早期持续性被动活动对骨关节术后康复的影响

目的：探讨骨关节术后早期持续性被动活动的意义。方法：下肢骨关节术后持续性被动活动115例，随访0.5-1a86例。结果：麻醉未清醒就活动36例，3周内活动30例，2月以后才活动20例，膝关节功能未达正常活动度分别为6例、5例及15例。结论：下肢骨关节术后临床上不应一律强调立即持续性被动活动，应依局部软组织损伤情况及骨折稳定程度而定，但尽可能3周内进行持续性被动活动康复。     

坐位、卧位持续性被动运动训练在下肢骨关节术后康复效果的比较

目的比较坐位和卧位持续性被动运动（CPM）训练对下肢骨关节疾病术后关节活动障碍的康复效果。方法100例下肢骨关节疾病术后存在关节活动障碍的患者，50例进行坐位CPM机训练，50例患者进行卧位CPM机训练。两组患者同时进行中药烫疗、关节松动及肌力训练。结果坐位进行CPM训练优秀率优于对照组。结论坐位进行CPM训练可提高CPM机的康复效果。     

早期被动活动在儿童肱骨髁上骨折术后的应用

１９９６年１２月～１９９９年１２月间共行２８例儿童肱骨髁上骨折内固定，其中１４例术后采取早期被动活动及递进性负重牵引肘关节锻炼屈伸活动，报告如下。１对象与方法全部２８例髁上骨折中，男２１例，女７例；年龄３～１３岁，平均８．５岁；其中开放伤７例；受伤至手术时间３h～１８d；皆用克氏针交叉内固定，加背侧石膏托。其中术后早期被动活动１４例中，男１１例，女３例；年龄３～１１岁，平均８岁，开放伤４例，受伤距手术时间３h～１７d。方法：（１）内固定术后每次去石膏托换药时，即行手法轻柔缓慢牵引肘关节被动屈伸５～１…     

骨关节持续被动活动在膝周术后功能康复中的作用

骨关节持续被动活动（continuouspas－sivemotion，CPM）是Salter提出，经过几十年的临庆实践证明，骨关节术后早期CPM对消肿止痛，增加软组织修复，降低深静脉血栓发生率，恢复关节生理功能有重要意义犤１犦。１９９５～２０００年３月经使用下肢关节康复器对１６３例膝周手术后早期进行CPM治疗，随访６个月～３年膝关节功能康复良好，现报道如下。１对象与方法１．１对象１６３例患者中，男１０８例，女５５例；年龄１４～７８岁。关节内手术５４例，关节外手术１０９例。骨折类型有股骨髁间骨折、胫骨平台骨折、半月板撕裂、髌骨骨折…     

同种异体半关节移植重建肩膝关节21例报告

观察同种异体半关节移植重建肩膝关节的疗效及并发症。方法：用同种异体半关节重建肿瘤切除后的骨关节２１例；术后石膏托固定６周－３个月，抗炎治疗３个月，抗排异治疗６个月，随访时间２年－２４．８年，平均１０．５年。结果：功能优良中１６例，差５例；并发症种类多且发生率高。     

大段同种异体骨关节置换术的护理

报告３８例大段同种异体骨关节置换术的护理，提出术后加强体温观察，分析发热原因。术后有５例发热超过３８℃，３～４天后降至３８℃以下，综合分析为术后吸收热。注意术后肢体末梢血循环的观察，免疫排斥反应的症状与处理，采用持续被动运动装置为术后患者行持续被动运动，提高治疗效果     

膝关节周围骨折患者术后早期进行持续性被动活动的效果观察

目的探讨膝关节周围骨折患者术后早期应用持续性被动活动治疗仪治疗的效果。方法将82例膝关节周围骨折术后患者按住院日单双号分成实验组（43例）和对照组（39例）,实验组术后2d即开始行持续性被动活动治疗,对照组在术后7d开始该治疗,观察两组患者术后关节肿胀、活动度的恢复情况。结果术后2周,实验组患者下肢轻度肿胀的人数明显多于对照组,中、重度肿胀人数明显少于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。术后2周,实验组患者膝关节活动度〉120°的人数明显多于对照组,活动度120°～110°及〈110°的人数均少于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论术后早期运用持续性被动活动治疗仪进行锻炼,可减轻膝关节周围骨折术后关节肿胀,防止关节僵硬。     

股骨髁骨折内固定术后中西医结合康复治疗体会

股骨髁骨折的治疗及膝关节功能的恢复被认为是骨科领域中一大难题，对膝关节功能恢复的探讨成为临床康复治疗的一项重要内容。自１９９８年开始对股骨髁骨折行切开复位内固定术，术后根据中医理论行电针治疗、中草药药膏外敷，同时结合持续被动活动（CPM）下肢关节活动器对患膝进行被动活动等处理，效果良好，现报道如下。１对象与方法１．１对象本组３１例，男２１例，女１０例。年龄９～７１岁。开放性骨折７例，闭合性骨折２４例。骨折合并伤：同侧股骨干骨折５例，同侧胫骨平台骨折３例，对侧股干骨折２例，同侧后交叉韧带损伤１例。…     

锁骨钩钢板内固定术后早期康复干预

目的：比较术后康复训练对重度肩锁关节脱位（PostⅢ-Ⅳ型）和锁骨远端骨折（NeerⅡ型）锁骨钩钢板内固定术后疗效的影响。方法：东莞市中医院骨科2001-01／2004-01治疗因肩锁关节脱位（PostⅢ-Ⅵ型）及锁骨远端骨折（NeerⅡ型）行锁骨钩钢板内固定术患者35例。肩锁关节脱位20例，其中PostⅢ型11例，PostⅣ型7例，PostⅤ型1例，PostⅥ型1例。锁骨远端骨折15例，均为NeerⅡ型。术后接受系统康复训练组24例，未接受系统康复训练组11例。训练组术后训练分3个阶段进行。①第1阶段康复（术后2周内）：以肩关节被动活动为主，术后1周内除训练时间外均需三角巾悬吊患肢。术后第2天开始肩关节活动度的训练：包括钟摆练习；肩关节被动前屈上举练习；被动外旋练习；被动外展、内收和内旋练习。术后第2周开始肩关节肌力训练：包括肩关节前屈肌群训练；外展肌群训练；肩关节伸肌群训练；提肩胛骨肌群训练；内收肩胛骨肌群训练；内旋肌群训练；外旋肌群训练。②第2阶段康复（术后3～6周）：以肩关节主动活动为主：包括活动度训练；肌力训练；耐力训练；日常活动训练。③第3阶段康复（术后6周以后）：增加活动度训练强度，增大肩关节牵拉训练范围：但应避免接触性运动，最佳运动有游泳、打乒乓球等。未训练组根据患者疼痛耐受程度自行锻炼。术后6周及1年采用Constant肩关节功能评分法（内容包括疼痛，日常活动和肩关节活动范围，总分为100分优：90～100分；良：75～89分；中：60～74分；差：〈60分）检测肩关节活动范围及评分；观察不良事件及副反应。结果：35例患者均进入结果分析。①两组患者术后肩关节活动度：术后6周康复训练组患者肩关节的主动活动度分别为：前屈86&;#176;，后伸28&;#176;，外展87&;#176;，内收26&;#176;，外旋15&;#176;和内旋45&;#176;；末训练组度分别为：前屈69&;#176;，后伸25&;#176;，外展61&;#176;，内收24&;#176;，外旋14&;#176;和内旋43&;#176;。康复训练组患者前屈和外展活动范围显著大于未训练组（p〈0．05）。术后1年两组间活动范围无差异。②两组患者肩关节功能评分结果：术后6周康复训练组评分显著高于未训练组（75，61分，P〈0．05）。术后1年康复训练组优18例，良6例；未训练组优6例，良4例，中1例。术后6周，康复训练组肩关节前屈、外展活动范围较未训练组增强且Constant肩关节功能评分优于未训练组。③不良事件及副反应：训练过程中未见内固定物断裂、松动、骨折不愈合等现象，两组均未发生骨折不愈合和内固定物断裂等并发症。结论：应用锁骨钩钢板治疗重度肩锁关节脱位和NeerⅡ型锁骨远端骨折，术后早期在康复师指导下进行肩关节康复训练有利于增加肩关节活动范围，提高日常活动能力，明显地缩短了康复时间，并且不会引起骨折不愈合和内固定物断裂等并发症。     

CPM装置在四肢骨关节内固定术后早期应用的护理

为避免四肢骨关节内固定术后肢体肿胀,防止关节粘连,对240例患者行四肢骨关节内固定术后早期应用CPM装置行被动运动锻炼,结果见240例患者术后2周肢体运动无负重情况下均达到正常活动范围,无1例因并发症而放弃,同时在CPM装置使用过程中获得了一些经验.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.