学龄期儿童膳食钙与骨密度的关系

目的 调查上海地区学龄期儿童膳食钙摄入现状及骨营养状况,分析膳食钙与骨密度(BMD)的关系.方法 以上海市杨浦区和宝山区10所小学二、三年级学生为研究对象,每个年级随机 抽取2个班级进行定量超声BMD测量,对宝山区6所小学所有二、三年级学生采用食物频率问卷法进行钙摄入量调查,分析调查人群膳食钙与BMD关系.结果 受试儿童平均钙摄入量为647 mg/d.不同年龄别BMD间差异无统计学意义(F=1.595,P=0.173),但不同年龄别间BMD的Z值差异有统计学意义(F16.02,P=0.000).总钙摄入量与BMD及其Z值无关.乳钙占总钙的百分比与BMD及其Z值均呈显著正相关(r=0.097,P=0.015;r=0.117,P=0.003),非乳钙占总钙的百分比和非乳钙摄入量与BMD及其Z值均呈显著负相关(r=-0.097,P=0.015;r=-0.110,P=0.006).当总钙摄入量≥600mg/d时,高乳钙组的BMD及其z值明显高于低乳钙组(P<0.05).当总钙摄入量<600mg/d时,高乳钙组的BMD及其Z值较低乳钙组虽有升高趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 高乳钙摄入对BMD有促进作用,当总钙摄入量≥600 mg/d时,该作用明显增强.     

学龄期儿童膳食钙与骨密度的关系

Objective To investigate the prevalence of overweight and obesity and the nutritional status of dietary calcium intake in school-age children in Shanghai and to analyze the relationship between dietary calcium and bone mineral density (BMD).Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in the second and third grade students of 10 primary schools in Yangpu District and Baoshan District in Shanghai. Food frequency questionnaire was used tu estimate the relative intake of dietary calcium of students in 6 primary schools in Baoshnn District. Quantitative ultrasound bone density examination was used to estimate the calcaneal BMD.The relation-ship between calcium intake and BMD was analyzed.Results The average calcium intake was 647 mg/d among ested students.BMD was not significantly different among different age groups (F=1.595,P=0.173),while Z-score was significantly different among different age groups (F=16.02,P=0.000).The total calcium intake was not correlated with BMD or Z-score.The percentage of dairy calcium intake was positively correlated with BMD (r=0.097,P=0.015)and Z-score (r=O.117,P=0.003),the percentage of non-dairy calcium intake and the non-dairy calcium intake were negatively correlated with BMD (r=-0.097,P=0.015) and Z-score(r=-0.110,P=0.006).When the total dietary calcium intake was ≥600 mg/d,BMD and Z-score significantly higherin students with high dairy calcium intake than those with low dairy calcium intake (P<0.05).When the total dietary calcium intake was <600mg/d,BMD and Z-score were higher in students with high dairy calcium in-take than in those with low dairy calcium intake,although no statistical significance was noted (P>0.05).Conclusions BMD and Z-score increase along with the increase of dairy calcium intake.Such effect becomes even more obvious when the total dietary calcium intake is ≥600 mg/d.     

膳食钙、骨密度与儿童肥胖相关代谢异常的关系

越来越多研究支持增加钙摄人可减少代谢综合征的发生率，儿童时期的牛奶摄入水平及保持饮用牛奶的习惯与成年后骨密度呈正相关，有助于获得更高的骨峰值。本文总结了膳食钙摄入量对骨密度和儿童肥胖相关代谢异常之间的关系。     

膳食钙摄入与肥胖

有限的流行病学资料发现 ,增加膳食钙摄入能够降低体重 ;对大鼠的实验研究结果也显示 ,高钙摄入可以降低大鼠的体脂含量 ,减轻其体重。本文将阐述细胞内钙离子调节脂肪合成和脂肪分解的作用机制 ,说明增加膳食钙摄入可通过降低细胞内钙离子浓度来抑制脂肪生成 ,促进脂肪分解 ,从而达到控制肥胖的作用。     

3～6岁超重肥胖儿童膳食结构分析

儿童期单纯性肥胖已愈来愈得到人们重视 ,通过对肥胖儿童及肥胖儿童的“后备军”———超重儿童的膳食结构分析 ,可以了解他们的饮食状况 ,发现不足之处 ,从而改进膳食结构 ,使之趋向平衡化 ,在保证儿童身体健康前提下 ,控制超重及肥胖的发生与发展。因此 ,在 2 0 0 0年 1月 ,我们对部分幼儿园儿童进行了一次膳食调查。1　材料与方法1.1　对象随机整群抽取上海市区 8所幼儿园 ,88名 3～ 6岁儿童 ,按身高测体重指标 (Ｗ /Ｈ ) ,参考ＷＨＯ标准百分位数法及上海市区评价标准百分位法划分为 4组 ,其中正常者 2 5人 ,偏重者 (按上海标准Ｗ /Ｈ为…     

046 膳食钙摄入与肥胖

有限的流行病学资料发现,增加膳食钙摄入能够降低体重;对大鼠的实验研究结果也显示,高钙摄入可以降低大鼠的体脂含量,减轻其体重.本文将阐述细胞内钙离子调节脂肪合成和脂肪分解的作用机制,说明增加膳食钙摄入可通过降低细胞内钙离子浓度来抑制脂肪生成,促进脂肪分解,从而达到控制肥胖的作用.     

肥胖儿童膳食的家庭调查

儿童的膳食行为有着明显的家庭特征 ,尽管把它看作是这个家庭膳食模式的一个窗口并不过分 ,但毕竟还有儿童自己不可忽视的膳食行为特点。毫无疑问 ,虽然这些膳食行为是儿童肥胖的重要原因 ,但它并不就是唯一的原因。因此 ,如果希望取得较好的减肥效果、恢复健康、恢复正常体态及重建心理平衡 ,就要采取综合措施。这些措施包括 :政府倡导并通过媒体宣传、使公众认识肥胖既是一个严重削弱个人健康的现象 ,而同时又是社会公共卫生的问题 ;在宏观政策支持下 ,通过传播有效科技干预措施和适宜技术 ,使居民-儿童改变自己的行为从而取得减肥的最佳…     

8～10岁单纯性肥胖儿童和正常儿童膳食锌调查

微量元素锌是维持机体正常生理功能和体内环境正常生化代谢所必需的元素，锌几乎涉及生物体所有细胞代谢，参与３００多种酶的组成。我们测定了５０名８～１０岁肥胖儿童及５０名正常儿童的膳食锌含量，以期观察哈尔滨市单纯性肥胖儿童与正常的儿童锌营养状况与生长发育的关系，现报告如下。１　对象与方法１１　调查对象：由哈尔滨市５所小学８～１０岁的儿童５２００名，按ＷＨＯ推荐的身高、体重判断，筛选出５０名单纯性肥胖儿童（排除有家族性肥胖史、体内激素代谢紊乱和其它疾病引起的继发性肥胖）及５０名正常发育的儿童为实验对象…     

学龄前超重、肥胖儿童家庭膳食结构分析

【目的】了解学龄前超重、肥胖儿童家庭膳食情况,分析其家庭膳食结构和营养,提出合理膳食建议。【方法】以市区两所幼儿园3~6岁超重、肥胖儿童90例为对象,随机抽取同年龄正常体重儿童66例为对照组,进行4 d家庭膳食调查,使用儿童青少年营养评估软件系统进行运算,对观察组和对照组各项膳食结构进行比较和分析。【结果】超重或肥胖儿能量摄入量、蛋白质摄入量和脂肪摄入量高于体型正常儿,而碳水化合物摄入量则低于体型正常儿;超重或肥胖儿谷类提供的能量低于正常体型儿,优质蛋白质摄入量高于正常体型儿。【结论】超重及肥胖儿童家庭膳食营养配餐不合理,家庭膳食中应适当减少动物性食品,合理增加谷类、薯类、豆类食品和绿色蔬菜、水果是降低超重或肥胖儿童体重,预防儿童肥胖的重要方法。     

儿童膳食模式和认知状况与肥胖、超重的相关性

目的 分析儿童膳食模式和认知状况与肥胖、超重的相关性,为预防儿童肥胖、超重提供指导依据。方法 采用分层整群抽样法,于2017年2月-2019年2月随机抽取杭州市278例7~12岁儿童为调查对象。观察比较不同人口统计学特征儿童肥胖、超重情况及儿童膳食模式因子载荷,并采用多因素Logistic回归分析膳食模式、认知状况与肥胖、超重的相关性。结果 278例儿童肥胖检出率为8.63%(24/278),超重检出率为11.51%(32/278)。男生肥胖、超重率均明显高于女生,父母亲BMI≥25 kg/m^2儿童的肥胖、超重率均明显高于父母亲BMI<25 kg/m^2儿童,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。儿童的3种膳食模式:模式1与饮料、油炸食品、西式快餐等的高摄入量有关,模式2与豆类、薯类、乳类及其制品等的高摄入量有关,模式3与水果、蔬菜等的高摄入量有关。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,儿童膳食模式2的得分越高,其肥胖、超重率越低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);儿童膳食模式1、3得分与其肥胖、超重之间的相关性差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);儿童高的膳食认知水平可以明显降低其肥胖、超重率,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 儿童膳食模式、认知状况与其肥胖、超重发生情况有一定相关性,提高儿童膳食认知水平,加强儿童合理膳食模式教育,可以有效降低其肥胖、超重率,对预防儿童肥胖、超重,促进儿童健康成长意义重大。     

学龄期儿童膳食多样化与微量营养素摄入量的关联性分析

目的 探究学龄期儿童膳食多样化与微量营养素摄入量的关系,为指导儿童科学饮食促进儿童健康提供科学依据。方法 课题组于2009年在江苏省射阳县建立关于儿童生长发育研究的出生队列,选取随访的442名6~7岁儿童作为研究对象。采用24 h膳食回顾调查评估儿童膳食状况,根据《中国食物成分表》估算微量营养素的摄入量并计算儿童膳食多样化评分(DDS和DDS₁₀)和食物多样性评分(FVS);同时评估儿童体格发育指标,应用多变量回归模型分析膳食多样化和微量营养素摄入量与儿童肥胖的关系。结果 研究地区儿童膳食微量营养素摄入量低于该年龄组的中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量。三种儿童膳食多样化评分均值低于国内其他研究(DDS:6.69±1.59; DDS₁₀:4.94±1.51;FVS:16.79±7.53)。儿童膳食多样化评分与大部分微量营养素摄入状况均呈显著性正相关 (DDS:β=0.14~1.28; DDS₁₀:β=0.17~1.58 ; FVS:β=0.04~0.25,P<0.05),但膳食多样化评分与儿童肥胖无显著相关性(P>0.05)。结论 膳食多样化评分能从一定程度反映儿童微量营养素摄入的状况。倡导饮食多样化的膳食模式对促进儿童健康成长具有重要意义。     

Relationship between adhering to dietary guidelines and the risk of obesity in Korean children

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Dietary guidelines for Korean children were released in 2009. The goal of the present study was to examine diet quality in terms of adherence to these dietary guidelines as well as explore the association between guideline adherence and risk of obesity in Korean children.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

Children aged 5-11 years (mean age = 8.9 years old, n = 191, 80.6% girls) were recruited from a university hospital in Seoul, Korea. Adherence to dietary guidelines for Korean children was calculated using the Likert scale (1-5), and children were then categorized into low, moderate, and high groups based on adherence scores. Obesity or being overweight was determined based on an age- and gender- specific percentile for body mass index (BMI) of the 2007 Korean National Growth Charts. Diet quality was evaluated from 3 days of dietary intake data.

RESULTS

Children in the high adherence group were characterized by significantly lower BMI percentiles and paternal BMIs as well as higher percentages of fathers with a high level of education and higher household incomes compared to those in the low or moderate group. Children in the high adherence group consumed significantly higher amounts of milk and dairy products, were less likely to consume lower than the EAR of phosphorus and iron, and had higher NARs for calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, and MAR than those in low groups. The ORs for obesity (BMI ≥ 95^th percentile) or being overweight including obesity (BMI ≥ 85^th percentile) were significantly lower in the high adherence group compared to the low adherence group (OR: 0.33, 95% CI = 0.13-0.82, P for trend = 0.019; OR: 0.26, 95% CI: 0.11-0.61 P for trend = 0.002).

CONCLUSIONS

Korean children who adhered to dietary guidelines displayed better diet quality and a reduced risk of obesity.     

Food advertising targeted at school-age children: a content analysis

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the contents of food and beverage advertisements are associated with physical activity and athletic ability more often than those for toys and games, and to describe persuasive techniques used in advertising food and beverages to children. DESIGN: A content analysis of advertisements during 31 hours of school-age children's television programming. ANALYSIS: Chi-square tests were used to examine differences in depictions of physical activity. Types of persuasive techniques were tabulated and, within each advertisement, categorized as implicit or explicit. RESULTS: Food and beverage ads depicted children engaged in physical activity and associated the advertised product with athletic ability significantly more than toy and game ads. Food was most often associated with fun and good times (75%), pleasant taste (54.1%), being hip or cool (43.2%), and feelings of happiness (43.2%). IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH AND PRACTICE: These findings raise concern that greater levels of physical activity and athletic ability in food advertising, in which the product is frequently associated with fun, may promote overconsumption, especially of calorie-dense, nutrient-poor foods. Further research would elucidate whether this concern is warranted. On the other hand, since food advertisements are presumably effective, health educators can use these techniques to formulate messages for nutritious foods. This concept should be tested with well-designed interventions.     

饮食行为及饮食习惯对学龄前期儿童超重肥胖的影响

目的 了解苏州市工业园区学龄前期儿童超重肥胖的现状,探讨其中饮食相关因素,提供预防方法。方法 采用随机抽样的方法,在苏州工业园区斜塘街道所属于幼儿园随机抽取5所3～6岁儿童2 034名作为本次研究的调查现场,进行问卷调查和相关体格测量。结果 超重肥胖检出率为16.8%,进食膨化食品次数多(χ2=9.200,P<0.05)、喜欢看食品广告(χ2=13.069,P<0.05),尤其膨化食品和甜饮料广告(P<0.05)、临睡前进食主食和零食、食欲好、吃饭时间短、边看电视边吃零食(P均<0.05)为学龄前儿童超重肥胖的危险因素。结论 为儿童营造健康的饮食环境,培养儿童良好的饮食行为,可有效预防儿童超重肥胖的发生。     

Pattern of dietary carbohydrate intake among urbanized adult Nigerians

As the nutrition transition continues in Africa, it is crucial to identify population-specific dietary patterns. Healthy diets may then be promoted for prevention and alleviation of the chronic disease burden associated with nutrition. Using a semi-quantitate food frequency questionnaire, we conducted a cross-sectional study and computed the proportions of foods commonly consumed, and collected data on anthropometric characteristics. The median total energy intake per day from these carbohydrate sources was 1034 kcal (interquartile range (IOR) 621.5–1738.6 kcal). The main carbohydrate food eaten was rice (48.6%) followed by fufu (30.5%) and bread (13.1%). The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 63%, and 73% of the women in the study were either overweight or obese compared to 56% of men. Our study showed that parboiled long grain white rice is now the most commonly consumed carbohydrate by urbanized Nigerians. Other traditional carbohydrate foods are still consumed frequently and remain quite popular.     

Monitoring dietary change in populations and the need for specific food targets; lessons from the North West Thames Regional Health Survey

Dietary goals are usually expressed in the form of consumption of absolute quantities of specific nutrients. Translating such information into food patterns is difficult. Consequently it is not easy to convey these goals in the promotion of a healthy diet or to monitor dietary change in populations. This paper explores the difficulties and advantages of a food frequency questionnaire approach as used in a large regional health survey to describe food patterns and hence to monitor change in relation to dietary variables. There was considerable variation in the frequency of consumption of individual foods between different sub-groups in the population and these were as expected. To assess the overall diet a composite dietary index was proposed. The index score was significantly associated with various socio-demographic and lifestyle variables. Unhealthy lifestyles were associated with low scores (i.e. an 'unhealthy' diet) on the index indicating a measure of validity. However there were several limitations in the food frequency questionnaire method used: neither the questionnaire nor simple global indices of a 'healthy' diet derived from the questions used had been validated against a more robust quantifiable measure of diet; some of the questions were not specific for population groups of interest; some questions grouped foods in categories that masked differences in consumption and several did not correspond to recent food targets; and finally there was no energy adjustment, which meant that the obese appeared to have a healthy dietary pattern. The use of a valid set of food frequency questions as an efficient and practical way of monitoring a population's diet by survey is suggested. The questions must be validated against reliable measures of nutrients, and be compatible with food targets based on nutritional recommendations.     

Preventing obesity in pre-school children: a literature review

BACKGROUND: Obesity in children is increasing worldwide, impacting on both long- and short-term health. Obesity prevention is an important contemporary public health priority and is firmly on the Government's agenda in the UK. Prevention involves addressing the main risk factors of diet and physical inactivity and also involves a wide range of environmental factors including access to sport and leisure, family life, diet, education and information. METHODS: A literature review undertaken on preventing obesity in children aged<5. RESULTS: The review confirms that there is a limited and immature evidence and lack of comprehensive evidence on effective strategies to prevent obesity in younger children. The overall quality of studies is poor. CONCLUSIONS: The need remains for structured, focused and systematic research on child obesity prevention. Well-designed studies examining a range of interventions remain a priority. The findings in this review support the recommendations in the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines on obesity.