Dosage effects of diabetes self-management education for Mexican Americans: the Starr County Border Health Initiative

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare two diabetes self-management interventions designed for Mexican Americans: "extended" (24 h of education, 28 h of support groups) and "compressed" (16 h of education, 6 h of support groups). Both interventions were culturally competent regarding language, diet, social emphasis, family participation, and incorporating cultural beliefs. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We recruited 216 persons between 35 and 70 years of age diagnosed with type 2 diabetes >/=1 year. Intervention groups of eight participants and eight support persons were randomly assigned to the compressed or extended conditions. The interventions differed in total number of contact hours over the year-long intervention period, with the major difference being the number of support group sessions held. The same information provided in the educational sessions of the extended intervention was compressed into fewer sessions, thus providing more information during each group meeting. RESULTS: The interventions were not statistically different in reducing HbA(1c); however, both were effective. A "dosage effect" of attendance was detected with the largest HbA(1c) reductions achieved by those who attended more of the extended intervention. For individuals who attended >/=50% of the intervention, baseline to 12-month HbA(1c) change was -0.6 percentage points for the compressed group and -1.7 percentage points for the extended group. CONCLUSIONS: Both culturally competent diabetes self-management education interventions were effective in promoting improved metabolic control and diabetes knowledge. A dosage effect was evident; attending more sessions resulted in greater improvements in metabolic control.     

A feasibility study of a culturally tailored diabetes intervention for Mexican Americans

Latinos, the fastest growing minority group in the United States, are among the hardest hit by diabetes. Among Latinos, Mexican Americans have the highest rate (23.9%) of diabetes. Good self-management can improve glycemic control and decrease diabetes complications but can be challenging to achieve. The purpose of this study was to test the feasibility and examine the effects of a culturally tailored intervention for Mexican Americans with type 2 diabetes on outcomes of self-management. The study used a pretest/posttest control group design with 10 participants in each group (N = 17). Feasibility and acceptability of the tailored diabetes self-management program was assessed by examining ease of recruitment and retention rates. The behavioral outcomes of self-efficacy, diabetes knowledge and self-care measures, and the biologic outcomes of weight, body mass index, HbA1C, and blood glucose were used to examine intervention effectiveness. Successful recruitment of participants came from personal referrals from providers or the promotora. Retention rates were 100% for the intervention group and 80% for the control group. Findings suggest that the intervention had a positive clinical and statistical effect on diabetes knowledge, weight, and body mass index. Improvements were also noted in self-efficacy scores, blood glucose, and HbA1C, but these changes did not reach statistical significance. A culturally tailored diabetes self-management program may result in improved outcomes for Mexican Americans with type 2 diabetes.     

社区老年2型糖尿病患者基于OTO模式健康管理的效果观察

目的 探讨基于OTO模式健康管理在社区老年2型糖尿病患者中的应用效果。方法 便利选取从沈阳市某医院转介至本市5家社区的老年2型糖尿病患者196例,给予基于OTO模式的健康管理,在干预前和干预1年末测评患者空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、糖化血红蛋白、自我管理行为能力和生存质量结局指标。结果 干预1年末,患者空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖和糖化血红蛋白较干预前有明显下降（P<0.01）。自我管理行为量表总分及各维度得分均高于干预前（P<0.01）。生存质量总分及各维度得分均低于干预前,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.01）。结论 基于OTO模式健康管理能有效控制血糖水平,提高糖尿病患者自我管理行为能力,改善生存质量。     

Culturally tailored education to promote lifestyle change in Mexican Americans with type 2 diabetes

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to report the results of a culturally tailored diabetes intervention for Mexican Americans on physical activity and to report the results of a focus group with intervention participants.
Data sources: Seventeen Mexican American subjects with type 2 diabetes participated in the study. The study used a pretest/posttest control group design with 10 subjects in each group ( N = 20). Outcome measures included the number of steps walked weekly, weight, and body mass index (BMI). Pedometers were used to measure the daily number of steps in the intervention group. A focus group provided data on participant satisfaction.
Conclusions: Results suggest a positive effect of the intervention on physical activity level, weight, and sense of control over diabetes self-management. Intervention participants had a statistically significant increase in the number of steps walked per day and a statistically significant mean weight loss of five pounds. Focus group results indicate that participants were satisfied with the culturally tailored intervention and that they and their families benefited from the intervention.
Implications for practice: A culturally tailored diabetes self-management program may result in improved outcomes for Mexican Americans with type 2 diabetes.     

Kolb体验式教育在2型糖尿病患者延续护理中的应用*

目的: 探讨Kolb体验式教育对2型糖尿病患者血糖控制效果、自我管理能力、患者积极度的影响。方法: 选择2018年10月至2019年8月天津市某三级甲等医院住院的2型糖尿病患者160例,2018年10月至2019年3月住院的78例患者纳入对照组,2019年4月至8月住院的82例患者纳入观察组。对照组采取常规护理,观察组采取Kolb体验式教育。比较两组干预前、出院后1个月、3个月、6个月患者的空腹血糖、早餐后2 h血糖、糖化血红蛋白、血糖监测频率、自我管理能力、患者积极度水平。结果: 出院3个月、6个月后,观察组空腹血糖、早餐后2 h血糖、糖化血红蛋白、血糖监测频率均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;出院1个月、3个月、6个月后,观察组患者自我管理能力总分及各维度得分、患者积极度总分及各维度得分均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论: Kolb体验式教育有助于稳定糖尿病患者血糖,增强自我管理能力,提高治疗积极度。     

病友支持团队管理在2型糖尿病患者居家自我管理中的应用

目的：探讨病友支持团队管理在2型糖尿病患者居家自我管理中的应用效果。方法：将100例居家2型糖尿病患者随机分为对照组与实验组,每组各50例,两组均进行常规的糖尿病知识教育和饮食运动指导,实验组在此基础上加入病友团队支持教育。观察并比较两组患者干预前及干预后6个月的自我管理活动、自我效能、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、体质量指数（BMI）、空腹状态下腰围、血脂、空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖的变化。结果：干预后实验组患者的自我管理活动、自我效能、HbA1c、BMI、空腹状态下腰围、血脂、空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖指标优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＆lt;0.05）。结论：病友团队支持教育能有效提高居家2型糖尿病患者自我管理行为,增强自我效能感,改善相关代谢指标。     

行动体验式心理健康教育对老年糖尿病合并心力衰竭患者心理应激的影响

目的：探讨行动体验式心理健康教育对老年糖尿病合并心力衰竭患者的效果及对心理应激的影响。方法：选取152例老年糖尿病合并心力衰竭患者,按随机数字表分为观察组与对照组,各76例。对照组采取常规健康教育,观察组采取行动体验式心理健康教育,干预时间2个月。比较2组干预前后的血清空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2 h血糖（PG2h）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、去甲肾上腺素（NE）、肾上腺素（E）、皮质醇（Cr）及自我管理效能。结果：两组干预2个月后,2组的FPG、PG2h与HbA1c均较干预前降低（P<0.05）。观察组干预后的FPG、PG2h与HbA1c低于对照组（P<0.05）。2组干预2个月后的KAB疾病知识与行为评分均较干预前升高、KAB态度评分较干预前降低（P<0.05）。观察组干预后的KAB疾病知识与行为评分高于对照组,态度评分低于对照组（P<0.05）。干预2个月后,2组的血清NE、E、Cr均较干预前降低,且观察组低于对照组（P< 0.05）。结论：与常规健康教育相比,行动体验式心理健康教育可有效强化老年糖尿病合并心力衰竭患者的血糖控制效果,提高患者自我管理能力,减轻心理应激。     

八段锦对2型糖尿病患者血糖控制效果的影响

目的探讨八段锦对2型糖尿病患者血糖控制效果的影响。方法选取2型糖尿病患者60例进行八段锦运动6个月,每周日观察5点血糖谱变化,并监测患者运动前、运动1、3、6个月后糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)。结果与运动前相比,运动1、3、6个月后本组患者HbA1c分别下降了4.0%、8.0%、11.2%;早餐后和午餐后血糖在运动后第2周开始下降(P<0.01),空腹和晚餐后血糖在运动后第4周开始下降(P<0.05),睡前血糖则在运动后的第6周开始下降(P<0.05);同时血糖标准差和空腹血糖变异系数也有显著下降(P<0.01)。结论八段锦能平稳降低2型糖尿病患者日内各点血糖和HbA1c值,为2型糖尿病患者提供了一种安全、平稳控制血糖的运动方法。     

Culturally tailored diabetes education program for Chinese Americans: a pilot study

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes among Chinese Americans is rising, and cultural and socioeconomic factors prevent this population from achieving optimal diabetes management. OBJECTIVES: To assess the feasibility and acceptability of a culturally appropriate diabetes management program tailored to Chinese Americans with type 2 diabetes and the preliminary outcomes of the intervention. METHOD: Forty eligible subjects were recruited from the community to participate in this 10-session program developed by integrating Chinese cultural values into an established Western diabetes management program. Feasibility and acceptability of the program were evaluated by the percentage of participants meeting the course objectives and satisfaction with the program. Outcomes measures included the Diabetes Quality-of-Life (DQOL) survey, body weight, blood pressure, and HbA1c levels measured before, after, and 3 months after the intervention. RESULTS: Thirty-three participants completed all 10 sessions and the outcome measurements. Attrition rate was 17.5%. The majority of the participants understood the course content (75%) and identified and demonstrated various diabetes management skills (70% and 82.5%, respectively). All participants who completed the program were "very satisfied" with the program. With regard to the outcome variables, 43.6% of the participants lost more than 5 pounds and most had a reduction in blood pressure at 3 months after completion of the program. Mean HbA1c decreased from 7.11 to 6.12 postintervention. Significant improvements on the DQOL also were reported. DISCUSSION: Culturally tailored diabetes management may be effective in Chinese Americans with type 2 diabetes. Further study, with a larger sample size and a control group, is recommended.     

Effect of Culturally Tailored Diabetes Education in Ethnic Minorities With Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-analysis

BACKGROUND:: Diabetes is a major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Ethnic minorities experience a disproportionate burden of diabetes; however, few studies have critically analyzed the effectiveness of a culturally tailored diabetes intervention for these minorities. OBJECTIVE:: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a culturally tailored diabetes educational intervention (CTDEI) on glycemic control in ethnic minorities with type 2 diabetes. METHOD:: We searched databases within PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), PsycINFO, and ProQuest for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We performed a meta-analysis for the effect of diabetes educational intervention on glycemic control using glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) value in ethnic minority groups with type 2 diabetes. We calculated the effect size (ES) with HbA1c change from baseline to follow-up between control and treatment groups. RESULTS:: The 12 studies yielded 1495 participants with a mean age of 63.6 years and a mean of 68% female participants. Most studies (84%) used either group education sessions or a combination of group sessions and individual patient counseling. The duration of interventions ranged from 1 session to 12 months. The pooled ES of glycemic control in RCTs with CTDEI was -0.29 (95% confidence interval, -0.46 to -0.13) at last follow-up, indicating that ethnic minorities benefit more from CTDEI when compared with the usual care. The effect of intervention was greatest and significant when HbA1c level was measured at 6 months (ES, -0.41; 95% confidence interval, -0.61 to -0.21). The ES also differed by each participant's baseline HbA1c level, with lower baseline levels associated with higher ESs. CONCLUSIONS:: Based on this meta-analysis, CTDEI is effective for improving glycemic control among ethnic minorities. The magnitude of effect varies based on the settings of intervention, baseline HbA1c level, and time of HbA1c measurement. More rigorous RCTs that examine tailored diabetes education, ethnically matched educators, and more diverse ethnic minority groups are needed to reduce health disparities in diabetes care.     

Efficacy and safety profile of glimepiride in Mexican American Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized,placebo-controlled study

BACKGROUND: Mexican Americans, the fastest growing ethnic group in the United States, have a 2- to 3-fold higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus relative to the non-Hispanic white population. It is estimated that 10% of Mexican Americans >or=20 years of age have diabetes. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of glimepiride, a long-acting sulfonylurea, as an adjunct to diet/exercise in Mexican Americans with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: This was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Mexican Americans with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes, defined as a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level between 120 mg/dL and 225 mg/dL and glycated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)) values between 8.0% and 10.5%, after >or=3 months of diet/exercise were enrolled. Patients were randomized in a 2:1 ratio (using the lowest available treatment assignment number when eligibility was established) to receive 14 weeks of glimepiride or matching placebo once daily with continued diet/exercise. The starting glimepiride dose was 1 mg, with titration to 2 mg and 4 mg for FPG levels >120 mg/dL. The primary efficacy variable was change in HbA(1c) from baseline to study end point. Secondary efficacy variables were HbA(1c) response (rated as excellent, good, or marginal) and changes in FPG, fasting insulin, fibrinogen, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels from baseline to study end point. The tolerability of glimepiride in this study population was determined by evaluating adverse events, hypoglycemic episodes, and physical examination as well as laboratory findings. All analyses were performed on an intent-to-treat basis. A per-protocol analysis also was conducted to support the primary efficacy analysis. RESULTS: Seventy patients were randomized to treatment with glimepiride (n = 48) or placebo ((n = 22). The glimepiride and placebo groups were similar with respect to mean (SE) age (48.4 [11.7] and 50.7 [10.0] years, respectively) and sex (56.3% [27/48] and 50.0% [11/22] were male, respectively). However, the glimepiride group had a higher mean body weight (83.3 [17.0] vs 76.3 [18.5] kg) and a significantly higher mean fasting insulin level (23.8 [17.7] vs 17.8 [19.7] microU/mL; P = 0.031). The mean (SE) HbA(1c) values at study end point were 7.8% (0.2%) and 9.9% (0.7%) in patients receiving glimepiride and placebo, respectively. The adjusted mean difference in HbA(1c) reduction from baseline to end point was statistically significant in favor of glimepiride (-1.8% [0.4%]; P < 0.001). More pronounced HbA(1c) impairment at baseline was associated with greater glimepiride-placebo differences in HbA(1c) reduction. Glimepiride-treated patients also achieved a significantly greater improvement in FPG, with an adjusted mean (SE) treatment difference of -46.7 (16.7) mg/dL (P = 0.007). Glimepiride did not appear to affect fibrinogen and PAI-1 levels but was associated with significantly greater mean increases in fasting insulin (10.2 vs -2.1 microU/mL; P = 0.002) and body weight (2.3 vs 2.1 kg; P < 0.001) compared with placebo. Glimepiride was well tolerated, with an adverse-event profile similar to that of placebo. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that once-daily glimepiride plus diet/exercise was effective in Mexican Americans with type 2 diabetes whose disease was inadequately controlled with diet/exercise alone. It appeared to be well tolerated in the population studied. More weight gain was seen with glimepiride compared with placebo. Given the high prevalence of type 2 diabetes among Mexican Americans, further clinical studies of glimepiride and other glucose-lowering therapies are needed in this ethnic subset.     

老年2型糖尿病患者2年健康教育的效果分析

目的 探讨2年的教育干预对老年2型糖尿病患者自护行为和代谢指标的影响.方法 将96例老年2型糖尿痛患者采用随机数字表法分为试验组和对照组各48例,进行为期2年的教育.两组均接受门诊及电话随访,结合患者的行为习惯,与其共同设立行为改变目标,定期评估目标达成情况；试验组每个季度召集患者进行集体活动,予以内容和形式多样的健康教育与行为干预.每年评价两组患者糖化血红蛋白、空腹和餐后2h血糖、三酰甘油、总胆固醇、体质指数及自护行为的改变情况.结果 干预2年时间后,试验组各项指标均好于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 持续的健康教育与行为干预能促使老年2型糖尿痛患者建立并维持良好的行为习惯,改善代谢指标.     

2型糖尿病患者自我管理行为及其对血糖控制效果的影响

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者自我管理行为及其对血糖控制效果的相关性。方法选取2型糖尿病患者108例。干预前、干预后6个月检测空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PBG)及糖化血红蛋白(HbA_1c),分析自我管理行为与血糖控制水平的相关性。结果 2型糖尿病患者自我管理行为总分为(87.29±17.53)分,得分指标66.27%,处于中等水平;干预后6个月,FPG、2 hPBG、HbA_1c水平均优于干预前,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);相关性分析显示自我管理行为各维度得分及总分与血糖水平呈显著负相关(P0.01)。结论提高2型糖尿病患者自我管理能力,可改善其对血糖的控制能力。     

个案强化管理对门诊新诊断2型糖尿病青年患者自我管理能力及血糖代谢的影响

目的 研究个案强化管理对门诊新诊断2型糖尿病青年患者自我管理能力及血糖代谢的干预效果。 方法 将110例新诊断的2型糖尿病青年患者按就诊日期的单、双号分为对照组(53例)和观察组(57例)。对照组采用常规糖尿病教育,观察组采用个案强化管理流程进行干预。比较2组患者自我护理行为得分、自行停药率和血糖指数的差异。 结果 观察组糖尿病自护行为得分在干预1个月及3个月后均高于对照组(t=11.274,P<0.001; t=15.741,P<0.001);观察组干预期间自行停药率低于对照组(χ²=7.351,P=0.007);观察组干预3个月后糖化血红蛋白、空腹血糖和餐后2 h血糖均低于对照组(t=2.198,P=0.012;t=1.762,P=0.038; t=2.163,P=0.003)。 结论 个案强化管理能有效提高新诊断2型糖尿病青年患者的糖尿病自我管理能力,降低自行停药率,提高血糖达标率。     

Racial and ethnic differences in glycemic control of adults with type 2 diabetes

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate glycemic control in a representative sample of U.S. adults with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey included national samples of non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, and Mexican Americans aged > or = 20 years. Information on medical history and treatment of diabetes was obtained to determine those who had been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes by a physician before the survey (n = 1,480). Fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c were measured, and the frequencies of sociodemographic and clinical variables related to glycemic control were determined. RESULTS: A higher proportion of non-Hispanic blacks were treated with insulin and a higher proportion of Mexican Americans were treated with oral agents compared with non-Hispanic whites, but the majority of adults in each racial or ethnic group (71-83%) used pharmacologic treatment for diabetes. Use of multiple daily insulin injections was more common in whites. Blood glucose self-monitoring was less common in Mexican Americans, but most patients had never self-monitored. HbA1c values in the nondiabetic range were found in 26% of non-Hispanic whites, 17% of non-Hispanic blacks, and 20% of Mexican Americans. Poor glycemic control (HbA1c > 8%) was more common in non-Hispanic black women (50%) and Mexican-American men (45%) compared with the other groups (35-38%), but HbA1c for both sexes and for all racial and ethnic groups was substantially higher than normal levels. Those with HbA1c > 8% included 52% of insulin-treated patients and 42% of those taking oral agents. There was no relationship of glycemic control to socioeconomic status or access to medical care in any racial or ethnic group. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that many patients with type 2 diabetes in the U.S. have poor glycemic control, placing them at high risk of diabetic complications. Non-Hispanic black women, Mexican-American men, and patients treated with insulin and oral agents were disproportionately represented among those in poor glycemic control. Clinical, public health, and research efforts should focus on more effective methods to control blood glucose in patients with diabetes.     

Strong in body and spirit: lifestyle intervention for Native American adults with diabetes in New Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of a culturally appropriate diabetes lifestyle intervention for Native Americans on risk factors for complications of diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A nonrandomized, community-based diabetes intervention trial was conducted in three Native American sites in New Mexico from 1993-1997. Participants were assigned to intervention or control based on community of residence. Intervention sessions were held approximately 6 weeks apart over approximately 10 months. The intervention was delivered in site A in family and friends (FF) groups (n = 32); site B received the same intervention in one-on-one (OO) appointments (n = 39); and site C received usual medical care (UC) (n = 33) (total participants, n = 104). Primary change in HbA(1c) level was assessed at 1 year. RESULTS: Adjusted mean change in HbA(1c) value varied significantly across the three arms at 1 year (P = 0.05). The UC arm showed a statistically significant increase in adjusted mean HbA(1c) change (1.2%, P = 0.001), whereas both intervention arms showed a small nonsignificant (P > 0.05) increase in the adjusted mean change (0.5% and 0.2% for FF and OO arms, respectively). The increase was statistically significantly smaller in the combined intervention arms (0.4%) compared with the UC arm (1.2%, P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Lifestyle intervention has the potential to substantially reduce microvascular complications, mortality, and health care utilization and costs if the change is sustained over time.     

“多媒体”同质化管理模式对肾小球肾炎合并糖尿病患者的效果影响

目的 分析“多媒体”同质化管理模式应用于肾小球肾炎合并糖尿病患者的效果。方法 选取2020年5月至2021年12月东莞市厚街医院收治的肾小球肾炎合并糖尿病患者93例为研究对象,其中2020年5月至2021年2月的46例作为对照组,实施常规护理管理模式;2021年3月至2021年12月的47例作为观察组,在对照组基础上实施“多媒体”同质化管理模式。比较两组干预前及干预3个月后空腹血糖(FPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、血肌酐、24 h尿蛋白检测结果,并比较两组自我管理行为、健康素养、生存质量、护理质量。结果 干预前两组患者FPG、HbA1c、血肌酐、24 h尿蛋白水平差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);干预后两组这4个指标均低于同组干预前水平,且观察组低于对照组(均P<0.05)。两组干预3个月后,患者自我管理行为优良率、健康素养达标率、生存质量优良率均高于干预前同组,且观察组高于对照组(均P<0.05);观察组护理质量优良率87.24%(41/47)高于对照组69.57%(32/46)(P<0.05)。结论 “多媒体”同质化管理模式应用于肾小球肾炎合并糖尿...     

Adherence to diabetes control recommendations: impact of nurse telephone calls

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasing in incidence and research has shown that normalization of blood glucose levels can moderate the risk of microvascular and neurological complications. AIM: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of nurse telephone calls on glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and adherence to diabetes control recommendations. METHODS: A randomized design with control and experimental groups being assessed pre- and post intervention was used to assess the effectiveness of nurse telephone calls. Twenty patients were randomly assigned to an intervention group and 16 to a control group. The goal of the intervention was to keep blood glucose concentrations close to the normal range (HbA1c < 7%). The intervention was applied to the intervention group for 12 weeks, and consisted of continued education and reinforcement of diet, exercise, medication adjustment recommendations, as well as frequent self-monitoring of blood glucose levels. Telephone intervention was performed twice per week for the first month and then weekly for the second and third month. Participants were requested to write self-management logs including blood glucose levels, diet and an exercise diary. A dietitian analysed the diet diaries and participants were informed about their results by telephone or mail. All medication adjustments were communicated to participants' doctors. The HbA1c and diabetes adherence were measured before and after the intervention. RESULTS: Patients in the intervention group had a mean decrease of 1.2% in HbA1c levels and those in the control group had a mean increase of 0.6% in HbA1c levels. The intervention group had greater diet and blood glucose testing adherence than the control group. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that a nurse telephone intervention can improve HbA1c, and diet and blood glucose testing adherence.     

Failure to maintain the benefits of home-based intervention in adolescents with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a 6-month home-based intervention program in adolescents with poorly controlled diabetes improves metabolic control and whether benefits are maintained after the intervention. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Adolescents with a mean HbA1c of > 9.0% over the preceding 12 months received either routine care in a diabetes clinic and an ambulatory intervention for 6 months (n = 37) or routine care only (n = 32). A diabetes educator provided monthly home visits and weekly phone contact to educate and support the adolescents in setting goals for insulin adjustment, blood glucose monitoring, and target blood glucose range. There was no systematic change in the frequency of insulin injections. After the intervention, there was a 12-month follow-up when the intervention and control groups both received only routine care. Outcome measures were HbA1c and Diabetes Knowledge Assessment (DKN). RESULTS: During the intervention, mean HbA1c fell (baseline: 11.1 +/- 1.3%, 6 months: 9.7 +/- 1.6%; P = 0.0001) and mean knowledge scores increased (P = 0.0001) in the intervention group but not in control subjects. However, this improvement in HbA1c and increase in knowledge was not maintained in the intervention group at 12- and 18-month follow-up assessments. Parents' knowledge scores also improved significantly from baseline levels in the intervention group at 6 and 12 months (P = 0.001, P = 0.005, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: An ambulatory program improves metabolic control and knowledge in adolescents with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes; however, it is effective only while the intervention is maintained.     

The moderating effect of social cognitive factors on self-management activities and HbA1c in Thai adults with type-2 diabetes

BackgroundDiabetes mellitus (DM) has become a serious chronic disease. Self-management strategies help persons with DM make choices which will develop skills needed to reach their goal of blood glucose control and allow them to be successful in reaching goals.ObjectiveTo examine the impact of self-management activities on HbA1c for persons with DM and to examine the impact of social support, self-efficacy and Buddhist values as moderators on the relationship between the self-management activities and HbA1c.MethodThis study is a cross-sectional design. The sample included 401 Thai adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, aged 20–65 years old who had at least one HbA1c test in the last three months were recruited. Participants completed four questionnaires to measure self-management activities, as well as self-efficacy, Buddhist values and social support as moderating factors on self-management activities and HbA1c.ResultsThe self-management activities were negatively associated (β = −2.05, p ≤ 0.001) with HbA1c. The Social support, self-efficacy and Buddhist values had a significant interaction effect between selfmanagement activities and HbA1c (β = −0.97, p ≤ 0.05, β = −0.18, p ≤ 0.05 and β = −2.76, p ≤ 0.001).ConclusionThe diabetes self-management activities were more strongly associated with HbA1c under conditions of high social support, self-efficacy and health beliefs with Buddhist values. Future interventions for T2DM self-management programs should incorporate mechanisms to measure and support these factors.