内镜辅助腹腔镜剥离切除术治疗胃窦体固有肌层肿瘤的初步应用

目的评价一种新的胃镜腹腔镜联合方法治疗胃窦体固有肌层肿瘤的临床疗效。方法2013年1月至2014年4月,选择8例胃窦体固有肌层肿瘤,术前超声内镜诊断肿物起源固有肌层,黏膜层良好,胃窦体前壁4例、后壁2例、胃体小网膜囊内1例、胃体大网膜下1例。病变大小1．5～3．5cm,平均（2．4±0．7）cm。先在腹腔镜下分离显露病变,后在内镜进行病变黏膜下注射,最后由腹腔镜剥离切除病变并保留黏膜。随访观察手术情况和治疗效果。结果所有患者成功完成内镜辅助腹腔镜剥离切除,无出血、感染和死亡病例。术后病理证实间质瘤6例,神经纤维瘤2例。所有患者随访6个月后胃黏膜未见异常,胃壁蠕动正常,无复发。结论内镜辅助腹腔镜剥离切除技术是胃窦体固有肌层肿物重要的安全有效的治疗方法,具有操作简便、损伤小、并发症少的优点。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗消化道固有肌层肿瘤

目的 探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗来源于消化道固有肌层黏膜下肿瘤(SMT)的疗效和安全性.方法 对内镜发现的消化道SMT进行超声检查,对来源于固有肌层的SMT应用头端弯曲的针形切开刀进行ESD治疗:(1)黏膜下注射生理盐水;(2)预切开病变周围黏膜;(3)剥离黏膜下层组织显露病变,一次性完整切除病变.结果 来源于固有肌层的消化道SMT 10例,术后病理诊断为食管平滑肌瘤1例,胃平滑肌瘤1例,胃间质瘤6例,直肠平滑肌瘤和间质瘤各1例.病变最大直径0.5～3.0 cm(平均1.4 cm).9例病变一次性完整剥离,1例创面肿瘤残留接受外科手术.ESD手术时间30～150 min(平均73.5 min).1例术中出现消化道穿孔,应用金属夹成功闭合,未转开腹手术修补.术中平均出血量约40 ml,术后均未出现出血,亦未出现其他并发症.结论 ESD治疗来源于固有肌层的消化道SMT安全、有效,大多可以一次性完整切除病变,提供完整的病理学诊断资料,达到外科手术同样的治疗效果.     

微探头超声内镜指导内镜下剥离联合圈套结扎治疗上消化道固有肌层肿瘤的初探

目的探讨微探头超声内镜指导内镜下剥离联合圈套结扎治疗来源于上消化道固有肌层黏膜下肿瘤（SMT）的疗效和安全性。方法对内镜发现的上消化道SMT行EUS,对其中来源于固有肌层的SMT行圈套结扎后应用针形切开刀行对应内镜下剥离治疗：内镜下圈套结扎病变;预切开病变表面中央的黏膜;剥离黏膜下层组织显露病变,完整切除病变。结果来源于上消化道固有肌层的SMT共13例,术后病理诊断为食管平滑肌瘤2例,胃平滑肌瘤3例,胃间质瘤7例,胃血管球瘤1例。病变直径0．8～1．5cm,平均1．2cm。13例病变均一次性完整切除,其中1例术后出现消化道穿孔,应用金属夹成功封闭,未转外科手术。结论微探头超声内镜指导内镜下剥离联合圈套结扎治疗来源于上消化道固有肌层直径≤1．5cm的SMT是安全、有效的,可完整切除病变,提供完整的病理学诊断资料,可达到与外科手术同样的治疗效果。     

内镜经黏膜下隧道肿瘤切除术治疗上消化道固有肌层肿瘤的临床价值

目的:探讨内镜经黏膜下隧道肿瘤切除术(submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection,STER)治疗上消化道固有肌层肿瘤的可行性和安全性,以及术前超声内镜(endoscopic ultrasonography,EUS)检查的价值.方法:对经EUS证实的24例固有肌层肿瘤患者行STER(STER组),另取15例外科手术患者作为对照(外科手术组),分析两组的治疗情况.结果:术中发现,STER组有3例肿瘤位于黏膜肌层,改用其他治疗方式;余21例切除的肿瘤平均直径与外科手术组相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05),食管肿瘤治疗所需手术时长两组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),胃部肿瘤治疗所需手术时长STER组短于外科手术组(P0.01),STER组术后平均住院天数短于外科手术组(P0.01),住院花费亦比其少(P0.05).术前EUS的诊断符合率为92.3%.结论:STER治疗上消化道固有肌层肿瘤安全且高效.术前EUS检查对肿瘤的层次定位和治疗方式的选择具有重要的提示作用.     

内镜下结扎剥离术在切除胃固有肌层来源小肿瘤中的应用价值初探

目的初步探讨内镜下结扎剥离技术治疗胃固有肌层来源小肿瘤的有效性和安全性。方法对33例患有胃固有肌层来源1cm以下肿瘤的患者进行内镜下结扎剥离治疗。用皮圈结扎瘤体,之后用钩刀或IT刀对瘤体进行剥离,直到瘤体完全或部分剥离出来,标本送组织学检查,创面以金属夹和医用胶封闭。分别于术后1周、1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月进行内镜检查观察瘤体脱落情况及创面愈合情况。结果33个病例中,25个瘤体内镜下部分剥离,8个瘤体内镜下完整剥离,33个瘤体均随着皮圈套完整脱落,所有病例均获得了确切的病理学诊断。1例患者出现自限性的出血,未出现穿孔等并发症。术后随访3—18个月,无复发患者。结论内镜下结扎剥离是治疗胃固有肌层来源肿瘤安全、有效,而且相对简单的技术,优势在于为病变提供了组织病理学诊断。     

内镜下肌层剥离术治疗上消化道固有肌层起源黏膜下肿瘤的疗效观察

上消化道黏膜下肿瘤（submueosal tumors，SMTs）经常在常规内镜检查时被发现，其中许多病变具有潜在恶性潜能，尤其是固有肌层起源的SMTs[1]。以往外科手术治疗是唯一方法，近年来随着ESD技术和内镜下闭合医源性消化道穿孔技术的发展以及内镜器材的开发，出现了多种新型内镜下切除治疗技术，使得内镜下切除治疗的适应证得到进一步拓宽拉[2-4]。2008年12月至2012年6月我院采用内镜下肌层剥离术（endoscopic muscularis dissection，EMD）技术，对63例起源于固有肌层的上消化道SMTs患者进行了内镜下切除治疗，现将疗效回顾性总结如下。     

内镜黏膜下挖除术治疗食管固有肌层肿瘤

目的探讨内镜黏膜下挖除术（ESE）治疗食管固有肌层肿瘤的临床价值。方法回顾性分析2008年12月至2010年12月27例行ESE治疗的食管固有肌层肿瘤患者的资料,评价治疗的可行性、安全性和疗效。结果27例患者共29个病灶,病变直径0．5—3．0cm,平均（1．25±0．70）cm。切除率96．3％（26／27）,1例患者中转手术治疗。中位手术时间74（30～120）min。术后病理诊断平滑肌瘤26例,间质瘤1例。2例术中穿孔伴气胸,金属夹夹闭创面后予胸腔闭式引流,未行开胸手术修补。中位随访时间12（3～27）个月,未见复发病例。结论对于直径小于3．0cm、腔内生长为主的食管固有肌层肿瘤,ESE治疗具有安全、有效的特点,并可提供完整的病理学诊断资料,进一步扩大了内镜治疗的范围。     

超声辅助内镜治疗胃固有肌层肿瘤的临床观察20例

胃肠道间质瘤（gastrointestinal stromal tumors，GISTs）是胃肠道最常见的间叶源性肿瘤，大多起源于消化道同有肌层，日前多认为GISTs均有潜在恶性。而对GISTs采取何种方式进行治疗，据2009年中吲胃肠道间质瘤病理共识意见，对肿瘤最大直径〉2．0cm、病变局限者原则上建议行手术治疗，但对于最大直径〈2．0am的肿瘤如何治疗尚未达成共识。     

经粘膜下隧道内镜肿瘤切除术治疗来源于固有肌层食管贲门粘膜下肿瘤临床效果观察

背景经粘膜下隧道内镜肿瘤切除术(submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection, STER)是近年出现治疗粘膜下肿瘤的新方法,该方法微创,并发症少,患者恢复快.本研究通过对我院实施该手术患者的病例资料统计分析,探讨该手术治疗粘膜下肿瘤的可行性、有效性及安全性.目的探讨STER治疗食管贲门粘膜下肿瘤的有效性、安全性及临床应用价值.方法收集我院消化科2018-03/2019-03间行STER的食管贲门粘膜下肿瘤病例60例.观察患者超声内镜诊断,手术成功率,术后并发症发生率,术后病理诊断,并进行统计学分析.结果所有患者均完成STER,手术成功率100%.粘膜下肿瘤直径1.0-5.0 cm,平均直径1.83 cm±1.37 cm.手术耗时31-123 min,平均耗时81.73 min±23.23 min.粘膜下隧道长度为4-8 cm,平均隧道长度为5.88 cm±1.17cm.术前超声内镜:平滑肌瘤45例,间质瘤15例.术后病理:平滑肌瘤为42例,间质瘤18例.术后并发症发生率:2例出现皮下气肿,经内科保守治疗痊愈出院.患者住院时间为7-11 d,平均住院天数9.96 d±2.24 d.结论 STER治疗来源于固有肌层的食管贲门粘膜下肿瘤疗效确切有效,并发症少,安全性高,值得临床推广应用.     

EFR治疗胃固有肌层肿物25例

目的探讨内镜全层切除术(EFR)治疗源于固有肌层的胃黏膜下肿物(SMT)的疗效和安全性。方法 25例于2011年1月至2013年9月于我院接受EFR治疗的胃SMT患者纳入研究,肿瘤经EUS和增强CT检查诊断为来源于固有肌层。对其治疗结果、并发症发生情况、近期随访结果等进行回顾性分析。结果 25例均完整切除病灶,病灶长径1.0~5.5 cm,黏膜切开至黏膜切口完整缝合时间为60~180 min,使用止血夹5~30枚,住院天数3~9 d,医疗费用8 000~20 000元。术后病理诊断间质瘤22例,平滑肌瘤2例,神经鞘瘤1例,切缘均为阴性。术后无出血,1例出现腹膜炎。出院后3个月内镜复查未见病变残留、复发。结论 EFR治疗来源于固有肌层的胃SMT安全、有效,可成为胃SMT的治疗选择。     

Endoscopic therapy for gastric stromal tumors originating from the muscularis propria

AIM: To explore endoscopic therapy methods for gastric stromal tumors originating from the muscularis propria.METHODS: For 69 cases diagnosed as gastric stromal tumors originating from the muscularis propria, three types of endoscopic therapy were selected, based on the size of the tumor. These methods included endoscopic ligation and resection (ELR), endoscopic submucosal excavation (ESE) and endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFR). The wound surface and the perforation of the gastric wall were closed with metal clips. Immunohistostaining for CD34, CD117, Dog-1, S-100 and smooth muscle actin (SMA) was performed on the resected tumors.RESULTS: A total of 38 cases in which the tumor size was less than 1.2 cm were treated with ELR; three cases were complicated by perforation, and the perforations were closed with metal clips. Additionally, 18 cases in which the tumor size was more than 1.5 cm were treated with ESE, and no perforation occurred. Finally, 13 cases in which the tumor size was more than 2.0 cm were treated with EFR; all of the cases were complicated by artificial perforation, and all of the perforations were closed with metal clips. All of the 69 cases recovered with medical treatment, and none required surgical operation. Immunohistostaining demonstrated that among all of the 69 gastric stromal tumors diagnosed by gastroscopy, 12 cases were gastric leiomyomas (SMA-positive), and the other 57 cases were gastric stromal tumors.CONCLUSION: Gastric stromal tumors originating from the muscularis propria can be treated successfully with endoscopic techniques, which could replace certain surgical operations and should be considered for further application.     

A promising Forcep Strip Method for gastrointestinal subepithelial tumors originating from the muscularis propria

BackgroundSubepithelial tumors (SETs) originating from the muscularis propria layer are unlikely to be resected completely and safely. We developed the Forcep Strip Method (FSM) for the resection of SETs in the stomach.AimsThis study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and safety of the FSM.MethodsEndoscopic SET resection using electrical forceps was performed in 11 consecutive patients with clinical indications for lesion removal. Following injection around the tumor, the adjacent mucosa or submucosa was grasped with the hot forceps and pulled away to form a “tent”. The tumor was dissected from the muscularis propria layer and carefully removed using coagulating forceps.ResultsThe FSM was successful in 10 of the 11 patients in the series; one patient required surgery due to respiratory depression during the procedure. The complete resection rate was 100% and no major complications including bleeding and perforation occurred. Mean procedure time was 39.3 ± 14.7 min, mean hospitalization time was 5.0 ± 1.2 days, and mean tumor size was 17.1 ± 4.7 mm.ConclusionFSM was found to be an easy, safe, and effective procedure for the treatment of gastric SETs originating from the muscularis propria layer.     

Endoscopy dissection of small stromal tumors emerged from the muscularis propria in the upper gastrointestinal tract:Preliminary study

AIM:To investigate the feasibility and safety of the treatment of an upper gastrointestinal(GI) submucosal tumor with endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD).METHODS:A total of 20 patients with esophageal and gastric submucosal tumors emerged from the muscular layer identified by endoscopic ultrasonography were collected from January 2009 to June 2010.Extramural or dumbbell-like lesions were excluded by an enhanced computerized tomography(CT) scan.All patients had intravenous anesthesia with propofol and then underwent the ESD procedure to resect these submucosal tumors.The incision was closed by clips as much as possible to decrease complications,such as bleeding or perforation,after resection of the tumor.All the specimens were collected and evaluated by hematoxylin,eosin and immunohistochemical staining,with antibodies against CD117,CD34,desmin,α-smooth muscle actin and vimentin to identify the characteristics of the tumors.Fletch’s criteria was used to evaluate the risk of gastrointestinal stromal tumors(GISTs).All patients underwent a follow-up endoscopy at 3,6 and 12 mo and CT scan at 6 and 12 mo.RESULTS:The study group consisted of 5 men and 15 women aged 45-73 years,with a mean age of 60.2 years.Three tumors were located in the esophagus,9 in the gastric corpus,4 in the gastric fundus,3 lesions in the gastric antrum and 1 in the gastric angulus.Apart from the one case in the gastric angulus which was abandoned due to being deeply located in the serosa,94.7%(18/19) achieved complete gross dissection by ESD with operation duration of 60.52±30.32 min.The average maximum diameter of tumor was 14.8±7.6 mm,with a range of 6 to 30 mm,and another lesion was ligated by an endoscopic ligator after most of the lesion was dissected.After pathological and immunohistochemical analysis,12 tumors were identified as a GI stromal tumor and 6 were leiomyoma.Mitotic count of all 12 GIST lesions was fewer than 5 per 50 HPF and all lesions were at very low(9/12,75.0%) or low risk(3/12,25.0%) according to Fletch’s criteria.Procedure complications mainly included perforation and GI bleeding;perforation occurred in 1 patient and conservative treatment succeeded by a suturing clip and no post-operative GI bleeding occurred.All patients were followed up for 6.5±1.8 mo(range,3-12 mo) by endoscopy and abdominal CT.Local recurrence and metastasis did not occur in any patient.CONCLUSION:ESD shows promise as a safe and feasible technique to resect esophageal and gastric submucosal tumors and the incidence of complications was very low.Clinical studies with more subjects and longer follow-up are needed to confirm its treatment value.     

内镜经黏膜下隧道肿瘤切除术治疗上消化道多发黏膜下肿瘤的疗效及安全性评价

为了评估内镜经黏膜下隧道肿瘤切除术(submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection, STER)治疗上消化道多发黏膜下肿瘤(submucosal tumors, SMT)的疗效和安全性, 收集了2016年1月至2021年6月就诊于台州市立医院以及上海东方医院的总计24例上消化道SMT病例(共56个SMT病灶)纳入回顾性观察, 主要分析治疗效果、主要不良事件发生情况和随访结果。结果显示:19例(79.2%)通过一条隧道切除肿瘤, 5例(20.8%)通过两条隧道切除肿瘤;隧道长度3～12 cm, 平均6.2 cm;手术时间19～130 min, 平均55.6 min;肿瘤整块切除率为89.29%(50/56);住院时间2～7 d, 平均3.5 d;2例(8.3%)发生主要不良事件, 均为黏膜损伤, 用钛夹和自膨胀金属封闭支架治愈;随访6～64个月, 平均32.0个月, 随访期间无肿瘤残留或植入隧道, 无局部复发和远处转移, 无死亡病例。由此可见, STER治疗上消化道多发SMT安全可行, 切除方法以单隧道为主要, 但对于相距较远的多个SMT则需要双隧道方...     

Endoscopic full thickness resection for gastric tumors originating from muscularis propria

AIM: To do systematic review of current literature for endoscopic full thickness resection(EFTR) technique for gastric tumors originating from muscularis propria.METHODS: An extensive English literature search was done till December 2015; using Pub Med and Google scholar to identify the peer reviewed original and review articles using keywords-EFTR, gastric tumor, muscularis propria. Human only studies were included. The references of pertinent studies were manually searched to identify additional relevant studies. The indications, procedural details, success rates, clinical outcomes, complications and limitations were considered. For the purpose of review, data from individual studies was combined to calculate mean. No other statistical test was applied.RESULTS: A total of 9 original articles were identified. Four articles were from same institute and the time frames of these studies were overlapping. To avoid duplication of data, only the study with patients over the longest time interval was included and other three were excluded. In total six studies were included in the final review. In our systematic review, the mean success rate for EFTR of gastric tumors originating from muscularis propria was 96.8%. The mean procedure time varied from a minimum of 37 min to a maximum of 105 min. There was no reported mortality from the technique itself. The most common histological diagnosis was gastrointestinal stromal tumors and leiomyoma. Gastric wall defect closure by either metallic clips or over the scope clip(OTSC) had similar outcomes although experience with OTSC was limited to smaller lesions(3cm).CONCLUSION: EFTR is a minimally invasive technique to resect gastric submucosal tumors originating from muscularis propria with a high success rate and low complication rate.     

Submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection: An effective and safe therapy for upper gastrointestinal submucosal tumors originating from the muscularis propria layer

AIM To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection(STER) and compare its outcomes in esophageal and cardial submucosal tumors(SMTs) of the muscularis propria(MP) layer.METHODS From May 2012 to November 2017, 173 consecutive patients with upper gastrointestinal(GI) SMTs of the MP layer underwent STER. Overall, 165 patients were included, and 8 were excluded. The baseline characteristics of the patients and SMTs were recorded. The en bloc resection rate, complete resection rate,residual rate, and recurrence rate were calculated to evaluate the effectiveness of STER, and the complication rate was recorded to evaluate its safety. Effectiveness and safety outcomes were compared between esophageal and cardial SMTs.RESULTS One hundred and twelve men and 53 women with a mean age of 46.9 ± 10.8 years were included. The mean tumor size was 22.6 ± 13.6 mm. Eleven SMTs were located in the upper esophagus(6.7%), 49 in the middle esophagus(29.7%), 46 in the lower esophagus(27.9%), and 59 in the cardia(35.7%). Irregular lesions accounted for 48.5% of all lesions. STER achieved an en bloc resection rate of78.7%(128/165) for GI SMTs with an overall complication rate of 21.2%(35/165).All complications resolved without intervention or were treated conservatively without the need for surgery. The en bloc resection rates of esophageal and cardial SMTs were 81.1%(86/106) and 72.1%(42/59), respectively(P = 0.142), and the complication rates were 19.8%(21/106) and 23.7%(14/59), respectively,(P =0.555). The most common complications for esophageal SMTs were gas-related complications and fever, while mucosal injury was the most common for cardial SMTs.CONCLUSION STER is an effective and safe therapy for GI SMTs of the MP layer. Its effectiveness and safety are comparable between SMTs of the esophagus and cardia.     

Endoscopic full-thickness resection for gastric submucosal tumors arising from the muscularis propria layer

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy, safety and feasibility of endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFR) for the treatment of gastric submucosal tumors (SMTs) arising from the muscularis propria.METHODS: A total of 35 gastric SMTs arising from the muscularis propria layer were resected by EFR between January 2010 and September 2013. EFR consists of five major steps: injecting normal saline into the submucosa; pre-cutting the mucosal and submucosal layers around the lesion; making a circumferential incision as deep as the muscularis propria around the lesion using endoscopic submucosal dissection and an incision into the serosal layer around the lesion with a Hook knife; a full-thickness resection of the tumor, including the serosal layer with a Hook or IT knife; and closing the gastric wall with metallic clips.RESULTS: Of the 35 gastric SMTs, 14 were located at the fundus, and 21 at the corpus. EFR removed all of the SMTs successfully, and the complete resection rate was 100%. The mean operation time was 90 min (60-155 min), the mean hospitalization time was 6.0 d (4-10 d), and the mean tumor size was 2.8 cm (2.0-4.5 cm). Pathological examination confirmed the presence of gastric stromal tumors in 25 patients, leiomyomas in 7 and gastric autonomous nerve tumors in 2. No gastric bleeding, peritonitis or abdominal abscess occurred after EFR. Postoperative contrast roentgenography on the third day detected no contrast extravasation into the abdominal cavity. The mean follow-up period was 6 mo, with no lesion residue or recurrence noted.CONCLUSION: EFR is efficacious, safe and minimally invasive for patients with gastric SMTs arising from the muscularis propria layer. This technique is able to resect deep gastric lesions while providing precise pathological information about the lesion. With the development of EFR, the indications of endoscopic resection might be extended.     

监测上消化道盲区智能内镜影像分析系统的构建及验证

目的　构建监测上消化道盲区的智能内镜影像分析系统,并验证其监测性能。方法　回顾性收集武汉大学人民医院消化内镜中心2016—2020年的上消化道内镜图片87 167张（数据集1）,其中训练集75 551张,测试集11 616张;回顾性收集来自武汉大学人民医院消化内镜中心2016—2020年的咽部图片2 414张（数据集2）,其中训练集2 233张, 测试集181张。分别构建上消化道盲区监测27分类模型（模型1,区分图像为咽部、食管、胃腔等27个解剖学部位）、咽部盲区监测5分类模型（模型2,区分上颚、咽后壁、喉部、左梨状窝、右梨状窝）。基于数据集1、2对上述模型进行训练和图片测试,基于keras框架的EfficientNet‑B4、ResNet50、VGG16模型进行训练。进一步回顾性收集来自武汉大学人民医院消化内镜中心2021年的完整上消化道内镜检查视频30个,在视频中测试模型2盲区监测性能。结果　模型1在图片中识别上消化道27个解剖学部位准确率的横向对比结果显示,EfficientNet‑B4、ResNet50、VGG16在上消化道盲区监测27分类模型的平均准确率分别为90.90%、90.24%、89.22%,其中EfficientNet‑B4模型的表现最优,EfficientNet‑B4模型各个部位监测的准确率介于80.49%~97.80%。模型2在图片中识别咽部5个解剖学部位准确率的横向对比结果显示,EfficientNet‑B4、ResNet50、VGG16在咽部盲区监测5分类模型的平均准确率分别为99.40%、98.56%、97.01%,其中EfficientNet‑B4模型的表现最优,其各个部位监测的准确率介于96.15%~100.00%;模型2在视频中识别咽部5个解剖学部位的总体准确率为97.33%（146/150）。结论　基于深度学习构建的可监测上消化道盲区的智能内镜影像分析系统,耦合了咽部盲区监测及食管、胃腔、十二指肠盲区监测功能,在静止图像及视频中均具有较高识别准确率,有望应用于临床辅助医生实现上消化道视野全覆盖。