儿童呼吸道标本肺炎链球菌的耐药性监测

目的探讨广东省中山市博爱医院儿童呼吸道肺炎链球菌的感染状况和流行特征,及其对常用抗菌药物的耐药性。以期有效指导临床合理用药和预防感染。方法对2013年5月-2017年8月该院儿科门诊和住院部诊断为下呼吸道感染患儿的痰标本进行肺炎链球菌分离培养,并进行鉴定及药敏试验。结果 (1)从28 006例呼吸道感染儿童痰液检出肺炎链球菌共2 963株,检出率为10.6%;(2)肺炎链球菌感染主要多见于6岁以下患儿,冬春季为高发,多种细菌混合感染率为43.0%,以混合卡他莫拉菌和流感嗜血杆菌为多见;(3)肺炎链球菌对青霉素的不敏感率为6.0%;(4)肺炎链球菌对红霉素、克林霉素和四环素耐药率高(90%),对氯霉素和氧氟沙星的敏感率在95%以上,未检出对利福平、利奈唑胺和万古霉素耐药的菌株。结论儿童呼吸道肺炎链球菌的感染与年龄、季节有关,呈逐年递增趋势,合并多种细菌混合感染率较高。青霉素不敏感肺炎链球菌比例较高。对红霉素、克林霉素和四环素的耐药率都在95%以上,表现为多重耐药。儿童中检出的肺炎链球菌对抗生素的耐药状况已很严峻,临床诊疗要密切监测肺炎链球菌感染的流行病学特点及耐药情况,及时调整经验用药方案和预防感染策略。     

长沙地区肺炎患儿肺炎链球菌耐药性分析

目的了解2007～2008年长沙地区肺炎患儿肺炎链球菌(SP)感染情况及耐药性变迁,以有效指导临床合理利用抗生素。方法回顾性分析2007～2008年在湖南省儿童医院就诊的10 035例肺炎患儿痰液或肺泡灌洗液中分离的肺炎链球菌的耐药性。结果 10035例呼吸道感染儿童痰中分离出肺炎链球菌481株,对常用抗生素耐药率分别为:青霉素52.8%、阿莫西林25.6%、阿莫西林/棒酸0.4%、红霉素63.2%、头孢曲松29.5%、头孢噻肟30.1%、头孢吡肟0%、利奈唑烷0.6%、亚胺培南22.7%、万古霉素0%。2008年SP分离株对青霉素、阿莫西林、亚胺培南、头孢噻肟、红霉素耐药率高于2007年。结论本地区儿童呼吸道感染SP耐药形势严峻,耐药率有逐年上升趋势,临床上应根据药敏结果合理应用抗生素,制定好防治SP的对策。     

长沙地区肺炎患儿肺炎链球菌耐药性分析

目的 了解2007～2008年长沙地区肺炎患儿肺炎链球菌(SP)感染情况及耐药性变迁,以有效指导临床合理利用抗生素.方法 回顾性分析2007～2008年在湖南省儿童医院就诊的10 035例肺炎患儿痰液或肺泡灌洗液中分离的肺炎链球菌的耐药性.结果 10 035例呼吸道感染儿童痰中分离出肺炎链球菌481株,对常用抗生素耐药率分别为:青霉素52.8%、阿莫西林25.6%、阿莫西林/棒酸0.4%、红霉素63.2%、头孢曲松29.5%、头孢噻肟30.1%、头孢吡肟0%、利奈唑烷0.6%、亚胺堵南22.7%、万古霉素0%.2008年SP分离株对青霉素、阿奠西林、哑胺培南、头孢噻肟、红霉素耐药率高于2007年.结论 本地区儿童呼吸道感染SP耐药形势严峻,耐药率有逐年上升趋势,临床上应根据药敏结果合理应用抗生素,制定好防治SP的对策.     

长沙地区肺炎患儿肺炎链球菌耐药性分析

目的 了解2007～2008年长沙地区肺炎患儿肺炎链球菌(SP)感染情况及耐药性变迁,以有效指导临床合理利用抗生素.方法 回顾性分析2007～2008年在湖南省儿童医院就诊的10 035例肺炎患儿痰液或肺泡灌洗液中分离的肺炎链球菌的耐药性.结果 10 035例呼吸道感染儿童痰中分离出肺炎链球菌481株,对常用抗生素耐药率分别为:青霉素52.8%、阿莫西林25.6%、阿莫西林/棒酸0.4%、红霉素63.2%、头孢曲松29.5%、头孢噻肟30.1%、头孢吡肟0%、利奈唑烷0.6%、亚胺堵南22.7%、万古霉素0%.2008年SP分离株对青霉素、阿奠西林、哑胺培南、头孢噻肟、红霉素耐药率高于2007年.结论 本地区儿童呼吸道感染SP耐药形势严峻,耐药率有逐年上升趋势,临床上应根据药敏结果合理应用抗生素,制定好防治SP的对策.     

肺炎链球菌致学龄前儿童下呼吸道感染的临床特征与耐药性分析

目的了解肺炎链球菌致学龄前儿童下呼吸道感染的特征与细菌耐药性,为指导临床合理用药提供依据。方法收集金华市人民医院2012年1月-2014年12月,年龄38 d~6岁且发生下呼吸道感染的1 974名住院患儿的痰标本进行菌种鉴定和药敏试验。结果经痰培养确诊213例肺炎链球菌感染,检出率为10.8%,年龄38 d~1岁和冬季患儿组肺炎链球菌检出率分别为14.0%和17.1%,显著高于其他组的检出率(P0.05);肺炎链球菌对克林霉素、红霉素、复方新诺明的耐药率最高,分别为90.1%、85.9%、76.5%,而对万古霉素和利奈唑胺的耐药率为0。结论学龄前儿童下呼吸道感染患者痰标本中分离出的肺炎链球菌耐药情况严峻,须加强对肺炎链球菌耐药性和抗菌药物使用情况的监测,依据药敏试验结果合理选用抗菌药物。     

东莞地区儿童肺炎链球菌携带率及耐药性检测

目的分析东莞地区学龄前健康儿童鼻咽部携带肺炎链球菌情况及对常用抗生素的耐药特点,为预防儿童肺炎链球菌感染及合理使用抗生素提供参考。方法采用专用巧克力平板和血平板培养基,对采集的350例3～5岁儿童鼻咽部分泌物作培养鉴定,对鉴定明确的肺炎链球菌根据美国临床实验室标准化委员会(NCCLS)标准进行常用抗生素检测。结果东莞地区儿童肺炎链球菌携带率约为34.5%;携带株对左旋氧氟沙星、氯霉素、复方新诺明、苯唑西林、四环素、红霉素和青霉素的耐药率分别是2%、24%、42%、64%、74%、78%和24%,仅对万古霉素敏感。结论东莞地区健康学龄前儿童鼻咽部肺炎链球菌携带率高于国内许多地区,对常用抗生素耐药性严重,并存在多重耐药现象。     

荆州地区肺炎链球菌流行特点的回顾性研究

目的:了解荆州地区肺炎链球菌患儿分离株的流行特点,为临床经验治疗提供依据。方法:2015年1月至2016年12月荆州市中心医院儿科(除外新生儿科)送检痰培养标本3 415例,共检出肺炎链球菌菌株342例,其中男200例(58.48%),女142例(41.52%)。分析肺炎链球菌的临床分布资料及对各种抗菌素的耐药情况。结果:肺炎链球菌女性患儿的检出率和男性患儿差别不大;肺炎链球菌主要感染5岁以下患儿,季节以冬春季节为主;尚未检出耐万古霉素和利奈唑胺的肺炎链球菌;肺炎链球菌对左氧氟沙星、莫西沙星、厄他培南、氯霉素、氧氟沙星、泰利霉素的敏感性较高;对复方新诺明、四环素、红霉素、青霉素的耐药率较高;美罗培南中介;阿莫西林、头孢噻肟、头孢曲松仍有较高的敏感性。结论:在荆州地区,阿莫西林、头孢噻肟、头孢曲松仍可作本地区肺炎链球菌感染的非脑膜炎的临床一线用药,对于高耐药菌株和重症感染时可以使用万古霉素和利奈唑胺。     

广州地区肺炎链球菌儿童分离株临床分布及药敏特征

目的分析儿童肺炎链球菌的临床分布和耐药性,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法按全国临床检验标准操作规程对2013年1月1日至2015年12月31日间采集的儿童细菌培养标本进行常规肺炎链球菌分离培养和鉴定,结合检验历史系统分析阳性病例来源标本类型及患儿年龄分布,并用MIC法分析肺炎链球菌的耐药性情况。结果共分离1 243株肺炎链球菌,1岁以内婴儿分离率最高,占42.80%。标本来源有呼吸道标本(72.81%),耳分泌物(15.37%),血液(5.63%),脑脊液(3.06%),胸腔积液(2.01%)。所分离的肺炎链球菌株中,对红霉素、四环素、复方磺胺甲噁唑的耐药率分别高达94.93%、85.76%和73.53%,对青霉素G、阿莫西林、头孢曲松、美罗培南、头孢噻肟耐药率较高,分别为24.70%、39.59%、24.05%、22.85%,19.89%,对喹诺酮类耐药率均低于10.00%,未发现万古霉素和利奈唑胺耐药株。结论 0~1岁为广州地区儿童肺炎链球菌感染的主要年龄阶段,该地区肺炎链球菌儿童分离株对红霉素、四环素、复方磺胺甲噁唑的耐药情况较严重,青霉素G、阿莫西林、头孢曲松的耐药性有显著提高,在临床使用上应引起重视。临床医生应根据药敏试验结果合理选择抗菌药物,以提高治愈率。     

郴州地区住院患儿感染肺炎链球菌的特点及耐药性分析

目的了解郴州地区2011年至2012年住院的患儿感染肺炎链球菌的特点及耐药性分析,为临床用药提供依据。方法采集来自本院各类标本检出的肺炎链球菌,并对其相关科室、标本类型、检出患儿年龄阶段以及肺炎链球菌检出季节的分布及其耐药性等数据进行分析。结果共检出246株肺炎链球菌,感染科室中以儿童呼吸科为主,其次是儿童神经内科;半岁以上的儿童检出率较高;冬季及春季的检出率较高,夏季检出最低;在耐药分析当中儿童青霉素耐药肺炎链球菌占22.7%,对红霉素和克林霉素(97.3耐药)几乎全部耐药,对头孢噻肟耐药率为3.7%,对阿莫西林耐药率为3.1%,对喹奴普丁/达福普丁耐药率为1.3%,对万古霉素耐、左氧氟沙星耐药率为0。结论郴州地区肺炎住院冬季、春季入院的患儿肺炎链球菌阳性检出率较高,且半岁至4岁患儿肺炎链球菌检出率最高,提示本地区半岁以上的儿童冬春季应着重防范本菌的感染;本地区肺炎链球菌对第一代大环内酯类药物高度耐药,已经不适合单独用药,耐青霉素肺炎链球菌比率较高,要加强临床监测以免耐药菌大幅扩散。     

小儿社区获得性肺炎中肺炎链球菌感染在不同年龄组中的分布及耐药性分析

目的 分析小儿社区获得性肺炎中肺炎链球菌感染在不同年龄组中的分布及耐药性，为肺炎链球菌感染的小儿社区获得性肺炎的治疗提供依据。方法 选择2017—2021年抚州市妇幼保健院新生儿及儿科收治的肺炎链球菌感染的小儿社区获得性肺炎住院患儿作为观察对象，对其临床资料以及药敏结果进行分析，比较不同年龄段小儿社区获得性肺炎中肺炎链球菌感染的分布及耐药性。结果 共收集肺炎链球菌感染的小儿社区获得性肺炎患儿211例，其中男139例(65.9%),女72例(占34.1%);4个年龄组中婴儿期占比最高，为64.45%,其次为幼儿期和学龄前期，分别为17.54%、14.70%,新生儿期占比最低，为3.32%。各年龄段检测分离的肺炎链球菌均对青霉素、左氧氟沙星、万古霉素、利奈唑胺敏感(耐药率为0%),对阿莫西林/克拉维酸、头孢曲松、美罗培南有较强敏感性(耐药率<10%),对复方新诺明、头孢呋辛和四环素耐药率较高(耐药率>60%),对红霉素、克林霉素耐药率极高(耐药率>90%)。结论 本院小儿社区获得性肺炎中肺炎链球菌感染在婴儿期占比较高，肺炎链球菌耐药情况在各年龄段无明显差异，儿科医生在治疗过程中应依据药敏试验结果选择合适的抗菌药物，增加针对性用药，减少经验性或预防性抗生素使用情况，以减少本地区耐药菌株出现。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.