动力学及药效学

为研究维拉帕米在高血压患者的药代动力学及药效学,采用荧光分光光度法测定24例高血压患者单剂量口服维拉帕米片160mg后的血药浓度,同时观察血压及心率。结果表明,口服维拉帕米的药时曲线符合一级吸收一室模型,血药浓度达峰时间为2.33±1.16h,峰浓度为275±111μg·L~(-1),t_(1/2)为5.22±2.08h,降血压的最大效应时间比血药浓度达峰时间明显滞后。提示,维拉帕米血药浓度与降血压效应呈不完全平行关系。     

骨正胶囊中双氯芬酸钠的药代动力学研究

目的　研究骨正胶囊中主药双氯芬酸钠的药代动力学 ,为临床应用提供依据。方法　照中国药典释放度测定法 ,用紫外分光光度法在λ =2 73.4nm测定骨正胶囊中双氯芬酸钠的体外溶出度和家兔体内血药浓度 ,用药代动力学计算程序 3P87软件包计算药代动力学参数。结果　骨正胶囊有良好的释药性能 ,其 T1/ 2　 (Ke) =1.980± 0 .0 2 2 9h与药粉胶囊 T1/ 2　 (Ke) =0 .5 0 4 2± 0 .0 14 2 7h相比有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1) ,其主要药动学参数Cmax　 =3.0 0 16± 0 .10 5 7μg·ml-1,Tpeak　 =2 .0 2 6 4± 0 .0 3h ,V/F(c) =6 .32 99± 0 .2 190mg/ (μg·ml-1) ,Cl/F(s) =3.6 6 2 0± 0 .0 96 0lmg/h/ (μg·ml-1)。结论　口服双氯芬酸钠兔体内代谢符合一室模型规律 ,表明骨正胶囊的研制为非甾体抗炎药的剂型改造提供了另外一条新途径。     

HPLC法测定人血浆中伏立康唑浓度

目的建立一种快速、灵敏、准确的HPLC法测定人血浆中伏立康唑浓度,用于临床上该药的血药浓度监测。方法色谱柱:Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm),流动相:乙腈-水(含0.1%甲酸)(40∶60),流速:1.0ml.min-1,紫外检测波长:256 nm,内标:醋酸可的松,柱温:40℃,进样量:40μl。结果伏立康唑和醋酸可的松的保留时间分别为5.2 min和6.7 min;血浆中伏立康唑线性范围为0.1～10μg.ml-1(r=0.9999),定量下限为0.1μg.ml-1,日内、日间RSD分别<2.07%、4.20%,低、中、高3个浓度提取回收率分别为82.62%、84.26%和78.18%。结论本方法操作简便,结果准确,适用于临床伏立康唑的血药浓度监测。     

染料木黄酮胶囊在SD大鼠体内生物利用度研究

目的　研究染料木黄酮胶囊在SD大鼠体内的生物利用度。方法　采用HPLC法以SD大鼠为研究对象 ,测定染料木黄酮注射液和染料木黄酮胶囊单剂量给药后的血药浓度 ,用 3P87计算药动学参数和生物利用度。结果　染料木黄酮胶囊剂的 :AUC =3.318μg·ml-1·h-1,MRT =2 0 .335h ,Cmax　 =0 .2 0 6 7μg·ml-1,tpeak　 =4h ,生物利用度为 5 6 .4 9%。结论　该研究为染料木黄酮胶囊的内在质量评价及方剂组成的改造提供了一定的依据。     

高效液相色谱法测定比格犬血浆中罗格列酮的血药浓度

目的　建立血浆中罗格列酮及其代谢产物的定量测定方法 ,为药物代谢研究提供技术手段。方法　采用高效液相色谱方法 ,ZorbaxODS(5 μm ,15 0× 4 .6mm)色谱柱 ,甲醇 - 0 .0 5mol·L-1乙酸钠溶液 (pH6 .0 ) (4 6∶5 4 )为流动相 ,紫外检测波长为2 4 7nm ,血浆样品经碱化乙酸乙酯提取 ,以内标法峰面积定量。结果　检测下限 0 .0 5 μg·ml-1,方法线性范围为 0 .0 5～ 10 .0 0 μg·μml-1;在 0 .1、0 .5、2 .5、5 .0 μg·ml-1四种浓度平均回收率为 80 .4 5 % ;日内、日间平均RSD分别为 0 .98%、2 .2 8%。结论　该方法灵敏度高 ,专一性强 ,可满足药代动力学研究的要求。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.