舒芬太尼与瑞芬太尼靶控输注静脉麻醉用于胸外科手术的临床研究

目的观察舒芬太尼与瑞芬太尼靶控输注静脉麻醉用于胸外科手术的临床效果。方法选择本院2003-2007年胸外科择期开胸手术患者42例，ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级，随机分为舒芬太尼组（SF组）和瑞芬太尼组（R组），每组均21例。分别采用舒芬太尼和瑞芬太尼为主诱导和维持麻醉，观察两组患者麻醉诱导及维持期血流动力学变化、苏醒期相关时间、术后30min疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）；随访记录术中知晓发生率和术后恶心、呕吐等不良反应情况。结果SF组麻醉术中循环较稳定，苏醒与R组无差异，术后30minVAS评分R组高于SF组，差异有统计学意义，两组患者均未出现术中知晓。术后恶心、呕吐发生率无统计学差异。结论舒芬太尼靶控输注静脉麻醉用于胸外科手术比瑞芬太尼更优越、镇痛效果更好。     

瑞芬太尼联合小剂量舒芬太尼应用于全麻的观察

目的观察瑞芬太尼联合小剂量舒芬太尼用于全麻维持的可行性及优越性。方法60例颌面整形患者随机分成瑞芬太尼、舒芬太尼联合组（RS组）和瑞芬太尼组（R组）各30例,两组患者麻醉诱导相同,术中采用静吸复合麻醉维持,但两组阿片类镇痛药的使用不同,RS组为瑞芬太尼0.4μg·kg-·1min-1联合小剂量舒芬太尼0.2μg·kg-1·h-1,R组单用瑞芬太尼0.4μg·kg-·1min-1维持。观察两组病人术中循环情况、苏醒质量、术后早期（即拔管后15分钟内）疼痛视觉模拟评分及阿片类镇痛药的使用情况。结果两组病人术中循环情况无明显差异,但拔管时RS组循环波动明显小于R组（P〈0.05）;两组病人苏醒时间无明显差异（P〉0.05）,苏醒期躁动程度RS组明显低于R组（P〈0.05）;RS组术后早期视觉模拟评分明显低于R组（P〈0.05）,阿片类镇痛药的使用率也明显少于R组（P〈0.05）。结论瑞芬太尼联合小剂量舒芬太尼用于全麻维持完全可行,并具有提高苏醒质量、减少和降低瑞芬太尼麻醉术后早期出现的疼痛以及对阿片类镇痛药的需求和使用。     

舒芬太尼在妇科腹腔镜手术中的应用

目的:观察舒芬太尼复合异丙酚全凭静脉麻醉(TIVA)在妇科腹腔镜手术的应用效果和安全性。方法:将拟行妇科腹腔镜手术的60例患者随机分为S、F组,S组采用舒芬太尼复合异丙酚全凭静脉麻醉;F组采用芬太尼复合异丙酚全凭静脉麻醉。结果:与芬太尼等效剂量的舒芬太尼复合异丙酚TIVA在麻醉诱导、麻醉维持、术中以及术后血液动力学更稳定,镇痛作用更强,呼吸抑制更轻,苏醒更快。结论:在妇科腹腔镜手术中应用舒芬太尼较芬太尼复合异丙酚全凭静脉麻醉更具优势。     

三种不同复合全麻应用于胆囊切除术的体会

目的:探讨三种不同复合麻醉在管理上的比较。方法:ASAI-II级择期开腹胆囊切除术的病人90例,年龄≤65岁,随机分为静脉、吸入复合麻醉A组,硬膜外复合全麻B组,异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼全部静脉麻醉C组,每组30例。观察麻醉诱导及插管时血压、心率,术中用药情况,病人呼吸恢复时间、睁眼时间、拔管时间、定向力恢复时间以及在躁动和切口疼痛方面做了比较。结果:B组在麻醉维持及术毕苏醒质量上明显优于其他两组,C组次之,A组苏醒期指标相对延长,并有少数病人出现全麻恢复期躁动。结论:三种复合麻醉在麻醉诱导和维持期都很平稳,体现了复合麻醉的优越性。硬膜外复合全麻在苏醒期优势较大,病人苏醒快,无疼痛。异丙酚瑞芬太尼复合全部静脉麻醉苏醒质量也较好,但由于瑞芬太尼半衰期短,病人术后很快就会感到疼痛,术后镇痛应及时。     

舒芬太尼与瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚麻醉应用于宫腔镜手术的临床效果分析

目的 探讨舒芬太尼与瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚麻醉应用于宫腔镜手术的临床效果。方法 选取2019年1月至2021年2月在北京市西城区展览路医院行宫腔镜手术的80例患者,随机分为瑞芬太尼组（n=40）和舒芬太尼组（n=40）。舒芬太尼组给予舒芬太尼静脉滴注复合丙泊酚静脉麻醉,瑞芬太尼组给予持续输注瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚静脉麻醉,比较两组麻醉前后血流动力学指标变化,并监测患者术后苏醒时间及不良反应发生情况。结果 瑞芬太尼组手术期间各时刻心率、平均动脉压显著高于麻醉前,差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）;舒芬太尼组麻醉后10 min、手术30 min后、术毕、术毕后10 min心率和麻醉后10 min、手术30 min后、术毕平均动脉压显著低于瑞芬太尼组,差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。舒芬太尼组麻醉诱导时间、睫毛反射消退时间、麻醉苏醒时间、定向力恢复时间明显高于瑞芬太尼组,差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）,舒芬太尼组术中体动次数和术中疼痛VAS评分明显低于瑞芬太尼组,差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。舒芬太尼组麻醉不良反应总发生率（2.50%）低于瑞芬太尼组（17.50...     

舒芬太尼联合瑞芬太尼在高频超声刀甲状腺手术中的应用

目的观察舒芬太尼与瑞芬太尼联合麻醉用于高频超声刀甲状腺手术的临床效果。方法 80例ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级择期行超声刀甲状腺次全切手术的患者随机分为瑞芬太尼组(R组)40例,单独使用瑞芬太尼麻醉和舒芬太尼-瑞芬太尼组(SR组)40例,采用舒芬太尼诱导瑞芬太尼维持麻醉。分别记录患者麻醉诱导前(T0),插管前(T1),插管后即刻(T2),游离甲状腺上下极时(T3),拔管后5min(T4)各时点患者的收缩压(SDP),心率(HR)。记录术后5min(T4)、15min(T5)和30min(T6)镇静,镇痛评分。结果 R组与RS组患者插管及术中循环情况无明显差异,苏醒期SR组血流动力学稳定,VAS评分及躁动评分均低于R组。结论舒芬太尼诱导复合瑞芬太尼静脉维持麻醉更适用于超声刀甲状腺切除手术,能保证围术期患者的血流动力学稳定,并可减轻单独使用瑞芬太尼麻醉术后的急性疼痛,具有良好的临床麻醉效果。     

瑞芬太尼与舒芬太尼靶控输注全麻效果及苏醒质量的临床观察

目的 比较瑞芬太尼和舒芬太尼靶控输注(TCI)对全身麻醉效果及苏醒质量的影响.方法 选择我院2015年1月至2015年8月全身麻醉患者60例,随机分为观察组(舒芬太尼组,SF组)和对照组(瑞芬太尼组,RF组)各30例,术中分别给予舒芬太尼和瑞芬太尼TCI维持麻醉,观察两组患者手术过程中血流动力学变化、术毕唤醒时间、定向力恢复时间及手术后30min、60min的疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS).结果 与基础值相比,SF组各时间点血流动力学变化更小(P＜0.05);与RF组相比,SF组患者唤醒时间和定向力恢复时间明显缩短(P＜0.05),手术后30min、60min的VAS评分明显降低(P＜0.05).结论 瑞芬太尼和舒芬太尼靶控输注均可提供有效全身麻醉,但舒芬太尼更有利于围术期血流动力学调控及稳定,有助于促进患者苏醒,减轻患者术后疼痛程度,提高麻醉及苏醒质量.     

瑞芬太尼对新生儿苏醒质量影响的临床研究

目的 通过比较瑞芬太尼持续输注技术与静吸复合全麻应用于新生儿麻醉,观察其对术后苏醒质量的影响.方法 选择ASAⅡ～Ⅲ级,新生儿腹部手术40例,所有病例随机分为二组(n=20),静吸复合组(C组)和瑞芬太尼(R组),C组采用吸入异氟醚、静脉注射维库溴铵诱导和持续微量泵静脉注射异丙酚和异氟醚吸入维持.R组麻醉诱导采用静脉注射异丙酚、维库溴铵、瑞芬太尼,麻醉维持采用微量泵静脉注射瑞芬太尼和异丙酚.结果 R组患者呼吸恢复时间、苏醒时间、拔管时间与C组比有统计学意义(P＜0.05),R患者拔管时评分、1hNACS评分与C组比有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 瑞芬太尼用于新生儿麻醉,术后苏醒及时,苏醒质量更佳.     

舒芬太尼与芬太尼复合异丙酚静脉麻醉比较

目的：比较舒芬太尼与芬太尼复合异丙酚的静脉麻醉效果。方法：随机选取本院2009年3月～2010年2月外科手术患者60例,分为舒芬太尼-异丙酚静脉复合麻醉组（舒芬太尼组）和芬太尼-异丙酚静脉复合麻醉组（芬太尼组）,观察两组的麻醉效果。结果：芬太尼组收缩压、舒张压、心率、平均动脉压各时间点明显高于舒芬太尼组,苏醒时间长于舒芬太尼组,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：舒芬太尼复合异丙酚静脉麻醉与等剂量的芬太尼复合异丙酚麻醉比较,对血流动力学的影响更小,苏醒更快,值得应用。     

食管癌根治术靶控输注舒芬太尼或瑞芬太尼复合吸入七氟醚麻醉的效果比较

目的探讨食管癌根治术靶控输注（TCI）舒芬太尼或瑞芬太尼复合吸入七氟醚的麻醉效果。方法择期行食管中段癌根治术患者30例,ASAⅠ级或Ⅱ级,随机分为舒芬太尼组（SF组）和瑞芬太尼组（RF组）,每组15例。麻醉诱导设定异丙酚血浆靶浓度3 mg/L,舒芬太尼和瑞芬太尼血浆靶浓度分别为0.6、6μg/L,2组分别TCI异丙酚及舒芬太尼或瑞芬太尼。麻醉维持舒芬太尼或瑞芬太尼血浆靶浓度不变,停止TCI异丙酚,持续吸入七氟醚,维持呼气末七氟醚浓度0.7～1.5MAC,术后行自控静脉镇痛（PCIA）。监测患者围术期收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、平均动脉压（MAP）及心率（HR）变化,观察麻醉苏醒情况,记录术后Ramsay镇静评分及视觉模拟镇痛评分（VAS）,随访术后麻醉相关并发症发生情况。结果与RF组比较,SF组围术期血流动力学更加平稳,手术结束至呼吸恢复、呼之睁眼、气管拔管和定向力恢复时间均较长（P〈0.05）。SF组拔管后出现暂时性呼吸抑制2例;RF组诱导时给与麻黄碱6 mg 4例,麻醉苏醒期出现烦躁3例。2组术后镇痛期间均未发生恶心、呕吐、皮肤瘙痒及呼吸抑制,但RF组追加曲马多例数多于SF组。结论舒芬太尼TCI时需要提前较长时间停药,而瑞芬太尼TCI可控性优于舒芬太尼,适用于麻醉维持。但舒芬太尼镇痛作用强,术后患者自控镇痛优于瑞芬太尼。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.