Internal maxillary distraction with a new bimalar device.

PURPOSE: Distraction osteogenesis of the Le Fort I segment is advocated for patients who require significant advancement of the maxilla or who have a soft tissue envelope compromised by scar tissue. We present a technique for maxillary distraction using an interconnecting intraoral device anchored to the malar prominences above the osteotomy and either the maxilla and/or the dentition below the level of the osteotomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten patients with nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate, mean age of 18, underwent Le Fort I maxillary distraction osteogenesis for management of maxillary hypoplasia. A Le Fort I osteotomy is performed and a Spectrum Intraoral Midface Multi-Vector Distractor (OsteoMed, Addison, TX) is placed leaving a 1 mm to 2 mm distraction gap. After a 2 to 4 day latency period, distraction begins at a rate of 1 mm a day. Once the desired occlusion is achieved the device is left in place for a minimum of 2 months for consolidation. RESULTS: Preoperative Sella-Nasion-A point measurements from lateral cephalograms averaged 74 degrees (range, 70-76 degrees). Postoperative Sella-Nasion-A point averaged 81 degrees (range, 75-89 degrees). Preoperative overjet averaged -7.4 mm (range, -3 to -13 mm). Postoperative overjet averaged 2.6 mm (range, 1-3 mm). Average distraction was 9 mm (range, 6-16 mm). The average vertical movement was 7.2 mm in an inferior direction (range, 0-15 mm). The results remained stable at a follow-up of 30 months. CONCLUSIONS: We report on distraction of the Le Fort I segment using an internal device. The device design allows the forces of distraction to be shared across a larger surface area delivering a uniform and reliable vector of distraction with increased stability.     

Minimizing pin complications when using the rigid external distraction (RED) system for midface distraction.

In this review we describe the advantages, complications, and preventive considerations encountered as a result of the use of a halo for distraction of a retrusive nasomaxillary complex. Distraction osteogenesis is a well accepted combined orthodontic-surgical technique used in the treatment of patients with hypoplastic craniofacial components. The rigid external distraction (RED) system is a useful external distraction device for the advancement of severe retrusive maxilla especially in cleft palate patients. However, the addition of this new technique to the surgeon's armamentarium is accompanied by new complications and risks. Review of the literature on complications of the use of halo revealed that most complications are pin related. Complications with the use of RED have mainly included the penetration of intracranial pins. Risk management and preventive considerations propose several procedures to minimize the side effects when using RED: preoperative skull computerized tomography, pediatric neurosurgical consultation, proper pin care during distraction, frequent monitoring of the patient's general condition, proper pin and torque design, and special attention to the removal process of the RED.     

Long-term maxillomandibular skeletal and dental changes in children with cleft lip and palate after maxillary distraction.

Long-term skeletal and dental changes were examined in 8 children with cleft lip and palate who underwent maxillary distraction to allow the maxilla to catch up to their mandibular growth at the treatment point. Changes in the overjet (OJ), overbite (OB), and positions of the anterior nasal spine (ANS), upper incisors (U1), pogonion (Pog), and lower incisors (L1) were measured on preoperative to 36 months postoperative lateral-cephalograms. In most of the children, the long-term changes after the maxillary distraction resulted in an inferior growth of the maxilla and anteroinferior growth of the mandible. This seems to suggest that maxillary distraction performed during childhood needs considerable overcorrection. However, if the maxilla is distracted to an adult position during childhood, the masticatory functions of the children will markedly deteriorate until their jaws grow. Therefore, we believe that one goal of maxillary distraction during childhood can be to allow the maxilla to catch up to the mandibular growth of the children at the treatment point.     

非对称性经缝牵引成骨术在青少年单侧唇腭裂严重面中部骨骼发育不全中的应用

目的探讨非对称性经缝牵引成骨术在青少年单侧唇腭裂患儿严重面中部骨骼发育不全中的治疗效果。方法回顾性分析2011年1月至2020年12月中国医学科学院整形外科医院收治的单侧唇腭裂术后严重面中部骨骼发育不全的青少年患儿资料,均行非对称性经缝牵引治疗,采用颅骨外固定支架联合镍钛记忆合金弹簧的尖牙支柱骨承力牵引方式,对两侧上颌骨施加不同大小的牵引力,并通过适度的牵引矫枉过正处理、及时的正畸治疗和适时的面弓牵引维持策略预防术后复发。通过对牵引前后的上牙槽座点(A)、梨状孔外侧缘点(LPA)、鼻颌缝最下点(INM)以及翼上颌缝点(PTM)到过蝶鞍点冠状面(CR平面)距离进行测量,分析对比面中部骨骼裂隙侧与非裂隙侧的变化,计算INM、LPA及PTM点的非对称率。结果研究共纳入38例患儿,其中男34例,女4例,年龄8~15岁。所有患儿均顺利完成牵引治疗,术后面形及咬合关系得到显著改善。术后随访1~3年,结果显示牵引结束时因矫枉过正所致面中部凸出及咬合超覆盖会在6~12个月后恢复协调,3例术后未接受面弓牵引维持的患儿于随访3年后出现不同程度的上颌复发。对其中25例患儿牵引前后头颅CT影像进行分析,结果显示A点前移量为(12.67±4.62)mm(6.21~23.28 mm)。牵引前裂隙侧INM、LPA及PTM点到CR平面的距离均小于非裂隙侧,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),而在牵引结束后INM和PTM点的两侧距离差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),LPA点的两侧距离差值虽然有缩小,但裂隙侧仍显著小于非裂隙侧,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与牵引前相比,牵引结束后INM、LPA及PTM点的非对称率均有显著的降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论非对称性经缝牵引成骨术为临床上青少年单侧唇腭裂患儿严重面中部骨骼发育不全的早期矫治提供了一种有效方法,并能很好地恢复面中部对称性。     

An internal distraction device for Le Fort distraction osteogenesis: the NAVID system

Le Fort distraction osteogenesis is sometimes applied to improve the facial appearance in craniofacial dysostosis or cleft lip and palate. Distraction devices are generally classified into external and internal types. The movement of external distractors can be controlled easily but their large size and the need for a facial mask cause much psychological stress to the patient. Internal distractors are smaller and better tolerated, but they are not easily controllable and removal is difficult. We designed an internal distraction device to eliminate the problems of the currently available distractors -Nakajima's angle-variable internal distraction (NAVID) system - and aimed to assess its clinical applicability. Between 2000 and 2010, we treated 16 patients with the NAVID system: Le Fort I, III, III?+?I and IV distractions were performed in three, five, four and four patients, respectively. Distraction was started after a 1-week latency period. Then, the exposed rod was cut, and the distractors were left in place for 3 months or more as retention devices, and thereafter removed. All patients showed satisfactory occlusion and facial aesthetics. Open bite during the consolidation period was the main complication. In conclusion, the NAVID system is safe, effective and reliable for all types of Le Fort distraction osteogenesis.     

唇腭裂上颌复合体不同类型上颌截骨外置式牵引下生物力学研究

目的 探讨唇腭裂继发上颌发育不足应用不同类型截骨外置式牵引的生物力学变化特点.方法 采用三维有限元方法,在已建立的唇腭裂上颌复合体Le Fort Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型截骨骨块有限元模型上,分别模拟坚固外固定牵引器(RED系统,rigid external distraction device)外置牵引方式,于牙列承力前下30°牵引截骨块,比较分析其生物力学变化特点.结果 在不同类型截骨RED外置式牵引下,Le Fort Ⅰ型截骨裂隙两侧截骨块后份向内缩窄明显,而前份向裂隙区缩窄不明显.截骨块存在顺时针的旋转,而Le FortⅡ、Ⅲ型截骨腭部压缩现象不明显.截骨块存在逆时针的旋转.结论 外置式牵引成骨三维有限元仿真研究,可以为手术计划提供良好参考.     

唇腭裂上颌复合体在不同类型上颌截骨内置式牵引下生物力学研究

目的 探讨唇腭裂继发上颌发育不全应用不同类型截骨内置式牵引的生物力学变化特点.方法 采用三维有限元方法,建立唇腭裂上颌复合体Le Fort Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型截骨骨块及相应软组织有限元模型,分别模拟临床上新型内置牵引方式,使截骨块上牵引器固位点沿牵引方向前移10mm,比较分析其生物力学变化情况.结果 唇腭裂上颌复合体不同类型截骨内置式牵引下,Le FortⅠ型截骨腭部出现压缩现象,而Le Fort Ⅱ、Ⅲ型截骨腭部压缩现象不明显.矢向位移比较,Le FortⅢ型截骨内置式牵引可以整体前移截骨体,Le Fort Ⅰ、Ⅱ型截骨存在不同程度的旋转.垂直向位移比较Le FortⅡ型截骨出现较多的逆向旋转.结论 三维有限元仿真研究应用于内置式牵引成骨手术,可以较好地反映颌骨位移情况,为手术计划提供理论依据.     

Facial growth of adults with unoperated clefts

Studies of adult patients with unoperated complete unilateral cleft lip and palate indicate that there is normal potential for maxillary growth. The maxilla in the unoperated patient is normally positioned or protruded. The protrusion of maxilla in the unoperated adult cleft patient is limited to the non-cleft side, contributing to hemifacial maxillary prognathism. Surgical scar tissue is known to interfere with the growth of the midface. Palatal surgery has more significant influence on the growth of the mid-face than the lip surgery; therefore, it is important to reduce the effect of surgery by delaying the timing of palatal surgery or changing the location of the surgical scar from the sutural areas. Delaying palatal surgery until the maxillary growth is complete is desirable but could lead to poor speech development. Therefore, it is essential to perform the palatal surgery before speech development. The other variables that affect the midface are the development genetic make-up of the cleft child, the amount of tissue deficiency, timing of surgery, surgical technique, and the skill of the surgeon. Surgeries continue to have some inhibitory effect on maxillary growth, but it is essential to recognize and perform those surgical procedures that have the least effect on growth of the maxilla. This will help minimize extensive orthodontic treatment and eliminate major secondary orthognathic surgery for correction of the abnormal growth of the maxilla.     

Midface distraction in patients with cleft palate

Cleft palate patients with a severe maxillary hypoplasia can pose a very challenging problem for the surgeon. Traditional orthodontic surgery methods frequently do not fulfil expectations from the point of view of achieving normal aesthetic proportions of the face. Therefore distraction is nowadays an important technique in the treatment of craniofacial skeletal dysplasias. To treat maxillary hypoplasia, either intraoral midface distractor IMD or rigid external distractor RED can be used. This study presents 16 patients. In five of them, we used the IMD and in 11 of them the RED. In all of the patients we achieved good functional as well as aesthetic results. While using this method, complications were minimal. In this study, we analyse surgical and orthodontic methods as well as the advantages and disadvantages of both surgical methods.     

骨缝牵引成骨修复腭裂的临床初步研究

目的 临床探索骨缝牵引成骨修复腭裂的新技术。方法 选择2～4岁的腭裂患儿。一期手术在全麻下安置腭裂牵引器，牵引腭骨向中线和向后移动；牵引期持续约4～5个月。裂隙合拢后进行二期手术，修复裂隙。用误差为0．2％的游标卡尺，测量牵引前和牵引后上颌牙弓宽度、裂隙宽度和硬腭长度。结果 临床应用8例。2例因牵引器在安置后l周内脱落而终止牵引。6例经不同时间的牵引后，裂隙缩小，裂隙两侧的组织显著延长。其中牵引时间最长为126d，最短为37d；裂隙宽度平均缩小6．5mm；硬腭长度平均延长4．8mm。结论 临床证实了骨缝牵引具有诱导腭部组织再生、关闭或缩小裂隙和延长硬腭的可能性。     

Incomplete mobilization of the maxilla resulting in failed maxillary distraction: a case report.

Maxillary distraction osteogenesis has become an accepted alternative method in the treatment of patients with severe maxillary hypoplasia in craniofacial syndromes and cleft-related deformities. Insufficient distraction, undesirable soft tissue changes, and occurrence of defective distraction vectors are among the potential complications of intraoral maxillary distraction osteogenesis. A 2-stage procedure combining maxillary advancement by distraction technique with genioplasty and mandibular setback surgery was planned to correct jaw deformities in a 22-year-old patient with severe maxillary retrusion, mandibular prognathism, and excessive lower facial height. In the first stage, osteotomies were performed and maxilla was lightly mobilized after down-fracture. Distractors were placed to the maxilla intraorally. During activation period, the maxilla rotated in a clockwise direction, producing a discrepancy between the planned and the actual vectors. Complete distraction was unsatisfactory and the complication was due to surgical technique. This case report presents the failure of maxillary distraction due to incomplete mobilization of the maxilla. Treatment of the case was achieved by the conventional osteotomy techniques at final operation. The maxilla was successfully advanced to the desired position producing good occlusion and an improved facial profile.     

Maxillary dental arch and occlusion in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate treated with different delays in closure of the hard palate after early velar repair.

We wanted to find out if growth of the maxilla in 26 patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) was adversely affected by having the residual cleft of the hard palate repaired earlier than had been done previously in a 2-stage palatal closure protocol. The ages at repair of the hard palate of the present patients ranged from 38 to 89 months. Dental casts from ages about 3 years (before any repair of the hard palate), 5, 7, and 10 years of age were analysed. The results indicated that earlier repair of the cleft in the hard palate did not influence maxillary growth differently from the later repair.     

头颅外支架牵张矫治颅颌面畸形

目的：探讨运用头颅外支架牵张器治疗颅颌面畸形。方法：利用头颅外支架牵张器进行牵张治疗腭裂术后严重上颌骨发育不良7例,颅锁综合征2例,Crouzon综合征1例,上颌骨发育不良2例。结果：患者术创正常愈合,牵张过程顺利,达到预期牵张目的。结论：头颅外支架牵张器可有效地治疗颅颌面畸形及软组织量不足的患者。     

Comparison of growth results in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate after early secondary gingivoalveoloplasty and secondary bone grafting: 20 years follow up

The Milan surgical protocol from 1988 has included repair of lip, nose, and soft palate at 6–9 months of age, and closure of the hard palate and alveolus with an early secondary gingivoalveoloplasty at 18–36 months. The goal of this study was to evaluate the long-term maxillary growth in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) who had had the early secondary gingivoalveoloplasty, compared with the growth in a sample treated before 1988, by the same surgeon, with a surgical protocol that differed only by the method and the timing of alveolar closure. In the second group they were repaired by secondary bone grafting. The samples consisted of lateral cephalograms of the UCLP early secondary gingivoalveoloplasty sample (15 patients with a mean age of 18 (1.2) years) and of the UCLP bone graft sample (10 patients with a mean age of 19 (1.1) years). The early secondary gingivoalveoloplasty patients showed that maxillary growth was inhibited compared with the secondary bone graft group. Although the early secondary gingivoalveoloplasty allowed for early repair of the alveolus together with palatal repair, eliminating the need for secondary bone grafting, it seemed to have an inhibiting influence on maxillary growth that increased the need for Le Fort I osteotomies. Even with a Le Fort I osteotomy, the early secondary gingivoalveoloplasty allows the total number of operations to be kept down to three, as in most European protocols.     

唇腭裂患者上颌骨发育的研究进展

唇腭裂患者常伴有不同程度的上颌后缩,自身发育不足、功能性及医源性的因素均能引起上颌骨发育受限。我们对唇腭裂患者的颅底形态、上颌骨形态、上颌骨与颅底的关系,以及引起上颌后缩的原因进行综述。     

A modified Le Fort I osteotomy for maxillofacial deformity: a preliminary report.

A new technique of Le Fort I osteotomy using a wedge-shaped bony incision is described. After forward mobilisation of the osteotomised maxilla, the bone graft is held firmly in contact under some compression between the maxilla and the mobilised wedged portion to achieve greater stability. This is a very effective technique for those maxillary osteotomies which need bone graft stabilisation, such as in cleft lip and palate patients.     

Direct skeletal traction for Le Fort I halo distraction replacing an intraoral dental splint and connecting traction hook

To obviate dental inconveniences after Le Fort I halo distraction using an intraoral dental splint and connecting traction hook, the authors initiated direct skeletal traction using an traction wire at the parapyriformis buttress area. Halo distraction using this procedure was conducted for 11 cleft lip and palate patients (age range, 13-21 years; 6 females and 5 males). Distraction amount ranged from 11 to 15 mm. A satisfactory occlusion was obtained in all patients. All 11 patients complained of pain during the distraction period, but it was controlled by regular oral intake of the usual amount of analgesics. No other particular complications were encountered during the postoperative follow-up of 8 to 18 months. This form of direct skeletal traction proves effective for Le Fort I halo distraction.     

Long-term influence of infant periosteoplasty on facial growth and occlusion in patients with bilateral cleft lip and palate

Abstract This retrospective, long-term study evaluated the influence of two different treatment protocols, one including infant periosteoplasty, on facial growth and occlusion in patients with complete bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP). Thirty-five patients with records of 5-, 8- and 16-19-year-olds were included. Sixteen of these received infant periosteoplasty (BCLP-pp) to the cleft alveolus in conjunction with lip repair and a one-stage closure of the palate. The remaining 19 patients with a two-stage closure of the palate did not have an infant periosteoplasty (BCLP-np). The bone formation induced by periosteoplasty in the BCLP-np group was insufficient and both groups had secondary bone grafting to the alveolar clefts before the eruption of the lateral incisor or the canine. Facial growth was evaluated with cephalometry at the recorded ages and dental arch relationships with the Huddart and Bodenham crossbite scores at the age of 16-19 years. Until 19 years a significant retrusion of the maxillary position (SNA) was observed in both groups. At 16-19 years of age there was no significant difference of maxillary protrusion (SNA), intermaxillary position (ANB), maxillary length (ss-pm) or vertical skeletal relationships (ML/NSL, Ml/NL) between the two groups. However, a significant difference of the crossbite scores was found. The BCLP-pp group did not show more facial growth problems but more malocclusion and the insufficient bone formation of the alveolar clefts after infant periosteoplasty required a secondary bone grafting.     

Repair of cleft palate by double reverse Z-plasty of the soft palate

Since July 1987 till January 1989, The double reverse Z-plasty of the soft palate has been used in 12 patients. Seven patients had complete unilateral cleft palates, one had incomplete cleft, two had soft cleft palates and two had complete bilateral cleft palates. Male 7, female 5. The eldest was 25 years of age, the youngest was 3 years. The technique differs from the usual method in two ways. Firstly, the soft palate is closed with two reverse Z-plasties. The transposition of two flaps can be lengthened along central limb without using the tissue from the hard palate. Secondly, in order to eliminate the horseshoe limp scar around the inner aspect of the alveolus for improving the growth potential of the maxilla, the hard palate is closed without lateral relaxing incisions.     

The comparative study of craniofacial structural characteristic of individuals with different types of cleft palate

To compare craniofacial structural characteristic of individuals with different types of cleft palate and to lay a foundation for better treatment protocol for patients with cleft palate, we chose a sample consisting of 12 patients with Treacher Collin syndrome, 15 patients with Pierre Robin sequence, 40 patients with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate, and 40 patients with isolated cleft palate who met certain criteria. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were obtained from each subject. A total of 22 variables, comprising 11 angular, 9 linear, and 2 ratio measurements, were studied. The z-scores were analyzed during paired Student t test. The data showed us that there seems to be no difference in craniofacial structures between patients with isolated cleft palate and normal persons. Patients with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate who had only cleft lip repaired exhibit such characteristics as midface retrusion, relatively excessive lower facial height, and more obtuse gonial angle. The cranial base areas of individuals with Treacher Collin syndrome and Pierre Robin sequence are similar to those of normal persons. Mandibular hypoplasia in both vertical and horizontal dimensions and maxillary retrusion can be found in patients with Treacher Collin syndrome, while only mandibular hypoplasia in the horizontal dimension can be found in patients with Pierre Robin sequence. The developmental deficiency of craniofacial structures seems to be a separate deformity, not the direct outcome of cleft palate defect.