复发性腰椎间盘突出并腰椎不稳症手术治疗39例分析

目的：探讨复发性腰椎间盘突出并腰椎不稳症的手术方法。方法：1998年2月至2003年2月采用全椎板切除，椎管减压，“H”型植骨融合，张力钢丝内固定治疗复发性腰椎间盘突出并腰椎不稳症39例。结果：随访10个月～5年，平均28个月。根据Nakai标准评定，优14例，良22例，可3例。结论：全椎板切除，椎管减压，“H”型植骨融合，张力钢丝内固定治疗复发性腰椎间盘突出并腰椎不稳症，既能彻底减压，又重建脊椎的稳定性和减轻术后椎板切除膜的形成，达到治疗的目的。     

腰椎间盘突出症术后康复治疗分析

目的：分析系统康复治疗在腰椎间盘突症术后治疗中的作用。方法：回顾性分析２８８例腰椎间盘突出症患者,术前症状及术后随访等临床资料。结果：手术完全成功的２８８例腰椎间盘突出症患者中：术后采用传统治疗８２例患者,出现腰纤维组织炎８２例,神经根粘连２８例,并发腰椎管狭窄症１８例;术后采用系统康复治疗２０６例患者,出现腰纤维组织炎２６例,无１例出现神经根粘连,６例出现腰椎管狭窄症。结论：系统康复治疗,对成功进行腰椎间盘突出症手术的患者的术后康复,起决定性作用。     

手术治疗腰椎间盘突出并椎管狭窄症的临床分析

目的探讨手术治疗腰椎间盘突出并椎管狭窄症的效果。方法回顾分析本院自2006年2月至2（109年6月治疗腰椎间盘突出并椎管狭窄症120例。结果本组均获得随访,随访时间1～4年。本组随访结果：优72例,良26例,可20例,差2例,优良率为92％。术后并发症的发生情况：腰椎间盘再突出患者3例,椎管内血肿患者2例,无其他并发症发生。结论术前应准备充分;术中防止损伤硬膜囊和神经根;彻底切除增厚的黄韧带;术后早期功能锻炼,做好围术期处理,是手术成功的关键。     

手术治疗老年腰椎间盘突出症的临床效果分析

目的：观察手术治疗老年人腰椎间盘突出症的疗效。方法：老年腰椎间盘突出症患者43例,均在全麻或持续硬膜外麻醉下选择不同手术方式行髓核摘除术治疗。结果：43例中26例随访1-3.5年,平均2.2年,优良率达80.0%。结论：根据老年人腰椎间盘突出的不同临床症状,选择不同的手术方式,能够取得良好的治疗效果。     

高位腰椎间盘突出症(附21例报告)

目的：从解剖结构和临床特点探讨高位腰椎间盘突出症的诊断及治疗。方法：手术治疗高位腰椎间盘突出症21例，对其解剖特点、临床表现、影像学检查、诊断和治疗进行回顾性分析。结果：术后随访8月至5年，平均1年3个月，优11例，良9例，可1例。结论：高位腰椎间盘突出症临床表现复杂，MRI最有诊断价值，主张早期手术。     

高位腰椎间盘突出症的手术治疗

目的：探讨高位腰椎间盘突出症的临床特点、诊断及治疗。方法：根据椎间盘突出部位与程度，分别采用3种手术方式治疗高位腰椎间盘突出症36例，其中采用单开窗法2l例，双开窗法9例，半椎板切除法6例。结果：36例患者获随访，平均随访时间31个月，优良率91．7％。结论：高位腰椎间盘突出症的临床表现复杂，强调早期手术以及术中注意保持脊柱稳定性，术中仔细探察椎管和切除突出的髓核是治疗本病的关键。     

手术治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症八例报告

极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症是指腰椎间盘脱出位于椎间孔或椎间孔外而引起相应的压迫症状,因其临床特点使诊断和治疗存在特殊性,明显有别于其他类型的腰椎间盘突出症.近年来本病有明显的增多迹象[1,2].我院2000年2月～2006年2月手术治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症8例,取得满意效果,现报告如下.     

青少年腰椎间盘突出症14例临床分析

目的：探讨青少年腰椎间盘突出症的临床特点与治疗方法。方法：回顾14例青少年腰椎间盘突出症患者的临床和手术资料。结果：术后全部病例随访半年以上，平均10．5个月。优10例，良3例，可1例，优良率为92．8％。结论：青少年腰椎间盘突出症临床特征突出，CT、MRI有助于明确诊断，手术是理想的治疗方法。     

腰椎间盘突出症术后康复治疗分析

目的：分析系统康复治疗在腰椎间盘突症术后治疗中的作用。方法：回顾性分析288例腰椎间盘突出症患．术前症状及术后随访等临床资料。结果：手术完全成功的288例腰椎间盘突出症患中：术后采用传统治疗82例患．出现腰纤维组织炎82例．神经根粘连28例．并发腰椎管狭窄症18例;术后果用系统康复治疗206例患．出现腰纤维组织炎26例．无1例出现神经根粘连．6例出现腰椎管狭窄症。结论：系统康复治疗．对成功进行腰椎间盘突出症手术的患的术后康复．起决定性作用。     

显微内窥镜椎间盘切除手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症及神经根管狭窄症(附198例初步报告)

目的：采用显微内窥镜椎间盘切除手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症及神经根管狭窄症以探讨该手术技术要点和临床早期效果。方法：对198例腰椎间盘突出症及神经根管狭窄症病人，应用MED手术治疗，并对病人术前表现，CT所见和术后疗效进行分析比较。结果：该组病人术后平均住院时间6d，除1例术后两周发生椎间隙感染外所有病人无手术并发症。全部病人获得随访，平均随访4个月，临床疗效优良率91％。术后CT检查显示突出间盘得以摘除，脊髓及神经根已充分减压。结论：MED手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症及神经根狭窄症具有手术创伤小，病人术后恢复快，疗效肯定,是治疗腰椎间盘突出症及神经根管狭窄症的有效方法之一。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.