周围神经Walleryo变性时的信息传递方式

为了检测Waller变性时损伤部远侧段的溃变过程是同时发生还是自切断处逐渐向远侧离心式传递,本实验断大鼠坐骨神经,将整个远侧段分为连续的A,B,C三段,A段为最靠近切断处的部位,用c-fos免疫组化方法和EA50组化方法,比较了三段之间的形态变化和阳性细胞数,结果显示,神经切断后2d,A,B,C三段间c-fos阳性细胞数量有显著差异,至第5天,这种判别消失,各段间阳性细胞数量表达无显著差异,实验结果说明,周围神经切断后,信息传递是由近至远地发生,也说明Waller变性是由近至远地发生,至于神经切断后,引起c-fos表达的机制还有待进一步研究。     

硬膜外应用虎纹镇痛肽-Ⅰ对自体神经移植大鼠脊髓背角c-fos表达的影响

目的通过观察硬膜外给予虎纹镇痛肽-Ⅰ对大鼠自体神经移植模型机械痛阈与脊髓背角c-fos表达的影响,探讨虎纹镇痛肽-Ⅰ对再生神经神经性疼痛的影响。方法雄性Wistar大鼠60只随机分成A、B、C组,A组为自体神经移植模型组;B组为自体神经移植模型加虎纹镇痛肽-Ⅰ治疗组;C组为假手术组。分别制成模型后,术后27 d起检测机械刺激阈值及c-fos表达计数。结果 A、B组各项指标与C组比较有显著差异;A组与B组比较c-fos表达阳性细胞计数及机械痛阈均有显著差异。结论虎纹镇痛肽-Ⅰ能有效减轻再生神经的神经性疼痛程度,促进神经的完善修复。     

大鼠坐骨神经切断后Src抑制的蛋白激酶C的底物的表达变化

目的 探讨大鼠坐骨神经切断后,Src抑制的蛋白激酶C的底物(SSeCKS)在神经中的表达变化及其意义.方法 制备成年SD大鼠坐骨神经切断模型.通过Western blotting和免疫组织化学方法检测坐骨神经切断后SSeCKS表达的时空变化.结果 Western blotting显示,大鼠坐骨神经切断后,近端SSeCKS的表达逐步升高,伤后2d达到高峰,之后逐渐下降.远端SSeCKS表达于12h达到高峰,之后呈下降趋势.免疫组织化学方法结果表明,SSeCKS在神经断端处高表达,成簇状聚集;在远离断端处表达明显降低,分布亦较为均一.免疫荧光双标记结果显示,SSeCKS与S100、NF200及GAP43有部分共定位.结论 大鼠坐骨神经切断后,可以引起SSeCKS的表达变化,其可能参与周围神经损伤后某些伤害性刺激信号分子的转导,并与损伤后神经的再生及功能修复有关.     

大鼠脊髓全横断后TrkA和TrkB在前角运动神经元的表达

为了探讨脊髓全横断损伤后神经营养因子受体表达的变化 ,本研究取大鼠 C6 和 L5节段脊髓进行 Trk A和 Trk B的免疫组织化学反应。用 HPIAS-10 0 0高清晰度彩色图像细胞测量系统检测免疫阳性神经元的数量和平均灰度。结果显示 ,大鼠脊髓全横断后 ,两种受体 Trk A和 Trk B在运动神经元的表达均出现短暂上调 ,其中 Trk A在颈段的表达高峰出现在损伤后 14 d而腰段为损伤后 7d;与此不同 ,Trk B在颈段和腰段两个部位的表达高峰均出现在 3d。在高峰之后 ,两种受体的表达均下降 ,至术后2 8d已接近或低于正常水平。提示 ,大鼠脊髓全横断损伤后 ,神经营养因子特异性受体 Trk A和 Trk B的表达有一定的时空规律 ,即损伤后 Trk B的表达由短暂上调到表达下降 ,随之出现 Trk A的表达高峰 ,意味着 Trk B的表达下降可能促进 Trk A的表达     

在成年猴损伤脊髓的近端脊髓前角与远侧腰神经前支间移植自体周围神经获得相应肌肉组织神经支配

在成年猴的下胸段脊髓损伤后 ,移植自体神经桥接在损伤脊髓近端和远侧腰神经前支间 ,旨在促进和引导轴突再生、重建下肢运动功能。用 9只成年猴 ,将其 T9- L 3左侧半椎板切除 ,在 T12平面横行切断左半脊髓。再切断同侧所有的腰神经前支。然后将 9只猴分成 2组 ,5只为实验组 ,取其右侧 (健侧 )的一段外周神经备用 ,用电生理测定选择已切断的支配左侧股四头肌的 L 3、 L 4神经 ,将准备好的神经段与其吻合 ,吻合处外部套一 1.5 cm直径的胶原纤维套管予以保护 ,另一端植入左侧 T10脊髓段前外侧脊髓内。切一小口 ,埋入约 2 m m深。余下的 4只…     

面神经和位听神经在脑桥小脑角及内耳道的显微外科解剖

用手术显微镜观察了成年头颅标本33个(66侧)面神经的运动根、感觉根(中间神经)和位听神经。1.面神经和位听神经自脑干至内耳道底平均长20.52mm。2.面神经运动根丝1根55侧、2根8侧、3根3侧。运动根自发出点至与中间神经联合点平均长14.86mm。3.中间神经近侧段、中间段、远侧段平均长分别为4.95、9.36、6.45mm。中间神经中间段1根束30侧、2根束28侧、3根束6侧,4根束2侧。中间神经可分为A、B、C、D、E、F 6型。4.位听神经根据分出蜗神经和前庭神经顺序,可分为A、B、C、D 4型。本文联系中间神经切除术,讨论了中间神经的分型、经过、根数和交通支的临床应用意义。     

用于中枢神经系统Waller变性研究的新型大鼠视神经夹伤模型

本实验旨在建立可用于中枢神经系统Waller变性研究的大鼠视神经(ON)损伤模型。成年SD大鼠12只,用夹持力为148g、镊端宽1mm的小号动脉阻血镊于球后2mm处夹持左侧视神经,致伤时间10s。术后随机分为两组(每组6只):一组动物术后立即于双侧上丘表面放置逆行荧光染料荧光金(FG),72h后处死。取视网膜铺片,ON冰冻连续切片。另一组动物术后72h常规灌注固定,取ON冰冻连续切片,分别行β-tubulin及NF-160免疫组化染色和HE染色。结果显示:左侧ON夹伤后3d,同侧视网膜内未见FG逆行标记的视网膜神经节细胞,ON夹伤部位形成一条宽达1mm的损伤带,ON基质连续,FG标记的神经纤维被阻断于损伤远侧,损伤远侧的β-tublin阳性纤维多已崩溃,NF-160阳性纤维数量较多,部分纤维末梢形成膨大的回缩球。上述结果表明ON夹伤后神经元轴突完全离断,中枢神经基质的连续性得以保持,损伤远侧段轴突发生典型的Waller变性,从而为中枢神经Waller变性及其药物治疗研究的筛选和评估提供了简单实用的实验模型。     

前交叉韧带切断兔外侧半月板中白细胞介素1β的表达

背景:研究证明,膝关节前交叉韧带切断后,白细胞介素1β是关节软骨退变中一个重要的调控因子,然而白细胞介素1β在外侧半月板退变中有何作用,未见文献报道。目的:观察兔前交叉韧带切断后外侧半月板中白细胞介素1β阳性表达率的变化并探讨其意义。方法:6月龄雄性新西兰大白兔48只,将兔膝关节配对为实验侧和对照侧造模。实验侧行前交叉韧带切断手术,制作兔前交叉韧带断裂模型;对照侧显露前交叉韧带但不行切断。造模后第1,3,6,8周,分别麻醉下随机处死兔12只。进行大体观察和外侧半月板组织学退变评分,免疫组织化学检测白细胞介素1β阳性表达率。结果与结论:前交叉韧带切断后,随时间延长,实验侧外侧半月板组织学退变评分逐渐增高,实验侧各时间组织学退变评分显著高于对照组(P0.05)。各时间点实验侧白细胞介素1β阳性表达率均较对照组增高(P0.05);第3,6周实验侧白细胞介素1β表达阳性率高于第1,8周(P0.05),第8周高于第1周(P0.05)。结果表明,兔前交叉韧带切断后实验侧白细胞介素1β阳性表达率增高,提示白细胞介素1β参与了外侧半月板组织的退变。白细胞介素1β阳性表达率降低并不表示外侧半月板组织退变结束。     

背根切断对小鼠脊髓内S100A4表达的影响

目的:采用免疫组织化学技术探讨S100A4在正常以及背根切断小鼠脊髓内的表达情况。方法:成年小鼠行单侧L4、L5背根切断术(对侧为非手术侧),术后一周取L4-L5段脊髓制作14μm厚冰冻切片,用S100A4、GFAP、NG-2、Mac1抗体进行免疫荧光组化染色。观察S100A4、GFAP、NG-2、Mac1免疫阳性反应物在脊髓内的分布。结果:正常小鼠脊髓内S100A4免疫阳性反应主要分布在Lissauer束(后外侧束)。背根切断一周后,小鼠脊髓手术侧背索内星形胶质细胞表达S100A4明显增加,同时GFAP、NG-2、Mac1免疫反应也增强。结论:小鼠脊髓中S100A4的表达与其在大鼠脊髓中的相似;该蛋白在背根切断后,在白质星形胶质细胞内的表达增强。     

p27kip1和Skp2在损伤后大鼠坐骨神经中的表达变化

为了探讨损伤后周围神经p27kip1和S期激酶相关蛋白2(Skp2)的定位表达和变化,本实验将成年SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、夹伤组和切断组,运用Western blot结合免疫组织化学及免疫荧光双标,在大鼠坐骨神经损伤时,对p27kip1和Skp2表达的影响进行了研究。结果表明:(1)坐骨神经夹伤后,p27kip1蛋白表达先逐渐下降,后又逐渐上升;坐骨神经切断后,远侧段p27kip1蛋白表达持续下降,而近侧段p27kip1蛋白表达在切断后6h明显下降,后又逐渐升高至正常水平,而Skp2表达变化与之相反;(2)免疫组织化学染色结果显示,坐骨神经切断后1w,远侧段从断端到末端,p27kip1阳性信号逐渐增加,而Skp2阳性信号逐渐减弱;(3)免疫荧光双标显示,正常和损伤坐骨神经的雪旺氏细胞中都有p27kip1和Skp2表达。以上结果提示:周围神经损伤后影响雪旺氏细胞中p27kip1和Skp2的表达变化,为进一步研究它们在周围神经损伤和修复中的作用机制奠定基础。     

Numerical distribution of lymphoid nodules in the human sigmoid colon, rectosigmoidal junction, rectum, and anal canal

There is little information on the numerical distribution of lymphoid nodules (LN) in distal segments of the human large bowel. A novel approach was therefore developed to assess the number of LN in the sigmoid colon, the rectosigmoid segment, the rectum, and the anal canal in humans. The distal large bowel from five cadavers was selected for quantitative study. The number of LN was scored macroscopically from the proximal sigmoid colon to the distal anal canal. A numerical distribution, previously unreported, consisting of two circular bands of LN was observed in each of the five cadavers. One band was located 3 cm proximal from the pectinate line and the other was located at the rectosigmoid segment. Significantly more LN occurred 3-5 cm proximal to the pectinate line compared to areas distal or proximal to this band of LN. This band of LN has not been reported previously in humans.     

Morphological and morphometrical study of the kidney of the male tropical lizard Tropidurus torquatus

A morphological and morphometrical study of the adult male Tropidurus torquatus kidney was undertaken. The nephron is composed of the following segments: renal corpuscle, neck segment, proximal convoluted tubule, intermediate segment, and distal tubule. The nephron is continued into the collecting duct and sexual segment. A large number of ciliated cells in the intermediate segment, the presence of 2 kinds of cells in the collecting ducts and a well developed permanently retained sexual segment were recorded as special features of this organ. The components of the renal parenchyma had the following relative volumes: proximal convoluted tubule = 56.4%, intermediate segment = 5.1%, distal tubule = 13.0%, collecting duct = 5.2%, and sexual segment = 11.6%.     

Microscopic anatomy of brachial plexus branches in Wistar rats

In the present study, we analyze the morphology and morphometry of the lateral proper digital nerve of the third finger, and of the proximal and distal segments of the ulnar, median, and radial nerves, in Wistar rats 4 or 7 weeks old. The fascicular area and diameter were generally significantly greater in the proximal compared to distal segments and tended to be larger in 7‐week‐old compared to 4‐week‐old rats (e.g., median nerve area of 0.13 mm² for the proximal and 0.07 mm² for distal segments in 4‐week‐old rats, and 0.17 and 0.10 mm², respectively, for the proximal and distal segments of 7‐week‐old rats). The number of fascicles was significantly greater while the number of myelinated fibers was significantly less in the distal segments (e.g., 1,359 and 509 myelinated fibers, respectively, in the proximal and distal segments of the radial nerve 4‐week‐old rats). There was no significant difference in these parameters between the two age groups. The diameter of the myelinated fibers and their respective axons increased from 4 to 7 weeks of age (e.g., myelinated fiber diameter of 4.10 μm in 4‐week‐old animals and 4.7 μm in the ulnar nerve proximal segment of 7‐week‐old rats). The g‐ratio regression line (axon diameter vs. fiber diameter quotient) was outlined for all the nerves studied here. Differences in myelinated fiber density were detected between the segments of the radial nerve, accompanying the number of myelinated fibers. Detailed knowledge of the microscopic anatomy of rat forelimb nerves provides control data for comparison with studies of experimentally induced neuropathies, which can shed more light on human neuropathies. Anat Rec, 290:477–485, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Visualizing selective neural pathways with WGA transgene: combination of neuroanatomy with gene technology

Axonal transport of puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase (PSA), a putative neuropeptide degrading-enzyme which removes amino acid residues from the amino-terminal of neuropeptides, was examined in the proximal, middle, and distal segments of rat sciatic nerves using a double-ligation technique. The soluble fraction of each segment was partially purified by MonoQ column chromatography, and showed two peaks of aminopeptidase activity. One of the aminopeptidases was PSA. At 48 h after the ligations, a significant amount of the axonal transport of PSA activity was found in the proximal segment. Western blot analysis of the segments also showed that immunoreactive PSA in the proximal segment was 2.1-fold higher than that in the middle segment. Furthermore, the immunohistochemical analysis of the segments showed an increase of the immunoreactive PSA in the proximal segment in comparison with the enzyme in the distal segment, indicating that PSA is mainly transported by anterograde axonal flow. These results suggest that PSA plays a role in the metabolism of neuropeptides in nerve terminals or synaptic clefts.     

Quantitative analysis of aortic atherosclerosis in Korean female: a necropsy study

To assess the regional difference and influence of the biological variables on atherosclerosis in female, we analyzed 7 segments of aorta (2 ascending, 3 thoracic, and 2 abdominal) from 90 superficially healthy Korean women (39+/-14 yr of age) who died from external causes. Tissue specimens were macroscopically examined and histopathologically divided into 7 grades for scoring (ATHERO, from 0=intact, to 6=thrombi formation). Lumen diameter (LD), wall thickness (WT), intima thickness (INT), and media thickness (MED) were obtained by computed morphometry. Atherosclerosis was common in the distal infrarenal (C2), proximal thoracic (B1), and proximal ascending (A1) segments. Total 95.6% of all subjects had atherosclerosis of variable degree in one or more segments, but an aneurysmal change was not found. The number of atherosclerotic segments and atherosclerosis score in the 7 segments increased with aging. However, the body size did not affect the aortic size and ATHERO. With aging, LD and INT of the A1, B1 and C2 increased (p<.00001); WT of the B1 and C2 increased (p<.01); and MED of C2 decreased (p<.01). LD and WT of the B1 and C2 (p<.05), INT of the A1, B1 and C2 (p<.00001) increased, and MED of C2 decreased (p<.01) with ATHERO. These data suggest that age is simple but a reliable parameter for estimating the progression of atherosclerosis.     

Finding an ideal site for intraosseous infusion of the tibia: an anatomical study

Intraosseous infusion is a technique used for the administration of fluids to a hemodynamically shocked child in whom attempts to access the vascular system have been unsuccessful. Although few complications are seen, injury to the epiphyseal growth plate during the performance of this technique remains a serious problem. This study investigates the relationship between the site of insertion of the intraosseous needle and the epiphyseal growth plate, and the ease of needle insertion into various locations of the tibia in newborn infants. Fourteen newborn infant cadavers (28 tibias in total) were dissected after placement of four needles: 1). through the tibial tuberosity (Site A); 2). 10 mm distal to the tibial tuberosity (Site B); 3). 20 mm distal to the tibial tuberosity (Site C) and; 4). 10 mm proximal to the tibial tuberosity (Site D). Distances from the distal end of the epiphyseal growth plate were measured. A high number of needle placements at Site A were inserted into the epiphyseal growth plate. Most placements at Site B were between 10 and 16 mm from the epiphyseal growth plate on the right side and between 10 and 15 mm on the left side, and all were inserted without difficulty. Although far from the epiphyseal growth plate, most placements at Site C were very difficult to insert because of the thick cortical bone. All placements at Site D entered the epiphysis or the epiphysis and joint space of the knee. An insertion site of at least 10 mm distal to the tibial tuberosity is therefore recommended to avoid epiphyseal growth plate injury and ensure ease of insertion.     

不同段脐带静脉组织结构的定量分析及其临床意义

目的：对不同段脐带静脉的几何形态和显微结构成分的比较，为脐带静脉移植的临床应用提供形态学依据。方法：采用自然分娩正常胎儿脐带静脉20例，常规石蜡包埋、切片。用HE法、weigert法、苯胺蓝法及桔黄G法分别染组织结构、弹性纤维胶原纤维和平滑肌。用计算机图像分析系统测量脐带静脉的几何形态及显微结构成分的含量。结果：从近段到远段，脐带静脉中膜厚度及外径值逐渐减小。胶原纤维的相对含量近段比远段少，由近段到远段C／E值逐渐增大。结论：脐带静脉可作为小口径动脉移植的替代材料。但移植时，应注意选择不同段脐带静脉，使之与宿主血管匹配。     

The influence of regeneration and nerve growth factor on the neuronal cell body reaction to injury

Summary The consequence of neuronal regeneration on the affected cell body has not been well documented previously. The long-term effects of either successful peripheral nerve (sciatic) regeneration or exogenously administered nerve growth factor (NGF) on dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons were determined. The degree of neuronal death and changes in neuronal size were measured after various injuries and treatments. The regenerative influence of the transected, distal sciatic-nerve segment on the neuronal cell body was examined under various standardized conditions (e.g. crush, transection followed by immediate epineurial anastomosis or transection with capping of the proximal nerve stump). Neuronal death was greatest in smaller neurons with diameters between 16 and 28 m. The data showed no difference in the degree of neuronal death between the crush injury and the anastomosis (both able to regenerate). However, the capped, proximal nerve (regeneration prevented) had a significantly higher incidence of neuronal death and less complete recovery from the early neuronal atrophy, which was initially observed in all three groups. The long-term effect on neuronal survival of transient NGF administration (three weeks) at the site of injury demonstrated partial protection by a decrease (55%) in the neuronal loss nine weeks after injury compared to controls. Either the distal nerve segment during regeneration or exogenously applied NGF is capable of mitigating the long-term effects of axotomy in the DRG neuronal cell body.     

Postnatal differentiation and development of the rat epididymis: A stereological study

Postnatal development and differentiation of the rat epididymis was studied in the rat from 15 to 120 days of life using stereological techniques. Both the relative volume (volume density) and absolute volume of the epithelial, interstitial, and luminal compartments in the initial segment, caput, corpus, and cauda epididymides were determined. In all segments the volume density of the epithelial compartment increased between days 15 and 30 before falling to adult values at 45 days in the initial segment (0.476 ± 0.031), at 60 days in the caput (0.258 ± 0.028) and at 90 days in the corpus (0.245 ± 0.007) and cauda (0.140 ± 0.004). The relative volume of the interstitium decreased, whilst that of the lumen increased over the same period with adult values being achieved earlier in the proximal segments than in the distal segments. In contrast to volume fraction the absolute volume of all compartments in all segments increased from day 15 to day 90. Between 90 and 120 days the absolute volumes of compartments in the initial segment and caput showed little volume change. All compartments in the corpus and cauda showed significant increases in volume over the same period. A similar pattern of development was observed with respect to the surface area of both the luminal and basement membrane aspects of the epithelium; surface area per unit volume (surface density) in all segments reached adult values at approximately 60 days, whilst the increase in absolute area of the surfaces ceased at 90 days in the initial segment and caput and continued to 120 days in the corpus and cauda. The total length of the epididymal tubule showed the same pattern with no increase in length apparent in the initial segment and caput after 90 days. Length however continued to increase in the corpus and cauda between 90 and 120 days. Tubule and luminal diameter reached their definitive values in the initial segment on day 60 but continued to increase until day 90 in the distal segments. Epithelial height increased between 15 and 30 days in all segments; in the caput, epithelial height was greatest on day 30 before decreasing slightly; and in the corpus and cauda maximal epithelial height was observed on day 45 decreasing to stable values on day 60 and 90, respectively. All the data is consistent with a proximal to distal differentiation and development of the epididymis with growth continuing in all segments after the establishment of the definitive architecture. Growth of the distal segments continued after its cessation in the proximal segments. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Spatiotemporal quantification of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-10 after crush injury in rat sciatic nerve utilizing immunohistochemistry

The purpose of this study was to investigate quantitatively the longitudinal temporal, spatial changes of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) immunopositive cells during Wallerian degeneration and the following regeneration after crush injury in rat sciatic nerve using immunohistochemistry and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The number of TNF-immunopositive cells reached its peak and increased significantly in all the segments distal to the crush site 3 days after injury. On Day 7, TNF-immunopositive cells decreased in all the segments distal to the crush site, and a significant decrease was observed 14 days after injury. From Day 21 to Day 56, there were no significant differences in the numbers of TNF-immunopositive cells. The average size of TNF immunopossitive cells became significantly larger with degeneration. The number of IL-10-immunopositive cells decreases significantly 1 day after crush injury. IL-10-immunopositive cells increased on Day 3, returning to control levels. Seven days after injury, a significant increase in the number of IL-10-immunopositive cells was observed. There was also no significant difference in the number of IL-10-immunopositive cells beyond Day 14 except for a part of distal segments. The number of IL-10-immunopositive cells showed no significant differences in all the segments on Day 56. The protein levels of IL-10 measured by ELISA were similar to the result of immunohistochemistry. These results suggest that the significant change in IL-10 occurred prior to the significant change in TNF and that IL-10 may be the key to the change in TNF.