The time-related changes of antimicrobial resistance patterns and predominant bacterial profiles of burn wounds and body flora of burned patients

To examine the bacterial isolates from the burn patients and to compare the antibiograms of the predominant bacteria isolated from 51 patients who were hospitalized at least 3 weeks or more over a period of 7 months, a prospective study was undertaken. Periodic swabs were taken from burn wound, nasal, axillary, inguinal, and umbilical region of the patients on admission and on 7th, 14th, and 21st days of hospitalization. Mean hospital stay was 36.5 days. A total of 1098 microbial isolates were detected during the study period. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS, 63.0%) and Staphylococcus aureus (19.7%) were the most prevalent isolates in admission cultures. During the next weeks, these bacteria were superceded by mainly Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Between admission and 21st day, the rates of methicillin resistance of staphylococci strains increased steadily. There was no vancomycin resistance in any staphylococci strains, although nine of the S. aureus isolates (2.7%) were resistant to teicoplanin. There were no strains producing inducible beta lactamase (IBL) among P. aeruginosa strains. One extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strain was recovered on admission, although strains producing IBL and ESBL were detected at rates of 79.6 and 57.1%, respectively, on the 21st day. The nature of microbial wound colonization, flora changes, and antimicrobial sensitivity profiles should be taken into consideration in using empirical antimicrobial therapy of burned patients.     

Annual changes of bacteria isolated from urinary tract infections and their susceptibility to new quinolone agents]

Statistical analyses were conducted on bacterial strains isolated from the urine of patients with urinary tract infections (UTI) in the Department of Urology at Aichi Medical University from January 1988 through December 1991. The drug sensitivity of the bacterial strains isolated from patients with complicated UTI between 1988 and 1991 was analyzed and compared. Among the outpatients with uncomplicated UTI, a total of 352 strains were isolated. E. coli was isolated the most frequently (90.1%). Among the outpatients with complicated UTI, a total of 829 strains were isolated. Enterococcus sp. was isolated the most frequently (21.2%). P. aeruginosa and S. aureus showed a tendency to increase. Among the inpatients with complicated UTI, a total of 671 strains were isolated. Enterococcus sp. was isolated the most frequently (22.5%). P. aeruginosa and S. aureus showed a tendency to increase, while E. coli and Enterobacter sp. showed a tendency to decrease. E. coli was highly sensitive to all drugs except ampicillin (ABPC). Proteus sp. and Klebsiella sp. were highly sensitive to norfloxacin (NFLX). P. aeruginosa was highly sensitive to gentamicin (GM). The frequency of NFLX-sensitive P. aeruginosa significantly dropped from 84.6% to 40.9% among the outpatients (P < 0.01), and from 75.0% to 44.4% among inpatients (P < 0.05). S. aureus was highly sensitive only to minocycline (MINO). The frequency of NFLX-sensitive S. aureus significantly dropped from 66.6% to 23.3% among inpatients (P < 0.05). Enterococcus sp. was highly sensitive to ABPC and MINO. Of the new quinolones, tosufloxacin (TFLX) had the strongest antimicrobial activity followed by (ciprofloxacin) CPFX on all the bacterial strains tested.     

Changes of microbial flora and wound colonization in burned patients

To determine time related changes of microbial colonization of burn wounds and body flora of burned patients, a prospective study was carried out. Fifty-one patients who were hospitalized at least 3 weeks were enrolled in the study. Periodic swabs were taken from burn wound, nasal, axillary, inguinal, and umbilical regions of the patients on admission and 7th, 14th, and 21st days of hospitalization. The mean body surface area burned was 22.9%. A total of 1098 microbial isolates were detected during the study period. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS, 63.0%) and Staphylococcus aureus (19.7%) were the most prevalent isolates in admission cultures. There was a gradual decrease in the number of isolates of CNS and a marked increase in the numbers of S. aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from admission to 21st day. At the 21st day, the most frequent organisms were S. aureus (37.6%), CNS (34.7%), and P. aeruginosa (16.2%). Methicillin resistance of staphylococci strains were increased constantly in study period. While 35.3% of burn wounds were sterile on admission, microbial colonization reached 86.3% within the first week. Nasal carriage of methicillin resistant S. aureus increased from 3.9% to 62.7% at 21st day. The nature of microbial wound colonization and flora changes should be taken into consideration in empirical antimicrobial therapy of burned patients.     

Clonal spread of staphylococci among patients with peritonitis associated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

BACKGROUND: Peritonitis is the most important complication of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are the most common causes of peritonitis, only limited information is available regarding the distribution and epidemiology of different CNS species associated with CAPD peritonitis. METHODS: CNS isolated from dialysis effluent from CAPD patients with peritonitis was identified by species and further analyzed with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). RESULTS: A total of 216 microorganisms (206 bacteria and 10 Candida species) were isolated from 196 consecutive culture-positive CAPD samples obtained from 75 patients. One hundred and twenty-one (56%) isolates represented staphylococci. The four most frequently isolated staphylococcal species were Staphylococcus epidermidis (70 isolates), Staphylococcus aureus (31 isolates), Staphylococcus hemolyticus (10 isolates), and Staphylococcus hominis (4 isolates). PFGE analysis revealed the clonal spread among patients of three different clones of S. epidermidis and one clone of S. aureus among the investigated patients. Indistinguishable isolates of either S. epidermidis, S. hominis, or S. aureus were also isolated in repeated samples from several patients. CONCLUSION: PFGE is a useful method for the epidemiological evaluation of staphylococci-associated CAPD infections and should replace older and less accurate methods, such as antibiotic sensitivity patterns. We recommend that CNS isolates from patients with CAPD-associated peritonitis should be saved for future investigations and typing, which would aid in the management of this patient category.     

Methicillin-resistant staphylococcal infections in an outpatient peritoneal dialysis program

In view of the increasing concern about hospital-acquired methicillin resistance, we examined the sensitivities and outcome of staphylococcal infections related to outpatient peritoneal dialysis over a 5-year period. Data on all episodes of peritonitis (n = 360) and catheter infections (n = 507) were gathered prospectively from January 1984 to December 1988. The numbers of patients on peritoneal dialysis each year ranged from 136 in 1984 to 109 in 1987. Fifteen methicillin-resistant staphylococcal infections (MRSI) related to outpatient peritoneal dialysis occurred. Three were due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus found in infected exit sites (2.3% of all S aureus catheter infections). Two of these infections occurred in a continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patient who carried methicillin-resistant S aureus in his nares. The other 12 methicillin-resistant organisms were coagulase-negative staphylococci that caused peritonitis. There was a significant increase in the percentage of episodes of coagulase-negative staphylococci peritonitis caused by methicillin-resistant organisms; from 5% (3/57) in 1984 through 1986 to 28% (9/32) in 1987 through 1988 (P less than 0.005). In view of the high percentage of coagulase-negative staphylococci peritonitis that is methicillin-resistant, vancomycin rather than cephalosporins should be used for initial treatment.     

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from colonized hospital personnel

The present study was performed to investigate the in vitro activity of oxacillin and other antimicrobial agents against S. aureus strains obtained from nursing personnel. We tested 127 S. aureus colonizing nasal mucous and hand skin and isolated from nursing personnel of University Hospital Department of Infectious Diseases, Ia?i, during June 2005 period. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by the dilution method in Mueller-Hinton agar. Most of the S. aureus strains were susceptible to tested agents excepted erythromycin and azithromycin. Erythromycin and azithromycin resistance was observed among 29.1% respectively 22% of S. aureus strains. Vancomycin was active against all isolates. Teicoplanin was active against against all MRSA excepted one of the strain, with an reduced susceptibility. Linezolid has very good in vitro activity against staphylococci, with an MIC 90 of 2 mcg/ml and only 0.8% resistance. The MIC values range was between 0.5-2 mcg/ml. In conclusion, the usually hygienic methods (disposable gowns, hygienic hand disinfection after each patients contact, masks use when is a risk of aerosolization of MRSA) are indicate for significantly reducing of these strains.     

676株血培养病原菌种类分布及耐药性

目的：对676株血培养病原菌的种类分布和耐药情况进行分析。方法：采用BecT/Alert3D全自动血培养仪及配套血培养瓶连续监测培养细菌,阳性瓶及时转种。Vitek 2 Compact全自动微生物分析系统对分离的病原菌进行鉴定及药敏。结果：6023例血培养标本中共分离出676株病原菌,居前5位的病原菌依次为大肠埃希菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、屎肠球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中产ESBLs株检出率分别为55.0%和37.3%,非发酵菌中的鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南的耐药率分别为70.6%和18.8%,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌耐甲氧西林检出率分别为88.1%和76.9%。结论：血培养分离的病原菌以大肠埃希菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌为主,且耐药性差异较大。     

Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a cause of musculoskeletal sepsis in children.

Between August 1996 and August 1997, 130 children were admitted to our pediatric orthopaedic unit with Staphylococcus aureus musculoskeletal infection. Twenty-six of the 130 staphylococcal isolates were resistant to methicillin, an incidence of 20%. All but one of the infections, a femoral fixator-pin infection, were community-acquired. Twenty-two of the infections were superficial; however, there were four cases of deep musculoskeletal sepsis due to methicillin-resistant S. aureus. In areas where methicillin-resistant S. aureus is prevalent in the community, methicillin resistance should be considered in any overwhelming staphylococcal infection not responding to conventional antibiotics despite adequate surgical debridement.     

Pathogenic alteration in severe burn wounds

The present study aims to define the trend of time related changes with local bacterial alteration of bacterial resistance in severe burns in our burn center during a 12-year period. Retrospective analysis of microbiological results on severely burned wounds between 1998 and 2009 was carried out. A study of 3615 microbial isolates was performed. Staphylococcus aureus was the most commonly isolated pathogen (38.2%) followed by A. baumannii (16.2%), Streptococcus viridans (11.4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.4%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS, 9.2%). The species ratios of S. aureus and A. baumannii increased significantly from 1st to 8th week of hospitalization, while those of Streptococcus viridans, P. aeruginosa and coagulase-negative staphylococci decreased during the same period. Bacterial resistance rates were compared between the periods 1998-2003 and 2004-2009. Vancomycin remained as the most sensitive antibiotic in S. aureus including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). It was very likely that the majority of infections caused by Streptococcus viridans, P. aeruginosa and coagulase-negative staphylococci occurred in the early stage of burn course and the majority of infections caused by A. baumannii occurred 4 weeks after admission. The use of different antibiotics was probably the major contributor to these trends.     

Correlation between coagulase typing and antibiotic susceptibility in methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus

One hundred and fifty-two strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical specimens from 1983 to 1987 were examined in their susceptibility against various antibiotics and in their coagulase typing. The isolation frequency of methicillin resistant strains (MRSA) was 61.6%, and highly methicillin resistant (MIC greater than 100 micrograms/ml) group occupied 81.3% of MRSA in 1987. From the study of coagulase type, it was found that current epidemic strains in our ward was type II. In MRSA, type IV strains were predominantly isolated until 1984, but after 1986 most of all MRSA strains belonged to type II. According to the coagulase type-classification of MRSA, the isolation frequency of type II was 97.5% of highly methicillin resistant group. Type II strains were more sensitive to MINO and OFLX than type IV, although in the susceptibility to DMPPC type II was less sensitive than type IV. In type IV, the percentage of beta-lactamase-producing strains was 79.3%, and type II, 33.3% with the high significance of statistical difference (p less than 0.01). In conclusion, a close correlation was suggested between beta-lactamase producing activity and the mechanism of resistance to non-beta-lactam antibiotics as to MINO, OFLX in type IV strains. On the other hand, in type II strains the mechanism of resistance seemed to be simply explained by changes of penicillin-binding-protein (PBP), and there was little concern with beta-lactamase, and other antibiotic-modifying enzymes.     

Microbial colonization of large wounds

This study determines the nature of microbial wound colonization in 28 patients with large burns admitted to the Burn Centre, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen. Altogether, 748 swabs were taken in 141 sampling procedures. A total of 414 microbial isolates were detected and their resistance patterns to a variety of systemic antimicrobial agents determined. The most frequent isolates were coagulase-negative staphylococci (21.5 per cent) and Staphylococcus aureus (14 per cent), followed by Enterococcus species (11.3 per cent), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.9 per cent) and Candida species (9.7 per cent). Forty-one per cent of the enterococci and 36 per cent of the coagulase-negative staphylococci were resistant to the aminoglycosides routinely given in conjunction with surgery in our ward. Only four of the 89 strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci were insensitive to methicillin, and no Staph. aureus were methicillin resistant. The time-related changes of burn wound colonization showed that on admission and during the first week, staphylococci and -haemolytic streptococci were dominant. During the next weeks, these bacteria were gradually superceded by enterococci, gram-negative opportunists (mainly Pseud. aeruginosa, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Escherichia coli) and Candida species. The nature of microbial wound colonization and how the flora changes with time should be taken into consideration by those treating thermally injured patients.     

Clinical observation of bacterial isolates from urine specimens of outpatients

Changes of bacterial isolates from urine specimens of outpatients with urinary tract infections (UTI) from 1977 through 1984 were studied. Organisms which were isolated from patients with bacteriuria of over 10(3) bacteria per ml of urine regardless of grade of pyuria were studied. The incidence of UTI, especially that of acute cystitis was decreased during the recent 8 years. E. coli was the most predominant isolate in acute UTI with an isolation frequency of over 70% every year, followed by S. epidermidis nearly every year. Citrobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., P. mirabilis and S. aureus were also isolated steadily every year. Bacterial isolates in acute UTI were generally composed of these six species of bacteria. Although many kinds of bacteria were isolated in chronic UTI, E. coli was the most frequent species with an isolation frequency of 17-37%, followed by E. faecalis except in 1981 and 1982. The tendency of gram-negative rods to increase in acute and chronic UTI was observed except in 1981 and 1982. A slight decrease in sensitivity of E. coli and P. mirabilis against ampicillin (ABPC) and sulbenicillin (SBPC) was observed in acute UTI. In chronic UTI, the tendency of the sensitivity of E. coli against ABPC, SBPC and nalidixic acid to recover and the tendency of the sensitivity of P. aeruginosa against dibekacin to decrease were observed. E. faecalis was estimated to be sensitive to gentamicin, cefazolin, minocycline and fosfomycin. However, unlike those species mentioned above, many strains of E. faecalis showed a positive disc sensitivity to these drugs.     

肝移植术后耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌感染的病原学特点和耐药性分析

目的 探讨肝移植术后耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌感染的病原学和耐药性特点.方法 回顾性分析首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院肝胆外科2011年1月-2016年4月170例行同种异体肝移植患者的临床资料,统计分析其术后发生耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌感染的发病率、病原学特点、分布情况和耐药性特点.结果 本组资料中共有23例肝移植患者术后发生耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌感染,其感染发病率为13.53％(23/170).23例患者中共分离出耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌27株,其中腹腔引流液标本中20株,占74.07％(20/27),最常见的菌种为溶血葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌和人葡萄球菌,分别占29.63％(8/27)、22.22％(6/27)和14.81％(4/27).药敏结果提示,耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌对青霉素、苯唑西林及甲氧西林类抗生素已经完全耐药;对环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、莫西沙星等喹诺酮类抗生素也已广泛耐药,耐药率分别为63％(15/24)、63％(15/24)和58％ (14/24);对替考拉宁、万古霉素、利奈唑烷最为敏感,尚未检出耐药菌.结论 耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌是肝移植术后常见的感染病原菌之一.常规预防性抗生素对此类病原菌治疗无效,替考拉宁、万古霉素和利奈唑烷可作为治疗首选.     

糖尿病足患者合并耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染的临床研究

目的探讨糖尿病足患者合并耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染的临床特征。 方法选取2016年9月至2019年9月恩施土家族苗族自治州中心医院收治的128例糖尿病足合并金黄色葡萄球菌感染者为研究对象，对患者溃疡部位细菌进行分离、培养和鉴定，并进行药敏试验，分析病原菌的分布特征及金黄色葡萄球菌耐药情况以及相关影响因素。128例患者所分离株金黄色葡萄球菌对甲氧西林敏感者为敏感菌组（33例），对甲氧西林耐药者为耐药菌组（95例）。 结果共分离出128株菌株，其中革兰阳性菌79株（61.72%）、革兰阴性菌45株（35.16%）和真菌4株（3.12%）；敏感菌组和耐药菌组患者中分别分离病原菌33株和95株；敏感菌组患者分离菌株对利福平、氧氟沙星、左氧氟沙星、苯唑西林、青霉素G、头孢呋辛、阿奇霉素、头孢噻肟、呋喃妥因菌株耐药率高于耐药组，差异均有统计学意义（χ² = 7.856、12.309、19.998、15.682、4.072、30.258、6.089、22.233、5.264，P = 0.004、0.001、< 0.001、< 0.001、0.041、< 0.001、0.007、< 0.001和0.018）；多因素Logistic回归分析显示，低蛋白血症、溃疡面积、溃疡病程、入院前6个月使用抗菌药以及高血压均为糖尿病足患者合并耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染的影响因素，差异均有统计学意义（P = 0.001、0.010、0.023、0.012和0.029）。 结论金黄色葡萄球菌是糖尿病足疾病主要感染病原菌，低蛋白血症、溃疡面积、溃疡病程、入院前6个月使用抗菌药、高血压均为糖尿病足患者合并耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染的危险因素。     

A study of resistance to antiseptics of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in gastroenterological surgery

Highly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (H-MRSA, MIC greater than 100 micrograms/ml) was prevalent from 1986 in our institution. The failure of povidone-iodine to reduce the prevalence of MRSA led us to choose chlorhexidine-ethanol solution as an antiseptic, and then the isolation frequency of H-MRSA decreased significantly in 1988. When H-MRSA began to increase again recently, we studied the resistance to antiseptics of MRSA in order to investigate the cause of this re-increase. Common antiseptics were tested against 45 strains of H-MRSA and 22 strains of methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA, MIC less than 12.5 micrograms/ml). Dilute preparations (1:100) of povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine-ethanol solution were more effective on H-MRSA than the other antiseptics. Though there was no significant difference between H-MRSA and MSSA in their sensitivity to povidone-iodine, the killing of H-MRSA strains was more delayed than the killing of MSSA strains in chlorhexidine. Even after a 120-second exposure, 13.3% of H-MRSA strains were resistant to chlorhexidine (more than 1000 colonies were recovered). These highly chlorhexidine-resistant strains have been isolated since 1987 when we chose chlorhexidine-ethanol solution as the antiseptic in our institution. Therefore we suspect that the acquirement of resistance to antiseptics by H-MRSA caused the re-increase of this strain.     

Efficacy of sodium imipenem/cilastatin on patients of complicated urinary tract infections--following the failure of prior antimicrobial agents]

Clinical efficacy of sodium imipenem/cilastatin was studied on 45 patients with complicated urinary tract infections, on whom prior antimicrobial agents were ineffective. A 0.5g dose of IPM/CS was administered by drop infusion twice a day for 5 days. The clinical efficacy was evaluated according to the criteria of the Japanese UTI committee. Of a total of 65 strains, 29 strains of gram positive bacteria and 36 strains of gram negative bacteria, were detected as causative microbials. Bacteriologically, 23 strains of gram positive bacteria (79%) and 34 strains of gram negative bacteria (94%) were eradicated following the treatment. S. aureus, E. faecalis and Flavobacterium sp. were less sensitive to IPM/CS. Overall clinical effectiveness rate of IPM/CS in the present study was 87%. Adverse drug side effects were observed in six patients, namely they were eruption, headache and slight elevation of serum transaminase. These findings suggest that IPM/CS is an effective agent for the treatment of complicated UTI even when the prior medicine was ineffective.     

1993～1996年1312株烧伤感染菌的耐药性调查分析

目的长期监测烧伤中心病房感染细菌的菌种和耐药率，以指导临床用药。方法应用ＶＩＴＥＫ－ＡＭＳ系统检测１９９３～１９９６年我院烧伤中心１３１２株细菌的检出率及细菌耐药性变化。结果４年来检出菌种中铜绿假单胞菌居首位，检出率为３１．１６％～４８．４８％；金黄色葡萄球菌次之，检出率为１１．４８％～１６．１６％；其后为粪肠球菌、阴沟肠杆菌及不动杆菌等，但各年度位次不一。抗生素对铜绿假单胞菌敏感率超过５０％者，１９９３年为７种，１９９４～１９９６年下降为４种。万古霉素对金黄色葡萄球菌（ＭＲ－ＳＡ）为１００％敏感，而头孢菌素及喹喏铜类，对金葡菌均高度耐药（７９％～８６％）。结论长期监测烧伤中心致病菌种的变更，细菌药敏变化及选择应用敏感抗生素非常重要。     

Causative organisms in revision total hip & knee arthroplasty for infection: Increasing multi-antibiotic resistance in coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and the implications for antibiotic prophylaxis

Background and purposeIncreasing resistance among post-operative Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CNS) infections have been reported. We present our experience changing resistance patterns.MethodsWe examined microbiological results from hip and knee revisions from 2001 to 2010 and compared resistance to all Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and CNS cultured from regional pan-speciality sources, in order to examine the patterns of antibiotic resistance.Main findings72 revisions in 67 patients were included. The most common organisms were SA (36%) and CNS (35%). Resistance to methicillin was 72% for CNS versus 20% for SA and resistance to gentamicin was 40% for CNS versus 4% for SA. Among all regional (background pan-speciality) cultures SA resistance to methicillin fell from 32% to 16% from 2006 to 10 with no change in gentamicin resistance at 3%. During the same period resistance of CNS to methicillin and gentamicin increased from 63% to 70% and 32%–47% respectively.ConclusionsResistance of CNS to both methicillin and gentamicin is higher than with SA and appears to be increasing. At least 32% of CNS and 4% of SA from infected TKRs/THRs were resistant to our current prophylaxis regime. These changing patterns of resistance may have implications for future antibiotic prophylaxis regimes.     

普通外科重症监护病房获得性感染的病原菌耐药性监测

目的监控普通外科重症监护病房（SICU）中医院获得性感染的病原菌耐药性，指导临床防治。方法监测分析中山大学附属第一医院SICU 2001年1月至2004年12月间医院获得性感染的病原菌耐药情况。结果常见病原菌是铜绿假单胞菌（11．63％）、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（11．11％）、白色念珠菌（9．67％）。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中超广谱内酰胺酶（ESBLs）产生株的检出率分别为66％和59％；耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）检出率分别是94．74％和88．24％。碳青霉烯类对肠杆菌的抗菌活性最强；非发酵菌耐药严重；万古霉素、替考拉宁对革兰阳性球菌活性最强，两性霉素B对真菌抗菌活性最强。结论SICU医院获得性感染耐药菌株多，耐药问题严重，目标性细菌学监测治疗是有效预防和治疗医院获得性感染的可靠手段。     

1993～1996年1312株烧伤感染菌的耐药性调查分析

目的长期监测烧伤中心病房感染细菌的菌种和耐药率,以指导临床用药。方法应用VITEK-AMS系统检测1993-1996年我院烧伤中心1312株细菌的检出率及细菌耐药性变化。结果4年来检出菌种中铜绿假单胞菌居首位,检出率为31.16％-48.48％;金黄色葡萄球菌次之,检出率为11.48％～16.16％;其后为粪肠球菌、阴沟肠杆菌及不动杆菌等,但各年度位次不一。抗生素对铜绿假单胞菌敏感率超过50％者,1993年为7种,1994～1996年下降为4种。万古霉素对金黄色葡萄球菌(MR-SA)为100％敏感,而头孢菌素及喹喏铜类,对金葡菌均高度耐药(79％～86％)。结论长期监测烧伤中心致病菌种的变更,细菌药敏变化及选择应用敏感抗生素非常重要。