彩超引导下对创伤性假性动脉瘤压迫治疗的体会

目的回顾性总结在彩超即彩色多普勒超声高频探头引导下对8例创伤性假性动脉瘤压迫治疗成功后的体会。方法对8例诊断为创伤性假性动脉瘤的患者在彩色多普勒超声引导下行压迫治疗,第一步用探头或手指对通道口持续加压,短时间间隙放松,时间15~50min不等;第二步对加压部位进行适当加压包扎。结果8例诊断为创伤性假性动脉瘤的患者在彩色多普勒超声引导下压迫治疗均取得成功。结论在彩色多普勒超声引导下对创伤性假性动脉瘤实施恰当的压迫治疗这一方法,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

股动脉穿刺后假性动脉瘤的超声诊断与治疗

目的评价彩色多普勒超声在股动脉穿刺后股动脉假性动脉瘤形成的诊断及治疗中的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析2011年1月-2013年11月10例股动脉穿刺后假性动脉瘤形成的彩色多普勒超声声像图表现,总结在超声引导下对假性动脉瘤进行压迫治疗的操作方法,并对治疗结果追踪复查。结果 10例患者超声均查见股动脉周围无回声团块或混合回声团,并在瘤体内查见涡流血流信号及破口处出现＂双期双向＂血流频谱。10例假性动脉瘤患者行超声引导下压迫治疗,7例1次按压成功,3例重复多次按压成功。结论彩色多普勒超声诊断假性动脉瘤准确率高,是首选的检查方法。超声引导下压迫治疗股动脉穿刺后假性动脉瘤,是一种有效的治疗方法,可以作为首选。     

彩色多普勒超声对动脉瘤诊断的进一步研究

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声对动脉瘤的诊断、鉴别诊断价值及治疗价值。方法 使用彩色多普勒超声观察不同类型动脉瘤的二维及彩色多普勒表现36例，包括真性动脉瘤15例，腹主动脉夹层动脉瘤5例，假性动脉瘤16例。使用彩色多普勒超声观察不同类型动脉瘤的二维及彩色多普勒表现，协助临床对假性动脉瘤行超声引导下压迫治疗。结果 1．经超声诊断的动脉瘤与血管造影、CT、核磁或临床手术对比诊断符合率在80％以上；2．真性动脉瘤彩超示血管内径局限性扩张，夹层动脉瘤可见主动脉撕裂内膜的破口及分隔形成的双腔样结构，真腔内血流特征性频谱为收缩期先前向，后逆向，舒张期前向；假性动脉瘤破口处血流呈“往复征”，往复征频谱的探测点有助于确定加压治疗的体外压迫点；3．交替使用低频、高频探头观测动脉瘤二维及频谱能提高诊断符合率及敏感度。结论 彩色多普勒超声对动脉瘤能无创、敏感地得到诊断，有较高的特异性，并可协助临床治疗，具有重要价值。     

彩色多普勒超声在介入性股动脉假性动脉瘤诊治中的应用27例分析

目的探讨并评价彩色多普勒超声在介入性股动脉假性动脉瘤的临床诊断与治疗中的作用及疗效。方法首先对临床提示有股动脉假性动脉瘤形成的27例患者进行二维超声,彩色多普勒,频普多谱勒等超声显象技术进行探查,明确假性动脉瘤的存在,并显示假性动脉瘤瘤口后,在超声引导下用探头或手指进行压迫治疗。结果 27例患者全部诊断为股动脉假性动脉瘤形成,证实彩色多普勒超声诊断与临床符合率100%。27例在超声明确定位下行压迫治疗,时间30~60 min,全部治愈。结论彩色多普勒超声检查是诊断假性动脉瘤可靠而直接的有效方法,超声引导下压迫治疗疗效确切,可作为治疗的首选方法。     

彩色多普勒超声诊断医源损伤性假性动脉瘤的价值

目的：探讨彩色多普勒超声在诊断冠状动脉造影术后引发的医源损伤性假性动脉瘤的临床价值。方法：经股动脉穿刺,行冠状动脉造影术而发生的股动脉假性动脉瘤共39例,所有患者都采用高频彩色多普勒诊断仪,对动脉瘤的二维超声图像、彩色多普勒图像及脉冲多普勒图像进行分析。结果：39例假性动脉瘤患者在穿刺部位动脉的一侧均显示一搏动性无回声区或混合性低回声区;彩色多普勒显示无回声区内呈涡流或旋转样血流信号,表现为一半红色一半蓝色;脉冲多普勒显示典型的双期双向频谱。39例假性动脉瘤彩色多普勒超声诊断完全明确。其中32例在彩色多普勒超声监控下行人工加压包扎修复。7例经血管外科手术修补治疗。结论：彩色多普勒超声在诊断冠状动脉造影术后造成的医源损伤性假性动脉瘤,在观察动脉瘤的大小、形态、瘤体的结构,判断来源动脉破口定位上准确、简便、无创,且可在超声引导下行安全无创治疗,可作为该病诊断及治疗的首选方法。     

彩色多普勒超声对白塞病血管病变的诊断价值

目的评价彩色多普勒超声对白塞病血管病变的诊断价值。方法彩色多普勒超声检查9例白塞病血管病变。结果9例患者中,血管病变累及动脉,形成动脉瘤及假性动脉瘤5例;累及静脉,导致静脉血栓及扩张3例,累及动脉及静脉;合并动脉瘤、假性动脉瘤及静脉血栓1例。结论彩色多普勒超声检查可以发现白塞病的血管病变,为临床诊断和治疗提供准确依据。     

彩色多普勒超声在诊治股动脉假性动脉瘤中的应用价值

目的评价彩色多普勒超声对股动脉假性动脉瘤的诊断价值及彩超引导下对其压迫修复的疗效。方法对28例股动脉插管术后穿刺部位出现搏动性肿块和（或）血管杂音的患者行彩色多普勒超声检查，并在彩超引导下对股动脉假性动脉瘤进行压迫治疗，治疗后经彩超跟踪复查评价其疗效。结果28例股动脉假性动脉瘤患者全部检出，与临床和MRI、血管造影或手术结果符合率100％（28／28）。彩超引导下25例股动脉假性动脉瘤经压迫治愈，3例压迫后未能完全修复而行手术治疗。结论彩色多普勒超声对股动脉假性动脉瘤有较高的诊断价值，且在引导压迫修复股动脉假性动脉瘤方面简便、安全、可靠，可作为首选的治疗方法，对不适宜压迫修复的患者行手术等治疗。     

彩色多普勒超声对毒品注射引起的股动脉假性动脉瘤3例诊断分析

目的：探讨彩色多普勒超声对毒品注射引起的股动脉假性动脉瘤的应用价值。方法；对3例毒品注射引起的股动脉假性动脉瘤的患者进行彩色多普勒超声检查，二维超声观察其大小、形态、边界、内部回声等特点；彩色多普勒观察其血流特征；频谱多普勒观察其血流参数；并对其进行分析。结果：3例临床疑有毒品注射引起的股动脉假性动脉瘤的患者经彩色多普勒超声检查均明确诊断。结论：彩色多普勒超声对毒品注射引起的股动脉假性动脉瘤的检出能够提供可靠的诊断依据。     

彩色多普勒超声在假性动脉瘤诊治中的临床应用

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声诊治假性动脉瘤的方法和可行性。方法 对40例假性动脉瘤患者的声像图进行总结分析。结果 本组假性动脉瘤的超声诊断与血管造影和手术结果符合率达100％。2例穿刺造影术后股动脉假性动脉瘤患者，经超声引导下压迫治疗获得治愈。结论 彩色多普勒超声检查是诊断假性动脉瘤可靠的有效方法。动脉穿刺所致的医源性假性动脉瘤患者，超声引导下压迫治疗可作为首选的治疗方式。     

彩色多普勒超声对假性动脉瘤的临床应用

目的探讨假性动脉瘤的彩色多普勒超声诊断方法和可行性。方法应用彩超对39例患者假性动脉瘤的大小、内部回声、血流情况、频谱特点等情况进行总结分析。结果本病超声定性诊断准确率为100%。6例穿刺造影术后股动脉假性动脉瘤患者,经超声引导压迫治疗获得痊愈。结论彩色多普勒超声目前已成为临床诊断假性动脉瘤的首选影像学检查方法,同时超声引导压迫是一种治疗医源性假性动脉瘤安全、有效的方法。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.