腓骨骨折术后并发(足母)趾屈曲畸形的治疗

目的 探讨腓骨骨折切开复位内固定术后并发拇趾屈曲畸形的病因、临床表现、解剖学特征、诊断及治疗方法。方法 1996年10月至2004年3月，腓骨骨折术后并发拇趾屈曲畸形患者33例，男19例，女14例；年龄22-49岁，平均33．2岁。其中合并踝关节骨折24例，根据Lauge—Hansen分型：旋前-外旋型18例，旋后-外旋型4例，旋前-外翻型2例；胫腓骨远端1／3螺旋形骨折9例。腓骨骨折均行切开复位钢板螺钉内固定术。患者均于术后1-5个月，平均3个月出现拇趾屈曲畸形。其中单纯拇趾屈曲畸形19例，伴二、三趾屈曲畸形8例，伴二至五趾屈曲畸形6例。采用单纯肌腱粘连松解术、单纯拇长屈肌腱延长或合并趾长屈肌腱延长术矫正畸形。结果19例单纯拇趾屈曲畸形患者，7例行单纯拇长屈肌腱粘连松解术，12例行拇长屈肌腱延长术。14例合并其余足趾屈曲畸形患者，6例行单纯拇长屈肌腱延长术，8例行拇长屈肌腱合并趾长屈肌腱延长术。术后随访2-10个月，平均6个月，所有患者足趾畸形完全矫正，疼痛缓解，步态及穿鞋改善，无畸形复发。结论 腓骨骨折术后并发拇趾屈曲畸形，拇长屈肌腱与骨折处粘连是重要因素。在Henry结部位，拇长屈肌腱与趾长屈肌腱之间存在腱性连接的解剖变异，对于足部矫形手术具有特殊的临床意义。     

合并下肢多处骨折的股动脉损伤的诊疗体会

目的探讨合并下肢多处骨折的股动脉损伤的临床诊断及治疗效果。方法手术治疗15例下肢多发性骨折伴股动脉损伤患者,从解剖、诊断及手术治疗等方面总结经验。结果15例患肢均成活。术后肢体肿胀约2周消退9例,自觉存在反复轻度肿胀5例。术后1-3个月出现了不同程度足踝和（或）足趾屈曲挛缩畸形,5例早期行康复治疗后畸形改善,6例后期行肌腱延长及踝关节松解,4例行屈肌腱延长术。随访8-2个月,所有病例均恢复行走功能,足底感觉完全恢复。结论下肢多发骨折伴发股血管损伤一般位于收肌裂孔附近,需手术探查血管移植修复;对〉24h甚至6d的股动脉损伤患者积极手术修复仍可挽救部分功能。     

重度开放性胫腓骨骨折术后感染原因分析

开放性胫腓骨骨折感染因素很多，本文总结了１９９２年７月至１９９５年７月在我院治疗的Ⅲ、Ⅱ°胫胖骨开放性骨折术后感染１５例临床资料，就有关手术因素予以讨论。临床资料本组１５例中，男１１例，女４例；年龄１８～５６岁；右小腿６例，左小腿９例；交通事故损伤１１例，压轧伤４例。骨折部位：胫腓骨中下段骨折１３例，上段骨折２例；胫腓骨多段粉碎骨折１２例，其它３例。损伤程度：Ⅲ°损伤１２例，Ⅱ°损伤３例。合并创伤性休克４例。就诊时间：伤后１０小时内就诊者１２例，超过１０小时者３例。治疗方法及结果首先行清创术，然…     

胫骨骨折髓内钉固定术后屈趾畸形(附5例临床分析)

目的探讨胫骨骨折髓内钉固定术后屈趾畸形的发生机制及防治措施。方法362例胫骨骨折患者施行髓内钉固定手术,其中5例(1.4%)术后出现屈趾畸形,其临床表现为跛行、踝关节中立位足趾屈曲畸形,背伸时畸形加重,跖屈位畸形减轻。保守治疗无效,均行拇长屈肌及趾长屈肌肌腱"Z"形延长术。结果5例术后平均随访19.7(16~24)月。术后患者中立位足趾屈曲畸形消失,步态均恢复正常,踝关节背伸时足趾轻度屈曲畸形。拇长屈肌及趾长屈肌肌力5级。结论胫骨骨折髓内钉固定术后足趾屈曲畸形为少见并发症,其发生可能与术前拇长屈肌及趾长屈肌的损伤未得到有效治疗,术中髓内钉导针、扩髓器对拇长屈肌、趾长屈肌的损伤或术后小腿深后骨筋膜鞘内压力增高引起的肌肉缺血、纤维化改变有关;肌腱延长术是有效的治疗方法。     

人工全膝关节置换术治疗单侧膝内翻合并屈曲挛缩畸形效果观察

目的探讨人工全膝关节置换术治疗单侧膝内翻合并屈曲挛缩畸形的效果。方法对28例单侧膝内翻合并屈曲挛缩畸形患者应用人工全膝关节置换术治疗,术后随访12个月,比较治疗前后膝关节股胫角、屈曲挛缩度、膝关节屈伸活动度和HSS评分及疗效。结果患者均顺利完成手术。随访12个月,患者膝关节股胫角,屈曲挛缩度,膝关节屈伸活动度与治疗前比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);依据膝关节HSS评分治疗优良率92.86%(26/28),未出现下肢不等长、跛行和严重感染等。结论人工全膝关节置换术治疗单侧膝关节内翻合并屈曲挛缩畸形,可明显改善膝关节功能,效果确切。术中软组织松解是矫正膝关节内翻屈曲挛缩畸形的关键。     

多段截骨矫形加钛板与克氏针内固定治疗儿童脆骨病胫腓骨畸形

目的探讨多段截骨矫形钛板植骨加钛板与克氏针内固定治疗儿童脆骨病致胫腓骨畸形的临床疗效。方法笔者自2008-01—2014-09诊治脆骨病(OI)致胫腓骨骨折及骨畸形患儿11例,经术前三维重建胫腓骨,测量畸形角度、设计截骨位置及角度,采用多段截骨矫形钛板植骨加钛板与克氏针内固定治疗。结果 11例均获得平均19.6(6~36)个月随访,骨折平均愈合时间13.2(11~16)周。术后肢体长度较术前平均延长19(11~26)mm。切口均一期愈合,未发现明显排异反应,无血管及神经损伤、内固定松动断裂,术肢无感染、骨不连等并发症。其中2例后期出现其他部位骨折。术后患儿生活自理能力得到较大改善。结论多段截骨矫形钛板植骨+克氏针内固定治疗脆骨病致胫腓骨畸形,能明显矫正肢体畸形,有效降低再骨折及骨畸形愈合的发生率。     

胫骨上端骨折伴动脉损伤的治疗

目的：探讨胫骨上端骨折伴Guo动脉或胫前、后动脉起始段损伤的治疗方法及手术入路的可行性。方法：在小腿内侧切口行骨折内固定，将切口向Guo窝方向延长，切断腓肠肌内侧头肌肌腱部，显露Guo动脉及胫前、后动脉起始段，屈曲膝关节克服动脉缺损，地显微外科修复，结果：12例损伤的肢体术后均成活并恢复功能。结论：切断腓肠肌内侧头显露血管。视野清楚，不影响腓肠肌的血供，骨折内固定后行血管探查修复，不需要重新变换体位，术中副损伤小。方法可行。     

踝部环形绳索勒伤

目的探讨踝部环形绳索勒伤的特殊性和治疗方法,以减少截肢率,尽可能恢复患肢功能。方法踝部环形绳索勒伤患者9例,胫前(足背)、胫后动脉同时损伤7例,单一胫后动脉损伤2例。4例合并胫腓骨开放性骨折,2例合并胫腓骨闭合性骨折,外踝闭合性损伤2例。受伤至治疗时间为6~27h,平均12h,其中1例缺血时间达29h。均早期行血管神经探查吻合,骨折外固定。结果9例患者均保肢成功,患肢功能大部分恢复。1例有外踝畸形愈合,晚期行截骨矫形后治愈。结论应重视对踝部环形绳索勒伤患者的急诊处理,一旦确诊有血管神经损伤,应尽早行血管、神经探查吻合,合并骨折者应使用外固定稳定骨折断端。对皮肤环形损伤应尽早切开减压,避免“止血带”效应。对延迟就诊的患者,积极的保肢治疗可以取得良好的治疗效果。     

髓内钉治疗胫骨多段骨折

目的探讨胫骨髓内钉治疗胫骨多节段骨折的疗效。方法2001年1月～2003年12月,采用非扩髓置钉技术治疗17例胫骨干多段骨折患者,男11例,女6例,平均年龄37.4岁(24～58岁)。4例GustiloⅠ型开放性骨折,其余为闭合性骨折。结果随访10～18个月(平均16个月)。手术效果良好,无严重并发症。所有患者术后6个月膝关节屈曲在100°以上。按照Johner-Wruhs评分,优良率为94%。结论胫骨髓内钉是治疗胫骨多段骨折的一种有效方法。     

应用矫形外固定器治疗近指间关节屈曲挛缩

目的分析应用矫形外固定器治疗手指近指间关节屈曲挛缩并探讨其疗效。方法 2011年8月至2015年12月,广东医学院附属高明医院手外科对手部外伤导致近指间关节屈曲挛缩28例(36指)应用矫形外固定器手术治疗,术后通过1~2个月调整外固定器牵引矫形使关节囊韧带及皮肤瘢痕延长达到挛缩松解、改善关节活动度。手功能恢复按中华医学会手外科学会发布的手部肌腱修复后评定标准(TAM)评价。结果 28病例(36指)无钉孔感染,伤指关节屈曲挛缩矫正,屈伸功能良好。术后随访6~37个月(平均21个月),TAM评价结果为优16例,良12例。结论采用矫形型外固定器治疗合并皮肤瘢痕挛缩的手指近指间关节屈曲挛缩,关节挛缩矫形效果明显,手指关节活动度增加且稳定,疗效满意。     

经腓骨截骨入路治疗胫骨平台后外侧骨折的疗效观察

 目的 探讨经腓骨截骨入路治疗胫骨平台后外侧骨折的疗效。方法 自2009年8月至2011年8月,采用经腓骨截骨入路治疗17例胫骨平台后外侧骨折患者,男12例,女5例;年龄24～76岁,平均37.8岁。按Schatzker胫骨平台骨折分类法：Ⅱ型骨折8例,Ⅲ型骨折3例,Ⅴ型骨折6例。所有患者随访中摄X线片评估骨折愈合情况,记录随访过程中出现的并发症,并采用Rasmussen放射评分标准对患者膝关节的X线表现进行评估,根据末次随访结果采用Rasmussen评分标准评定膝关节功能。结果 17例患者均获得随访,随访时间为9～35个月,平均18个月。骨折愈合时间为10～18周,平均13．5周。随访期间未见高度丢失,术后1例出现腓总神经损伤症状,小腿远端外侧、足背出现局部感觉减退,术后2周恢复。Rasmussen放射评分14．0～18．0分,平均17．5分。膝关节活动度-5°-0°-135°,平均活动范围123．5°。膝关节功能按照Rasmussen评分为22~30分,平均26.9分。结论 经腓骨截骨治疗胫骨平台后外侧骨折暴露充分,复位及固定满意,不会出现血管神经损伤及膝关节屈曲挛缩畸形,术后膝关节稳定性及功能恢复良好。     

The significance of segmental fibular fractures in the management of associated tibial fractures

One hundred seventy-six patients with 179 tibial shaft fractures (between March 2003 and August 2007) with a minimum of 4 months follow up were retrospectively reviewed by the author. Twenty-nine of these fractures were found to have segmental fibular fractures. These 29 fractures were analysed and compared with the total of 179 tibial fractures. Segmental tibial fractures with and without segmental tibial comminution were also analysed and compared.The segmental fibular fracture group had a greater incidence of associated injuries, associated fractures, open tibial fractures, Gustilo III B type fractures, major flap procedures, bony infection and bone grafting procedures which was statistically significant. The coincidence of segmental fibular fractures and segmental tibial fracture with segmental comminution indicated a bad prognosis. Segmental fibular fracture (associated with tibial fracture) appear more severe injury than segmental tibial fracture.     

胫骨后侧平台骨折的治疗

目的 探讨膝后外、后内入路治疗胫骨平台后髁骨折的临床效果.方法 7例胫骨平台后髁骨折患者中6例采用膝后外、后内入路直视下复位骨折,由后向前置入螺钉或钢板固定;1例非手术治疗.结果 随访6～22个月.根据Merchant膝关节功能评分标准评定疗效:6例手术治疗者,优4例,良2例;非手术治疗者为可.未见关节面明显塌陷,无膝关节内、外翻畸形和创伤性关节炎等并发症.结论 采用膝后外、后内入路治疗胫骨后侧平台骨折能充分地显露骨折面和骨折块,能准确地进行解剖复位和牢固固定,膝关节功能良好;而非手术治疗效果欠佳.     

The extended posterolateral approach for split depression lateral tibial plateau fractures extending into the posterior column: 2 years follow up results of a prospective study

ObjectiveTo prospectively study the outcome of surgically treated split depression lateral tibial plateau fractures extending into the posterior column using the extended posterolateral approach.MethodsTwenty-one patients with split depression lateral tibial plateau fractures (AO: 41-B3) with extension into the posterior column were treated with open reduction and internal fixation through an extended posterolateral approach with osteotomy of the fibular neck ± Gerdy tubercle. Follow up radiographs was assessed for quality of articular reduction and limb axis. Functional assessment was performed at last follow up using the Tegner–Lysholm score. Complications pertaining to the surgical approach were recorded.ResultsThe approach was performed in 15 patients with a fibular neck osteotomy alone and 6 patients required a Gerdy's tubercle osteotomy also. All fractures and osteotomies had united. Anatomical articular reduction was achieved in 16 patients. Radiological limb alignment was restored in all patients except for a reversed posterior slope in 1 patient. Arthritic changes were seen in 3 patients. The mean Tegner–Lysholm score was 87.3 (range: 76–95) at last follow up. No specific complications related to the surgical approach like common peroneal nerve injury and lateral instability of the knee was encountered.ConclusionThe extended posterolateral approach offers excellent exposure posterior to the fibular head to perform articular reduction and fixation achieving satisfactory radiological and functional results in split depression lateral tibial plateau fractures extending into the posterior column.     

Blunt tibial artery trauma: predicting the irretrievable extremity

Patients suffering blunt leg trauma resulting in below-knee fracture, tibial artery injury, and soft-tissue damage are at major risk for amputation. In an attempt to identify the factors which may forecast limb loss despite vascular surgical repair, all patients with tibial fractures admitted between 1980-1988 were reviewed. Forty-four of 366 (12%) patients presented with clinical evidence of tibial artery injury. Twenty-seven of these 44 patients had angiographic evidence of at least one patent tibial vessel providing adequate distal flow. The remaining 17 patients required operative repair of injured tibial arteries because of persistent distal ischemia. The amputation rate was 35% (6/17--4 BKA, 2 AKA), three of these having patent vascular repairs at the time of the amputation. Operative indications for amputation were ischemic nonviable muscle in three patients, and severe soft-tissue wound infection in three. Patients who required amputation had a significantly greater incidence (Fisher's exact test) of three or more fascial compartments involved in muscular injury (p = 0.005), two or more injured tibial vessels (p = 0.01), failed vascular reconstruction (p = 0.03), a cadaveric foot at initial exam (p = 0.03), and severe muscle crush injury or muscle tissue loss (p = 0.03). No extremity was salvaged when more than two of these factors was present, and a failed vascular reconstruction led to limb amputation in all cases. These factors will predict an irretrievable extremity following blunt tibial artery trauma, allowing amputation before life-threatening wound sepsis develops.     

Distal tibial metaphyseal fractures: the role of fibular fixation

Distal tibial extra-articular fractures are often a result of complex high-energy trauma, which commonly involves associated fibular fractures and soft tissue injury. The goal of tibial fixation is to maximise fracture stability without increasing soft tissue morbidity from surgical intervention. The role of adjunctive fibular fixation in distal tibial metaphyseal fractures has been controversial; although fibular fixation has been shown to improve stability of distal tibial fractures, there has been increased potential for soft tissue-related complications and a delay to tibial fracture healing. Adjunctive fixation of concomitant fibular fractures without associated syndesmotic or ankle pathology is not necessary in surgically stabilised extra-articular metaphyseal fractures of the distal tibia.     

预防性胫前肌-筋膜瓣转位在并发延迟皮肤坏死的胫骨骨折患者的应用

目的：探讨预防性胫骨前肌-筋膜瓣转位在胫骨骨折合并重度皮肤软组织损伤发生延迟坏死病例中应用的临床疗效。方法对14例合并重度皮肤软组织损伤的胫骨骨折患者行Ⅰ期骨折固定联合预防性胫前肌-筋膜瓣转位术,发生皮肤延迟坏死后予以植皮,观察其伤口愈合情况、随访骨折愈合及并发症情况。结果14例患者伤口均愈合,无感染并发症,随访13例,骨折均愈合,无骨外露、骨髓炎等并发症,1例失访。结论预防性胫前肌-筋膜瓣转位是一种安全、简便、有效的治疗并发延迟皮肤坏死的胫骨骨折的措施。     

胫骨上段骨折并腘动脉分叉部闭合性损伤的临床观察

目的：探讨手术治疗胫骨上段骨折合并腘动脉特殊部位损伤的疗效,为临床提供可选择的显微手术方法。方法：2002年2月至2007年10月,胫骨上端骨折并腘动脉分叉处损伤患者19例,男15例,女4例;年龄21～48岁,平均35岁。合并胫骨平台骨折6例;合并神经损伤3例。采用外固定支架固定胫骨骨折,结合小腿近端后侧及前外侧切口对骨间膜开窗引洞,利用移植的大隐静脉（或＂Y＂形）桥接同时修复胫前及胫后动静脉。疗效评价依照Rasmussen评分法。结果：19例均恢复血运,骨折均愈合,愈合时间3～14个月,平均5.5个月。19例获得随访,随访时间8～23个月,平均13个月。疗效评价依照Rasmussen评分法,术后总评分达（27.0±2.9）分;疗效分级：优11例,良7例,可1例。结论：诊断明确后或高度怀疑有血管损伤者应该尽早手术探查。同时重建胫前、胫后动静脉血循环能够降低伤残并且有利于肢体功能恢复。     

后侧入路内固定治疗胫骨平台后侧骨折

目的 探讨后侧入路内固定治疗胫骨平台后侧骨折的近期疗效.方法 对2008年6月至2010年6月采用后侧入路内固定治疗且随访资料完整的11例胫骨平台后侧骨折患者进行回顾性分析.男7例,女4例;年龄33～60岁,平均47.8岁.AO/OTA分型:41-B2.2.4型2例,41-B3.1.2型3例,41-B3.3.2型3例,41-B3.1.2型+41-B3.3.2型2例,41-C3.3型1例.5例后外侧骨折采用膝关节Carlson后外侧入路;3例后内侧骨折采用Carlson后内侧入路;3例累及胫骨平台前、后侧及胫骨髁间嵴骨折者采用Carlson后内和(或)后外入路,辅以前侧入路行钢板螺钉内固定.关节面塌陷者采用自体髂骨植骨.结果 随访3个月至2年,平均1.6年.全部病例均获得影像学上的骨性愈合,愈合时间12～16周.Rasmussen放射学评分15～18分,平均16.7分.骨折愈合后美国特种外科医院(the Hospital for Special Surgery,HSS)膝关节评分75～96分,平均86.2分.后外侧入路5例膝关节活动范围平均0°-135°,后内侧入路3例0°-130°,混合入路3例-10°-125°.结论 胫骨平台骨折表现为以后侧为主时,应选择后外或后内侧手术入路,于直视下进行复位及固定,便于操作,术后近期疗效满意.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the clinical results of operative treatments for the complex posterior tibial plateau fractures via posterior approach. Methods Eleven cases with complex posterior tibial plateau fracture from June 2008 through June 2010 were reviewed retrospectively. There were 7 males and 4females, with age from 33 years to 60 years (average, 47.8 years). According to AO classification, there were 41-B2.2.4 type in 2 cases, 41-B3.1.2 type in 3, 41-B3.3.2 type in 3, 41-B3.1.2 type combined 41-B3.3.2 type in 2, 41-C3.3 type in 1. Carlson posterior lateral approach were used in 5 cases, posterior medial approach were used in 3 cases, and posterior medial and/or lateral approach combined with anterior approach were used in 3 cases. All fractures were fixed with plates. Autogenous ilium grafts were used if necessary.Results All cases were followed up. The average follow-up time was 1.6 years (range, 3-24 months). At the final follow-up visit, bone union was obtained in all cases. The mean Rasmussen score was 16.7 (range, 15-18), and the mean HSS was 86.2 (range, 75-96). The postoperative knee range of motion were 0°-135°, 0°-130° and -10°-125° in 5 cases with posterior lateral plateau fractures, 3 cases with posterior medial plateau fractures and 3 cases with anterior and posterior plateau and intercondylar fractures respectively. There was no vascular and nerve injuries. Loosing or breaking of hardware's was not found. Conclusion The Carlson posterior lateral and/or medial approach is preferred for the complex posterior plateau fractures, with the advantages of direct reduction and stabilization.     

微创内固定系统治疗胫骨远端粉碎性骨折

目的:观察手法闭合复位结合MIPPO技术治疗胫骨中上段、中下段骨折的临床效果.方法:2007年3月至2010年12月,治疗并获得随访的56例胫骨骨折,其中男39例,女17例;年龄22～67岁,平均41.3岁;左侧25例,右侧31例;34例为摔伤,22例为车祸伤;从受伤到手术时间平均1.7 d;中上段15例,中下段41例;临床表现小腿疼痛肿胀,活动受限.采用手法闭合复位结合MIPPO技术治疗.术后采用Johner-Wruhs关节功能评定标准对疗效进行评定.结果:56例患者,手术操作时间平均46 min,术后X线片示骨折复位满意,所有钢板螺钉位置良好;切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无表浅或深层感染.随访时间8～23个月,平均14.2个月;1例发生骨折延迟愈合,经自体髂骨植骨后骨折愈合,其余55例患者骨折在术后15～20周愈合,无固定失败;术后4～6个月均下地行走,7个月后行走无跛行,膝、踝关节功能与伤前一致且双下肢对称.按Johner-Wruhs关节功能评定标准,结果优46例,良9例,中1例.结论:手法闭合复位结合MIPPO技术治疗胫骨骨折,结合了传统正骨手法与现代骨科的优点,既保护了软组织,将手术程序简化、创伤降到最小,又能获得坚强的内固定,保证膝、踝关节的早期功能活动,具有软组织创伤小、血运破坏少、固定可靠等优点,是治疗胫骨近、远端骨折的一种有效方法,也符合微创生物学内固定观点.