即刻口腔矫治器在阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征诊断与治疗中的作用评价

目的 探讨即刻口腔矫治器在阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）诊断与治疗中的作用。方法 53例经夜间多导睡眠监测（PSG）诊断为轻、中、重度OSAHS患者,治疗前行PSG监测、鼻阻检查,拍摄头颅定位侧位片,于当天试戴即刻口腔矫治器并行PSG监测,治疗后完成舒适度调查问卷表。采用SPSS 17.0软件包对治疗前、后相关数据进行统计学分析。结果 戴用即刻口腔矫治器后,患者主观症状改善,治疗后睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）低于治疗前,平均血氧饱和度（MSaO₂）、最低血氧饱和度（LSaO₂）均高于治疗前（P<0.05）。单因素方差分析发现,患者年龄、BMI、治疗前AHI、切牙间距离（配戴矫治器后上、下切牙间的水平距离）及覆盖距离（牙尖交错位时切牙覆盖距离）的变化对即刻口腔矫治器治疗效果的影响存在显著差异（P<0.05）。多元线性回归分析得到即刻口腔矫治器治疗效果的回归方程=67.956-0.731x₁-1.954x₂+0.411x₃+9.263x₄ （x₁：年龄,x₂：BMI,x₃：未配戴即刻矫治器前AHI,x₄：切牙间距离）,P<0.01,即回归效果显著,回归模型有统计学意义,决定系数R²为0.472。结论 即刻口腔矫治器的应用不仅可以预测患者的初步治疗效果,而且可以为后续手术治疗提供有意义的指导。     

可调式阻鼾器治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

目的　探讨可调式阻鼾器在阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征 (OSAHS)治疗中的应用。方法　可调式阻鼾器组 30例OSAHS患者(男 24例,女 6例),平均年龄(49 9±9 9)岁,呼吸暂停及低通气指数 (AHI) ( 33 1±22 7 )次 /h。对照组为同期治疗的 30例年龄、体重、病情相当的OSAHS患者(男 23例,女 7例),戴用普通下颌前移类矫治器。单盲法取证并比较两组疗效的差异;分析可调式阻鼾器组患者于治疗前、医师经验位和最终调整位的上气道、舌骨位置和下颌定位的差异。结果　可调式阻鼾器组的AHI值相对降低 85 8 %,高于对照组 (P<0 05);其最终调整位为下颌前伸(5 8±1 4)mm,上下切缘距(4 6±1 1)mm,占最大前伸量的(71±26)%。结论　可调式阻鼾器的疗效改善明显,其最终调整位可为下颌定位的研究提供参考。     

两种口腔矫治器治疗老年OSAS的临床疗效评价

目的:探讨两种口腔矫治器治疗老年阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(obstructive sleep apnea syndrome,OSAS)的临床疗效。方法:选取40例老年OSAS患者,随机分为A、B两组,分别戴用silensor口腔矫治器和压膜式改良activator矫治器治疗。治疗6个月后,通过多导睡眠监测和上气道形态的CBCT测量,并结合患者主诉症状改善情况,评价两种口腔矫治器对老年OSAS患者的疗效。结果:戴用两种口腔矫治器后,老年OSAS患者的打鼾、憋醒和嗜睡症状得到改善;最低血氧饱和度升高,呼吸紊乱指数和呼吸暂停时间明显降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。CBCT扫描显示腭咽和舌咽气道矢状径、面积和体积较治疗前明显增大,组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。而silensor矫治器舒适度显著性优于改良activator式矫治器。结论:两种口腔矫治器对老年OSAS均有良好的临床疗效,silensor可调式矫治器的舒适性更好。     

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阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（obstructive sleep apneasyndrome,OSAS）是在临床中最为常见的一种睡眠呼吸暂停综合征,主要表现为睡眠时打鼾并伴有呼吸暂停和呼吸表浅,夜间反复发生低氧血症、高碳酸血症和睡眠结构紊乱,导致白天嗜睡、心脑肺血管并发症乃至多脏器损害,严重影响患者的生活质量和寿命。随着研究的深入,OSAS的治疗方法取得了很大进展,其中口腔矫治器因其独特的优点及良好的效果而被患者所接受。应用于OSAS治疗的口腔矫治器种类繁多,适用范围及效果也因人而异。本文现将应用于OSAS治疗的各类口腔矫治器的临床效果、作用机制及戴用过程中存在的不良影响等做一综述。     

Long-term therapeutic efficacy of oral appliances in treatment of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome

Objective:To investigate the long-term efficacy and safety of oral appliances (OAs) in treating obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) by length of treatment.Materials and Methods:This is a retrospective study to review the usage of OAs in Chinese OSAHS patients in recent decades. Ninety-four valid questionnaires were returned by 412 patients with OSAHS receiving OA treatment. Among the wearers, 22 agreed to follow-up polysomnography, and 25 agreed to follow-up cephalograms. Tolerance and side effects of OAs were assessed by a survey. Comparisons of efficacy were carried out between the initial and follow-up polysomnography measurements. Cephalometric analysis was used to investigate skeletal and occlusal changes to determine safety of the OAs.Results:The longest treatment extended to 147 months, with a median of 74 months (first and third quartiles, 30 and 99 months, respectively). Among the participants, 14.9% had been treated for more than 120 months. Side effects were temporary and relatively minimal and included tooth soreness (37.2%), dry mouth (33.0%), odd bite feeling (31.9%), and excess salivation (30.8%). Polysomnography proved that OAs remained effective for the treatment of OSAHS in the long term; initial Apnea-Hypopnea Index values were reduced from a median of 24.50 (quartiles, 14.65, 54.05) without the OA to 7.40 with the OA (2.12, 10.00), and follow-up median values were 25.55 without the OA (11.71, 43.65) and 4.25 with the OA (1.38, 7.70). Cephalometric analysis indicated mild and slow changes in the skeleton and occlusion after average treatment duration of 5 years.Conclusion:OAs provided effective and safe long-term therapy for patients with OSAHS. Follow-up supervision is recommended since long-term alterations take place, although these appear to be minimal.     

Phenotyping obstructive sleep apnoea—Bringing precision to oral appliance therapy

Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA) is a highly prevalent disorder across the world and is characterised by repeated obstruction of the pharyngeal airway during sleep, resulting in oxygen desaturation (intermittent hypoxia) and sleep fragmentation. As awareness of the disorder has risen over the last few decades, there is growing recognition that OSA is a highly heterogeneous disorder, and that application of a precision medicine framework to its treatment could significantly enhance patient outcomes by allowing prediction of who has OSA, who needs it treated, who is susceptible to symptoms and comorbidities, which treatment should be used and who will respond to therapy. To achieve this, there is a need to develop an understanding of intermediate OSA phenotypes in terms of their contribution to disease pathogenesis, clinical and physiological expression and treatment responses. Recently, there have been an increasing number of studies using unsupervised (cluster) analytical approaches that have generated new insights, demonstrating the viability of a precision medicine approach in sleep medicine. These advances will undoubtedly influence the emerging field of dental sleep medicine, and dentists need to be aware of these developments.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的口腔治疗

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（OSAS）是临床常见病和多发病,患病率高,求医率低,难以评判治疗效果;该病的发病机制复杂,可引起全身多系统性损伤;其治疗方法种类繁多,并呈现出多学科参与和多学科交叉的发展趋势。随着口腔医学对OSAS诊断与治疗研究的逐渐深入,口腔治疗在OSAS的作用已愈来愈重要。本文就OSAS治疗方法的研究进展、争议情况以及口腔治疗的方法与发展进行了总结。     

可调式口腔矫治器治疗儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的X线头影测量分析

目的:探讨可调式口腔矫治器治疗儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS),下颌前伸时上气道及周围结构的变化及其规律.方法:对32例戴用可调式口腔矫治器治疗有效的OSAS患儿,进行治疗前后X线头影测量分析.结果:32例OSAS患儿,AH-MP距减少30.70 %,AH-Ge距减少10.38 %,AH-CVP距增加4.95 %,AH-FH距减少4.26 %,V-T减少5.32 %,SPP-SPPW距增加27.04 %,U-MPW距增加17.10 %,TB-TPPW增加20.68 %,V-LPW距增加18.28 %,LPW-CVP减少13.43 %,V-Ge距增加18.27 %,均有统计学意义.结论:X线头影测量用于治疗儿童OSAS的辅助诊断、治疗及疗效评价具有重要价值.     

A randomized cross over study comparing the efficacy of two mandibular advancement appliances in the treatment of mild-moderate obstructive sleep apnea

Objective: To compare efficacy, side effects, patient compliance, and preference between two types of custom-made mandibular advancement appliances (MAAs) in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

Methodology: This prospective, randomized, crossover study of 12 patients with mild to moderate OSA compared a titratable and a non-titratable MAA. Each patient was fitted with both appliances in a random order with a washout period of two weeks. Efficacy, side effects, compliance, and preference were evaluated by a questionnaire. All patients underwent overnight home sleep recordings prior to and after the use of each appliance in order to objectively assess sleep quality in terms of the apnea and hypopnea index (AHI), snoring frequency and oxygen desaturation index.

Results: Treatment successes (relief of symptoms and/or reduction of AHI to <10/h) were reported with both types of appliances. No compliance failure was reported, and in most patients, the side effects were mild, and improved with time.

Conclusion: Both types of oral appliances were effective treatments for patients with mild to moderate OSA, with fewer side effects and higher patient satisfaction.     

软或硬塑下颌前移口腔矫治器治疗阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（附20例报告）

目的 软或硬塑下颌前移口腔矫治器（OA）治疗阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（OSAS）的疗效分析。方法 使用软或硬塑下颌前移OA治疗OSAS患者20例,3个月后复查主观症状及多导睡眠图（PSG）。结果 软、硬塑下颌前移OA以及合并统计患者的耐受率分别为83%、75%、78%,鼾声、睡眠憋醒、白日嗜睡等症状改善或消失,PSG五项监测指标前后差异有显著性,治疗后明显好转。结论 软或硬塑下颌前移OA是治疗OSAS的较好方法。     

Immediate implant placement in edentulous oral cancer patients: a long-term retrospective analysis of 207 patients

Although the functional benefits of implants in the rehabilitation of edentulous cancer patients are well-known, most studies report on postponed implant placement. The outcome of immediate implant placement regarding successful rehabilitation, implant loading and survival is unclear. Two hundred and seven edentulous oral cancer patients that received implants during ablative surgery at the Radboud University Medical Centre between 2000 and 2011 were included. Data regarding the oncological treatment, implant placement, follow-up and prosthodontic rehabilitation were recorded retrospectively with a follow-up period of 5–17 years. Functioning implant-retained dentures were made in 73.9% of the patients. Of the surviving patients, 81.9% had functioning dentures after 2 years and 86.3% after 10 years. Patients with ASA score 1 and younger patients were rehabilitated more frequently. The median time of functioning denture placement was 336 days after surgery, with a negative influence of postoperative radiotherapy. Implant survival was 90.7%, and was lower when the implant was placed in a jaw involved in the tumour. Immediate implant placement during oral cancer surgery led to a high number of edentulous patients rehabilitated with implant-retained dentures, which are placed at an early time.     

The effectiveness of oral appliances in elderly patients with obstructive sleep apnoea treated with lorazepam - a pilot study

Summary Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is one of the most common sleep disorders in elderly and represents a special problem for elderly patients. Elderly patients use a large number of drugs that might have an influence on the upper airway structure, anxiolytics or benzodiazepines being the most common. The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of mild or moderate OSA treatment with mandibular advance oral appliance in older lorazepam users compared with the age-matched lorazepam-free patients. A total of 40 functionally independent patients with the age of 65-74 were enrolled in the study. All included patients were found to suffer from at least two of the existing OSA symptoms (snoring, sleep fragmentation, daytime sleepiness) and were diagnosed with mild or moderate OSA after nocturnal polysomnography. Patients were divided into two groups. The experimental group consisted of 20 patients who used lorazepam in their daily therapy, and a control group consisted of 20 patients who did not take lorazepam. A mandibular advance appliance was made individually for each patient. Patients involved in the study were not overweight and were suggested to practise sleeping on the side and reduce alcohol consumption during the study. The study has shown that mandibular advance oral appliances were responsible for complete control of the OSA in over 37% of cases (15 patients). Patients have also reported substantial improvement in the symptoms; 80% of them reported that they had snored less, slept better (94%) and have not experienced daytime sleepiness (100%).     

口腔矫治器治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的临床研究

目的评价改良口腔矫治器治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)的临床疗效。方法采用下颌前移式口腔矫治器治疗24例OSAS患者,治疗前后分别经夜间多导睡眠监测(PSG),比较睡眠呼吸暂停指数(AI)、呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)、最低血氧饱和度(SaO2)等呼吸紊乱指标的变化。结果治疗前、后患者呼吸暂停指数、呼吸暂停低通气指数、血氧饱和度指标变化差异有显著性(P<0.001),21例呼吸暂停低通气指数下降了50%以上,客观有效率为87.5%。结论改良口腔矫治器是治疗轻、中度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的有效方法。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的诊断及外科治疗

介绍阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)相关概念、OSAHS患者的检查流程及外科治疗方式,探讨各种术式的适应证.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者计算机辅助下颌定位系统的研制与矫治器疗效预测

目的研制适用于阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患者的计算机辅助下颌前伸定位系统（CAMRS），利用该系统初步判定OSAHS患者的下颌最适前伸距离，预测其口腔矫治器的疗效。方法CAMRS通过计算机控制微型步进电机，借助螺母与螺栓问的相对移动控制下颌前伸，结合多导睡眠图（PSG）监测，对14例OSAHS患者夜间睡眠进行下颌前伸定位和口腔矫治器疗效预测。结果CAMRS运行稳定，能有效前伸下颌，对睡眠干扰小。14例患者随着下颌的逐步前伸，睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）逐步改善，但每例患者的下颌最适前伸距离不同，与其病情的严重程度呈正相关关系（r=0．72747）。结论新研制的CAMRS系统运行稳定有效，对睡眠干扰小。通过该系统可以预先确定OSAHS患者的下颌最适前伸距离，并预测口腔矫治器的疗效。     

悬雍垂腭咽成形术与双颌前徙术联合治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的初步报告

目的 在采用双颌前徙术（maxillomandibular advancement，MMA）的同时结合计算机辅助设计悬雍垂腭咽成形术（uvulopalatopharyngoplasty，UPPP），探索其治疗重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome，OSAHS）的可行性和疗效。方法严重OSAHS肥胖患者9例，年龄（47．8±9．7）岁，体重指数（body mass index，BMI）为（35．3±2．5）kg／m^2，睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数（apneaand hypopnea index，AHI）为（88．7±6．7）次／h。对所有患者行计算机辅助设计的UPPP和MMA联合手术治疗。患者术前、术后3、6、12个月行多道睡眠检测（polysomography，PSG）监测，同时进行上气道测量分析，以及腭咽闭合功能、语音评价。结果患者上颌骨LeFort-Ⅰ截骨前移（8．3±1．3）mm，双侧下颌矢状劈开和颏截骨前移合计（23．0±2．2）mm。随访时间7．7个月，所有患者OSAHS症状均消失，术后AHI（2．1±1．1）次／h，患者均无语音障碍和吞咽障碍，无明显颌面畸形，牙胎关系良好。结论UPPP和MMA联合手术治疗OSAHS肥胖患者的近期手术效果良好。采用MMA同期结合计算机辅助设计的UPPP不必然造成腭咽闭合功能障碍；UPPP与上颌LeFort-Ⅰ截骨联合手术不必然造成上颌骨缺血坏死或影响上颌创口愈合。     

Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea with the Karwetzky oral appliance

The aims of this retrospective study were to assess the effect of a Karwetzky mandibular protrusion appliance for treating patients with mild, moderate, and severe obstructive sleep apnea. Eighty-one of 116 patients (69.8%) suffering from obstructive sleep apnea were treated with an activator model according to Karwetzky. After 4 months (SD 4.0 months) treatment outcome was controlled by polysomnography. Therapeutic outcome depended on the severity of obstructive sleep apnea. The median apnea-hypopnea index decreased from 10.6 events/h (range 2.0-14.9) to 5.8 events/h (range 0.2-17.3, P<0.01) in the mild group, from 21.7 events/h (range 17.3-28.4) to 7.7 events/h (range 1.0-30.1, P<0.001) in the moderate group, and from 42.1 events/h (range 33.2-64.9) to 18.1 events/h (range 2.4-48.8, P<0.001) in the severe group. Sleep variables did not show consistent improvement except for a trend towards more REM sleep and slow-wave sleep. The numbers of retentive teeth did not statistically influence treatment efficacy. Comparing the pre- and post-treatment polysomnographic variables, it was found that the respiratory events rather than sleep stages were significantly reduced by the Karwetzky appliance investigated.     

压膜式twin-block矫治器治疗轻中度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的初步研究

目的:探讨压膜式twin-block矫治器在轻中度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)治疗中的应用和疗效.方法:为14例轻中度OSAHS患者制作压膜式twin-block矫治器,治疗前后进行Epworth嗜睡表(ESS)和魁北克睡眠问卷(QSQ)调查;并记录患者口腔颌面系统的不适感,1个月后复查多导睡眠监测(PSG)对比疗效.结果:与戴用矫治器前比较,13例患者的呼吸紊乱指数(AHI)下降了50％以上或达到正常,客观有效率为92.86％;呼吸暂停指数、最低血氧饱和度、最长呼吸暂停时间均有明显好转(P＜0.01).生活质量除情绪部分外皆有改善(P＜0.01),Epworth嗜睡程度明显减轻(P＜0.01).初戴矫治器不适主要表现为唾液增多及晨起后短暂的牙齿酸胀感,矫治器半年依从率为92.86％.结论:压膜式twin-block矫治器较为舒适,患者较易接受,是治疗轻中度OSAHS的有效方法.