流浪精神分裂症出院患者药物使用的回顾性调查

目的 调查流浪精神分裂症出院患者药物使用情况。方法 采取回顾性调查方法,通过电子病历系统调查2016年1月1日至2021年9月30日上海市精神卫生中心闵行院区流浪精神分裂症出院患者的药物使用情况,客观填写自制的信息调查表,对出院患者用药情况进行分析。结果 490例流浪精神分裂症患者出院带药以单一用药为主(96.5%),排名前三为利培酮、奥氮平、氯氮平,其中有3例患者奥氮平超剂量使用。使用的典型抗精神病药物仅为舒必利,占6.9%,其余均使用非典型抗精神病药物。近三年来,用药种类呈多样化趋势,联合用药均为非典型抗精神病药物联用,联合用药和合并其他精神类药物比例均上升(P<0.05)。合并通便药物最常见(25.7%)。结论 流浪精神分裂症患者出院带药规范合理,以新型抗精神病药物治疗为主,服用抗精神病药物期间要注意监测和评估患者便秘情况。     

女性精神分裂症患者的抗精神病药物临床应用进展

女性精神分裂症患者吸收、排泄速度较慢,导致抗精神病药物在其体内的血药浓度较高,进而引发更多的药物副作用。女性在不同生命阶段的雌激素水平也不同,雌激素通过增加多巴胺D₂受体敏感性,提高抗精神病药物的疗效。应根据雌激素水平的高低调整抗精神病药物的剂量,同时做好血糖、三酰甘油、胆固醇、催乳素等指标的监测,以最大程度地减少药物副作用。作者未见文献报道适用于不同性别的精神分裂症治疗方案,这对女性患者来说并不是最佳治疗策略。该综述旨在对女性精神分裂症患者的处方、药动学、药效学、疗效和副作用的差异进行总结与归纳,并针对不同生命阶段(绝经前、妊娠期、哺乳期、绝经期)女性的药物治疗方案提出科学建议。     

住院精神分裂症患者抗精神病药物使用情况调查

目的 了解住院精神分裂症患者抗精神病药的使用情况,了解影响精神分裂症患者用药的因素.方法 采用横断面方法对住院精神分裂症患者使用药物的情况进行调查.结果 本次调查465例患者涉及47种药物治疗方案,使用1种抗精神病药物175例(37.6%),联用2种种抗精神病药物262例(56.3%),联用3种种抗精神病药物28例(6.0%),联用2种抗精神病药物治疗在住院患者中非常多见;氯氮平使用率和处方占有率排在第一,非典型抗精神病药物已占精神分裂症治疗用药的主导地位;公费医疗患者选择非典型抗精神病药物明显高于非公费医疗患者.结论 在精神分裂症治疗用药中,非典型抗精神病药物逐渐取代了典型抗精神病药物,并且患者费用支付方式影响抗精神病药物的选择.     

抗精神病药物个体耐受性的性别差异

使用神经精神病学临床评估公式项目诊断为精神分裂症的患者纳入此项试验，共招募245名男性和164名女性。两种性别患者中报道最频繁的不良反应是精神集中困难，疲劳和体重增加。其中男性患者中约50％发生这些不良反应。女性达到70％以上。锥体外及抗胆碱能反应是女性患者最频繁发生的，而男性患者则更多出现性问题。     

非典型抗精神病药物不良反应的性别差异

常用的非典型抗精神病药物有:阿立哌唑、氯氮平、奥氮平、奎硫平、利培酮及齐拉西酮.非典型抗精神病药物的药代动力学和不良反应均有性别差异.女性的CYP1A2酶的活性较男性低,致氯氮平和奥氮平的血药浓度高于男性.利培酮引起女性高催乳素水平,导致女性骨质疏松和性功能障碍的发生率高于男性.研究表明,非典型抗精神病药物使女性代谢综合征的发生率明显高于男性.其中女性和男性肥胖症、高血压、三酰甘油血症及高密度脂蛋白降低的发生率分别为76.3%和35 5%,46.9%和47.2%,42.2%和50.7%,48.9%和63.3%;女性和男性高血糖[≥100 mg/dl(5.55 mmol/L)和≥110 mg/dl(6.10 mmol/L)]的发生率分别为30.0%和21.7%,24.2%和14.1%.非典型抗精神病药物引起心电图QTc间期延长及锥体外系症状女性较男性多见;其中某些药物对胎儿有不良影响.     

抗精神病药物引发精神分裂症患者糖尿病分析

随着非经典抗精神病药在临床的广泛应用，精神分裂症患者的糖尿病的患病率的增加，日益受到关注。糖尿病是一种常见的糖代谢紊乱为主的内分泌代谢病，严重地影响着患者的身心健康。本文介绍抗精神病药物引发精神分裂症患者并发糖尿病分析。     

典型抗精神病药物与非典型抗精神病药物对精神分裂症患者心电图的影响

精神分裂症患者549例服用典型与非典型抗精神病药物,二者对心电图的影响报道如下。1资料与方法1.1临床资料2011年在我院住院的精神分裂症患者共549例,均符合中国精神疾病分类方案与诊断标准第3版(CCMD-3)和国际疾病分类第10版(ICD-10)中精神分裂症诊断标准。     

精神分裂症认知功能与抗精神病药物

精神分裂症患者常伴有认知功能损害.最近关于抗精神病药物对认知功能影响的研究很多.本文对可能导致认知功能损害的机制以及精神分裂症认知功能与不同抗精神病药物之间的关系作一简要综述.     

新型抗精神病药物对精神分裂症患者心电图的影响

目的 观察3种新型抗精神病药物奥氮平、利培酮、阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者心电图的影响.方法 对176例单一口服奥氮平、利培酮、阿立哌唑的精神分裂症患者于治疗前及治疗后2、4、8周末进行常规心电图检查,对心电图结果进行比较分析.结果 3种新型抗精神病药物引起心电图异常率为53.41％,女性患者心电图异常率为66.18％,男性患者心电图异常率45.37％,且差异有统计学意义(P=0.007),其中窦性心律失常63例,占67.02％;奥氮平、利培酮、阿立哌唑引起的心电图异常率分别为51.72％、55.26％、52.38％,差异无统计学意义(x2=0.189,P=0.910),同时发现利培酮引起的窦性心动过缓占首位,其中有6例心率慢至38～45次/分.结论 3种新型的抗精神病药物奥氮平、利培酮、阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者的心电图有影响,使用时一定要定期复查心电图,尤其是女性、年幼、老年及基础心率偏低的患者.     

精神分裂症患者血浆高香草酸浓度与临床症状、性别和药物治疗的关系

目的：通过分析精神分裂症患者中枢多巴胺代谢产物－血浆高香草酸浓度（ｐＨＶＡ）与临床指征的关系,进一步探讨多巴胺神经递质及其药物治疗在精神分裂症的作用。方法在４６例长期药物治疗、５８例未治疗精神分裂症患者中,采用高液相色谱连接电化学分析仪测定ＰＨＶＡ;测前评定阳性症状量表（ＳＡＰＳ）和阴性症状量表（ＳＡＮＳ）。结果（１）与６２例健康对照组比,治疗组ＰＨ－ＶＡ显著减低,未治疗组显著增高,以阴性症状组为     

Hypothermia following antipsychotic drug use

Objective Hypothermia is an adverse drug reaction (ADR) of antipsychotic drug (APD) use. Risk factors for hypothermia in ADP users are unknown. We studied which risk factors for hypothermia can be identified based on case reports. Method Case reports of hypothermia in APD-users found in PUBMED or EMBASE were searched for risk factors. The WHO international database for Adverse Drug Reactions was searched for reports of hypothermia and APD use. Results The literature search resulted in 32 articles containing 43 case reports. In the WHO database, 480 reports were registered of patients developing hypothermia during the use of APDs which almost equals the number of reports for hyperthermia associated with APD use (n = 524). Hypothermia risk seems to be increased in the first days following start or dose increase of APs. APs with strong 5-HT2 antagonism seem to be more involved in hypothermia; 55% of hypothermia reports are for atypical antipsychotics. Schizophrenia was the most prevalent diagnosis in the case reports. Conclusion Especially in admitted patients who are not able to control their own environment or physical status, frequent measurements of body temperature (with a thermometer that can measure low body temperatures) must be performed in order to detect developing hypothermia.     

抗精神病药物对精神分裂症患者血糖的影响

目的：探讨抗精神病药物对精神分裂症患者血糖的影响。方法选取2012年1月—2014年6月重庆市江北区精神卫生中心收治的精神分裂症患者126例,随机分为A组、B组、C组,各42例。A组患者予以氯丙嗪治疗,B组患者予以阿立哌唑治疗,C组患者予以喹硫平治疗。观察3组患者治疗前（入院时）、治疗第4周、第8周、第12周血糖水平及治疗第12周高血糖发生情况。结果治疗前、治疗第4周、第8周、第12周3组患者血糖水平比较,差异无统计学意义（ P>0.05）, A组患者治疗后第12周血糖水平高于治疗前,差异有统计学意义（ P<0.05）;治疗第12周,B、C组患者高血糖发生率低于A组,差异有统计学意义（ P<0.05）,B、C组患者高血糖发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（ P>0.05）。结论氯丙嗪对精神分裂症患者的血糖影响较大,阿立哌唑和喹硫平对精神分裂症患者血糖的影响较小。     

氟西汀联合抗精神病药物治疗伴有强迫症状的精神分裂症患者的效果

目的 探讨氟西汀联合抗精神病药物治疗伴有强迫症状的精神分裂症患者的临床效果。方法 收集2013年1月至2014年12月收治的具有强迫症状的精神分裂症患者80例,根据数字表法将患者分为观察组与对照组,各40例,开展前瞻性研究,对照组给予抗精神病药物治疗,观察组在抗精神病药物治疗的基础上加用氟西汀,治疗4、8周后观察两组患者临床疗效,以及阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)、Yale-Brown强迫症状量表(Y-BOCS)和生活质量评分变化,同时记录不良反应的发生情况。结果 观察组的总有效率为90%,显著高于对照组的70%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗4、8周后,两组患者的PANSS、Y-BOCS评分均低于治疗前;且观察组的PANSS、Y-BOCS评分均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05);观察组治疗后的物质生活、躯体功能、心理功能、社会功能及总分均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论 对有强迫症状的精神分裂症患者采用氟西汀联合抗精神病药物治疗,能有效改善患者的精神症状及强迫症状,有利于提高患者的生活质量。     

自知力教育对住院精神分裂症患者的康复作用

目的探讨自知力教育对住院精神分裂症患者的康复作用。方法将住院精神分裂症患者100例随机分为观察组和对照组,两组均接受抗精神病药物系统治疗,观察组在此基础上给予自知力教育8周,干预前及干预后8周末分别通过简明精神病量表（BPRS）、自知力与治疗态度问卷（ITAQ）以及服药依从性对两组患者进行评定。结果干预后两组间BPRS评分比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;观察组ITAQ评分明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）,且观察组服药依从性显著好于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论对住院精神分裂症患者实施自知力教育,能显著改善患者对疾病的认识能力,提高服药依从性。     

Gender differences in the prevalence,risk and clinical correlates of tardive dyskinesia in Chinese schizophrenia

Objective  Despite extensive use of antipsychotic drug treatment, few studies address the prevalence of tardive dyskinesia (TD) in homogeneous ethnic groups such as the Chinese. This study examined gender-specific relationships between TD and symptom levels in schizophrenia among Han Chinese, which have previously received little systematic study. Materials and methods  Five hundred and twenty-two inpatients with schizophrenia receiving long-term treatment with antipsychotics were evaluated with the AIMS. The patient’s psychopathology was assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Demographic and clinical data were collected from a detailed questionnaire and medical records. Results  The overall TD prevalence was 33.7% with rates of 39.2% (138/352) in males and 22.4% (38/170) in females (χ ² = 14.6, df = 1, p < 0.0001; adjust odds ratio 2.06; CI, 1.32–3.16). The AIMS score in patients with TD was lower in females than males (5.3 ± 3.9 vs 6.7 ± 3.7, t = 2.52, p < 0.01) after adjustment for the significant covariates. TD was associated with the negative symptoms on the PANSS in both genders, and with age, PANSS total and positive symptoms in men, not women. Conclusion  Our present findings suggest that there are gender differences in the prevalence, risk, and clinical correlates of TD in schizophrenia. Although this study is limited by cross-sectional designs, the magnitude of these gender-specific differences is substantial and deservers further prospective study.     

Long-term treatment with antipsychotic drugs in conventional doses prolonged QTc dispersion, but did not increase ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with schizophrenia in the absence of cardiac disease

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the hypothesis that long-term treatment with antipsychotic drugs in conventional doses prolongs QTc dispersion and increases ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with schizophrenia in the absence of cardiac disease. Methods: We measured QTc and QTc dispersion and ventricular tachyarrhythmias in 64 patients with schizophrenia, including 59 patients who received psychiatric medications, and five patients who did not receive psychiatric medications, and 45 healthy volunteers. None of the subjects had a history of cardiac disease or showed any abnormality in chest radiograph and transthoracic echocardiographic studies. None of the subjects had electrolyte abnormality. None of the subjects were taking drugs known to influence the QT interval, other than psychiatric medications. Results: QTc and QTc dispersion were significantly (P < 0.017) increased in patients who received psychiatric medications compared with patients who did not receive psychiatric medications, or with healthy volunteers [QTc: 0.442 (0.029), 0.418 (0.029), 0.417 (0.028) s, QTc dispersion: 0.054 (0.013), 0.038 (0.017), 0.038 (0.009) s]. Daily ventricular premature beats were 183 (689), 77 (23), and 86 (149), respectively. No ventricular tachycardia was observed. There were no correlation between QTc and QTc dispersion and ventricular premature beats. Conclusion: Long-term treatment with antipsychotic drugs in conventional doses prolonged both QTc and QTc dispersion in patients with schizophrenia, but did not increase ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with schizophrenia in the absence of cardiac disease. However, despite the negative findings, ventricular tachyarrhythmias may occur as a rare side-effect of antipsychotic drugs, particularly if a patient has additional risk factors. Received: 28 September 1998 / Accepted in revised form: 27 January 1999     

Increased use of second generation antipsychotic drugs in primary care: potential relevance for hospitalizations in schizophrenia patients

Aim

To analyze the changes in the prescribing pattern of antipsychotic drugs in primary care in Extremadura (Spain) from 1990 to 2005, and the potential association with schizophrenia hospitalization rate.

Methods

Data from 1990–2005 about the prescribing of antipsychotic drugs was drawn from all community pharmacy sales figures reimbursed by the Health System of Extremadura. Drug consumption figures were expressed as the number of defined daily doses per 1,000 inhabitants and per day of treatment (DDD/1,000/day). The total number of annual hospital discharges with the diagnosis of schizophrenia according to DSM-IV criteria from all hospitals in Extremadura from 1 January 1995 to 31 December 2000 was also determined.

Results

The use of second-generation antipsychotic drugs (SGAs) increased from 0% in 1990–1993 to 78% in 2005. Olanzapine was the most used SGA from 1999–2005. During 1995–2000 the sales of SGAs increased to 50% from 10%. In the same period, the hospitalization rate in schizophrenia patients fell by an average of 12%, which was significantly associated with SGA use (R?=??0.88; P?=?0.02).

Discussion

The increase in SGAs paralleled the decreased rate of hospitalization in schizophrenia patients. However, the influence of other factors such as SGA use for disorders other than schizophrenia can not be ruled out. Moreover changes in the health-care system, such as the increase in primary mental health care and social rehabilitation programs, may also have a relevant influence.

     

老年人超说明书用药情况调查

目的调查老年患者超说明书用药情况,为老年人超说明书用药管理研究提供理论数据基础。方法采用问卷调查的方式了解临床医护人员对老年人超说明书用药的认知程度。采用回顾性分析的方法,随机抽取某院2013年住院处老年病科60岁以上的患有心血管疾病的老年病例,分析超说明书用药的情况。结果共抽取病例137例,用药医嘱1 007条。结论某院心血管病老年患者存在一定比例的超说明书用药情况。为了避免由于用药不合理造成的医疗损失,降低老年人的用药风险,需要医院相关职能部门和临床科室共同努力,提高老年人用药的合理性。     

A strategy for the study of behavioral mechanisms of antipsychotic drug action in schizophrenia

The basic strategy being proposed is one of studying the time-course of antipsychotic drug effects upon performance measures in parallel with the timecourse of drug effects upon the symptoms of schizophrenia, general morbidity and ward behavior. Critical for the productivity of this strategy is the inclusion of performance measures that reflect functioning in psychological processes—e.g., attention, perception etc., in which schizophrenic-specific deficit or deviance has been demonstrated and which may be presumed to mediate symptom formation. Promising candidates for inclusion in a battery of performance measures under these criteria are those reflecting functioning in the information-processing sequence, i. e., in sensory-attentional-perceptual-cognitive processes. Given this approach, the examination of relationships between patterns of change at the level of deficit performance and of symptomatology, has the potentiality of disclosing both mechanisms of drug action and critical mediating mechanisms of schizophrenic disorder.Paper presented at the meetings of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, December 10–11, 1970, San Juan, Puerto Rico, as part of a symposium, Behavioral Mechanisms of Drug Action in Schizophrenia, Solomon C. Goldberg, Chairman.