The Use of Non-Immune Plasma Powder in the Prophylaxis of Neonatal Escherichia coli Diarrhoea in Calves

The protective use of plasma powder from cattle and swine against experimentally induced neonatal E. coli diarrhoea in colostrum-deprived calves was examined. Diarrhoea was induced with a strain expressing F5⁺ fimbriae and a strain expressing F17⁺ fimbriae. In all groups supplemented with bovine plasma powder, diarrhoea and fever were less severe than in the control groups. For the groups infected with the F5⁺E. coli strain, a reduction in excretion of the challenge strain by 2–4 orders of magnitude and by 1–2 orders of magnitude was seen when supplemented with bovine plasma powder at a dose of 25 g/l milk and 10 g/l milk, respectively. The bovine plasma powder showed also beneficial effects in the F17⁺ infected groups. No mortality, no septicaemia and no severe clinical signs were observed. Concerning the excretion of the E. coli F17⁺ strain in the faeces, no significant difference with the control group was found. Swine plasma powder showed little beneficial effect on E. coli diarrhoea in calves in this study.     

Investigations on the Association of D‐lactate Blood Concentrations with the Outcome of Therapy of Acidosis,and with Posture and Demeanour in Young Calves with Diarrhoea

The objective of this prospective study was to elucidate whether amounts of bicarbonate needed for correction of acidosis and normalization of clinical signs are influenced by blood d ‐lactate concentrations in calves with diarrhoea. In 73 calves up to 3 weeks old with acute diarrhoea and base excess values below −10 mmol/l correction of acidosis was carried out within 3.5‐h by intravenous administration of an amount of sodium bicarbonate which was calculated using the formula: HCO (mmol) = body mass (kg) × base deficit (mmol/l) × 0.6 (l/kg). Clinical signs, venous base excess, and plasma d ‐lactate concentrations were monitored immediately following admission, following correction of acidosis at 4 h and 24 h after admission. The base excess and plasma d ‐lactate concentrations throughout the study were −17.8 ± 4.0, −0.4 ± 0.4, −3.0 ± 5.5 mmol/l (base excess), and 10.0 ± 4.9, 9.8 ± 4.8, 5.4 ± 3.4 mmol/l (d ‐lactate) for the three times of examination. Metabolic acidosis was not corrected in more than half of the calves (n = 43) by the calculated amount of bicarbonate, whereas the risk of failure to correct acidosis increases with d ‐lactate concentrations. The study shows that calves with elevated d ‐lactate concentrations do not need additional specific therapy, as d ‐lactate concentrations regularly fall following correction of acidosis and restitution of body fluid volume, for reasons that remain unclear. However, calves with distinct changes in posture and demeanour need higher doses of bicarbonate than calculated with the factor of 0.6 in the formula mentioned above probably because of d ‐hyperlactataemia.     

Effect of Orally Administered Omeprazole on Abomasal Luminal pH in Dairy Calves Fed Milk Replacer*

The objective of this study was to determine whether oral administration of omeprazole, a proton‐pump inhibitor, increased abomasal luminal pH in calves fed milk replacer. Four male dairy calves with cannulae in the abomasal body suckled milk replacer (60 ml/kg body weight every 12 h) and were administered a non‐enteric‐coated omeprazole (4 mg/kg body weight every 24 h) in a paste formulation for five successive days. Abomasal luminal pH was continuously measured using miniature glass pH electrodes. On the first day of omeprazole administration, there was a significant (P < 0.05) increase in mean 24‐h pH from 2.89 to 4.17. The mean 24‐h pH on days 2, 3, 4 and 5 of omeprazole administration were 3.85, 4.02, 3.97 and 3.39 respectively. We conclude that oral administration of non‐enteric‐coated omeprazole increased abomasal luminal pH in calves fed milk replacer, but that the effect may decrease over time.     

HoBi‐Like Virus RNA Detected in Foetuses Following Challenge of Pregnant Cows that had Previously Given Birth to Calves Persistently Infected with Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus

The ability of ruminant pestivirus including bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and the related emerging pestivirus, HoBi‐like virus, to establish persistent infection (PI) following foetal infection is central to keeping these viruses in circulation. Non‐PI dams carrying BVDV PI calves develop high levels of immunity due constantly viral exposure. A study to determine whether the immunity developed following the generation of a BVDV PI is enough to prevent HoBi‐like virus infection of a subsequent foetus was performed. This study consisted of nine pregnant cows, four had birthed BVDV‐1 PI calves in a previous pregnancy, three cows had birthed BVDV‐2 PIs and two had birthed pestivirus negative calves. From this, six pregnant cows were challenged with HoBi‐like virus about day 85 of gestation (four BVDV‐1 and two BVDV‐2 cows) and three non‐challenged cows (negative control). At the day of challenge, the serum neutralizing titres against the homologous BVDV strains of the first inoculation ranged from 1148 to 5793. At day 6 post‐challenge, HoBi‐like RNA was detected in the serum of all four BVDV‐1 cows but not in the two BVDV‐2 cows. The foetuses harvested from five of the exposed dams (three BVDV‐1 and two BVDV‐2 cows) at day 30 post‐challenge were positive for HoBi‐like virus RNA. The sixth cow, BVDV‐1 cow #541, while pregnant at the time of exposure, had no foetus 30 days after exposure. Foetuses from HoBi‐like virus exposed dams were significantly smaller and lighter than control foetuses. HoBi‐like RNA was detected in samples of all challenged foetuses. The identification of viral RNA in the serum of 4 cows at day 6 post‐challenge, as well viral RNA detection in all foetuses 30 days post‐inoculation, indicates that the foetuses of dams with high antibodies titres against BVDV‐1 or BVDV‐2 would not be protected from challenge with a HoBi‐like virus.     

Characteristics of Acetaminophen Absorption in Healthy Unweaned Calves as an Indirect Measurement of the Oroduodenal Transit Rate of Liquid Meals

Abomasal emptying plays an important role in the incidence of digestive problems in calves. Our aim was to evaluate the acetaminophen absorption test (APAT) for characterization of the oroduodenal transit (ODT) of liquid meals in unweaned calves. Six healthy, unweaned Simmental × Red Holstein crossbred calves were involved in the project. The study was performed in three blocks at 3, 6 and 9 weeks of the calves’ age. Within blocks, APAT was performed twice at an interval of at least 24 h. Once per each block, liquid transit was carried out with non‐coagulating electrolyte solution (NES). The second test within a block was performed either while atropine sulphate was administered (block I), or by feeding a coagulating milk replacer (block II), or by administration of NES by ruminal tube (block III). Data were compared within and among blocks. Significant differences of several APAT traits were present for the different types of feeding, the different types of meals, the administration of atropine sulphate and the different ages of the calves. The emptying index T_max/C_max was suggested to be a valuable kinetic parameter for the characterization of ODT in these calves. We conclude that APAT represents a valid technique for characterization of ODT of liquid meals in healthy unweaned calves and may be a valuable tool for the evaluation of the reticular groove mechanism, the abomasal emptying and the absorption capacity of the duodenum.     

Ingestion of liquids compared with preoperative fasting in pediatric outpatients

The preoperative fast is often an unpleasant preoperative experience that might be alleviated by allowing children to drink clear liquids. The authors compared gastric fluid volume and pH in two groups of children, one of whom was permitted clear liquids until 2 h before surgery (study group) and the other followed routine preoperative fasting orders (control group). The study group was not limited in the quantity of clear liquid allowed with the exception that the last intake prior to surgery was limited to 8 ounces. The study group (n = 53) averaged 5.9 +/- 5 yr and weighed 23.6 +/- 17 kg, while the control group averaged 7.3 +/- 4.6 yr and weighed 29 +/- 17.7 kg (P = NS). Gastric contents were aspirated following induction of anesthesia. Gastric fluid volume averaged 0.44 +/- 0.51 ml/kg for study group and 0.57 +/- 0.51 ml/kg in the control group (P = 0.12). Of the study patients, 48% had a measured gastric fluid volume greater than or equal to 0.4 ml/kg compared with 58% of the control patients (P = 0.77). Eighty three patients had sufficient gastric fluid for pH determination; of these 34/35 (97%) in the study group and 44/48 (92%) in the control group had a gastric fluid pH less than or equal to 2.5. Using a linear analog scale parents rated the children in the study group to be less irritable (P less than 0.001) and to have had a better overall preoperative experience (P less than 0.01) compared with the control patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Glucose counterregulation in patients after pancreatectomy. Comparison with other clinical forms of diabetes

Glucose and counterregulatory hormone responses to a high-dose (1.7 mU/kg/min) insulin infusion were studied in 6 patients who had undergone total pancreatectomy, and the results were compared with those of normal controls and patients with other clinical forms of diabetes. The maximum increase in the plasma glucagon concentration during hypoglycemia in the pancreatectomized patients (5 +/- 5.6 pg/ml) was less than in normals (121 +/- 22 pg/ml). Type I diabetic subjects (28 +/- 14 pg/ml), and insulin-treated diabetic subjects of recent onset (36 +/- 12 pg/ml) also had reduced responses, while responses were normal in type II diabetic subjects (102 +/- 26 pg/ml). The epinephrine response to the hypoglycemic stimulus was reduced after pancreatectomy (278 +/- 81 pg/ml) and in type I diabetic subjects (628 +/- 244 pg/ml), but was not different from control (858 +/- 126 pg/ml) in type II and recent-onset diabetic patients. There was considerable overlap in counterregulatory hormone responses in individual patients with and without autonomic neuropathy and with normal or undetectable fasting C-peptide concentrations. While the control subjects all experienced symptoms of hypoglycemia within a narrow range of plasma glucose concentrations (35-46 mg/dl), five of the diabetic subjects experienced symptoms of hypoglycemia at plasma glucose levels of greater than or equal to 55 mg/dl, and five had no subjective awareness of hypoglycemia despite plasma glucose levels less than 30 mg/dl.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

新生儿窒息后血糖异常的护理

目的探讨新生儿窒息后血糖水平异常的原因与护理措施。方法应用微量血糖仪检测116例窒息新生儿的血糖水平，并分析血糖水平与窒息程度的关系及相应护理措施对惠儿的影响。结果116例新生儿窒息中，血糖导常57例（占49.1％），其中低血糖34例（59.6％）、高血糖23例（40.4％）。重度窒息组血糖异常发生率显著高于轻度窒息组，轻度窒息患儿低血糖发生率显著高于高血糖，重度窒息患儿高血糖发生率显著高于低血糖（均P〈0.01）。通过针对性护理，57例患儿均于2～4h恢复正常血糖，未发生与血糖异常相关的并发症。结论新生儿窒息程度越重，血糖异常发生牵越高，且多为高血糖，相应的护理措施可降低血糖异常对患儿带来的不利影响。     

新生儿窒息后血糖异常的护理

目的 探讨新生儿窒息后血糖水平异常的原因与护理措施.方法 应用微量血糖仪检测116例窒息新生儿的血糖水平,并分析血糖水平与窒息程度的关系及相应护理措施对患儿的影响.结果 116例新生儿窒息中,血糖导常57例(占49.1%),其中低血糖34例(59.6%)、高血糖23例(40.4%).重度窒息组血糖异常发生率显著高于轻度窒息组,轻度窒息患儿低血糖发生率显著高于高血糖,重度窒息患儿高血糖发生率显著高于低血糖(均P＜0.01).通过针对性护理,57例患儿均于2～4 h恢复正常血糖,未发生与血糖异常相关的并发症.结论 新生儿窒息程度越重,血糖异常发生率越高,且多为高血糖,相应的护理措施可降低血糖异常对患儿带来的不利影响.     

Galactose elimination kinetics in sepsis. Correlations of hepatic blood blow with function

To study hepatic blood flow with clearance techniques during sepsis, it is essential to work within the limitations of the test being applied. Based on galactose elimination kinetics, this study validates galactose clearance at low concentrations as an estimate of effective hepatic blood flow in a rat peritonitis model of cecal ligation and puncture. Hepatic function as determined by galactose elimination capacity fell 25% at ten hours after induction of peritonitis, which correlated closely with the 20% reduction in effective hepatic blood flow at the same time point despite a normal cardiac output. The pattern of reduced flow and reduced function is consistent with intrahepatic flow redistribution. Inadequate flow at the microvascular level with secondary cellular injury may explain the liver dysfunction observed during sepsis.     

2型糖尿病手术干预机理及其研究进展

目前,糖尿病患者发病率的持续增长已经成为了世界性的、严重的公共卫生问题之一。据统计,全球糖尿病患病人数已达到了近3亿水平,而我国现有约9 200万糖尿病患者,成人患病率约为9.7%,且其发病率仍逐年增加,这其中以2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)发病人数最多,占85%～90%[1]。