经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检术的临床意义

目的探讨经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检术的临床意义。方法对60例PSA〉4ng／ml、直肠指检异常或超声发现异常回声的患者采用前列腺穿刺活检术，其中30例患者采用骶管内麻醉下经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检术，年龄45～86岁，平均68±3．6岁，PSA〈4ng／ml为4例，4-10ng／ml为10例，〉10ng／ml为16例。对照组30例，年龄50-84岁，平均70±3．5岁，PSA〈4ng/ml为3例，4-10ng／ml为9例，〉10ng／ml为18例。对照组采用直肠指检压迫下穿刺或表面麻醉下行经直肠超声引导下穿刺活检。结果骶管内麻醉组阳性率为60％（18／30），患者术中无疼痛表现，对照组阳性率为33％（10/30），患者在术中伴有不同程度的疼痛。结论与常规穿刺相比，骶麻下经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检术准确性高，疼痛较轻，更能被患者接受，值得临床推广使用。     

超声引导下经直肠系统性12＋1针前列腺穿刺活检术

目的探讨超声引导下经直肠系统性12＋1针前列腺穿刺活检术诊断前列腺癌的临床价值。方法回顾性分析816例经直肠前列腺系统性12＋1针穿刺活检的可疑前列腺癌患者。其中PSA＜4ng／ml、直肠指诊发现结节者66例;PSA介于4～10ng／ml、f／tPSA值异常、PSAD值异常者190例;PSA〉10ng／ml、任何f／tPSA、PSAD值者560例。结果816例患者中活检病理确诊为前列腺癌者358例,总阳性率为43．9％（358／816）。其中位于前列腺尖部阳性者235例,占确诊病例总数的65．6％（235／358）。术后发热9例（1．0％,9／816）,并发血尿49例（6．0％,49／816）。几乎所有患者皆有短时大便带血。无其他严重并发症发生。结论超声引导下经直肠系统性前列腺12＋1针穿刺活检术定位准确,创伤较小,并发症较少。可以随机增加穿刺点,利于提高前列腺癌检出率。     

超声造影结合直肠B超在经会阴前列腺穿刺活检中的应用（附87例报告）

目的：探讨微泡造影剂结合经直肠多普勒超声（contrastenhancedtransrectualultrasound,CE-TRUS）在经会阴前列腺穿刺活检中的临床意义。方法：对87例前列腺疾病患者在CE-TRUS后行经直肠B超引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺活检,穿刺标准依据2007年新修订的《中国泌尿外科疾病诊断治疗指南》确定．先行彩色多普勒超声检查。了解并记录前列腺局灶性病变部位、大小、数目、回声特征及彩色多普勒血流等情况。结果：87倒确诊为前列腺癌和前列腺增生者分别为52例和35例,两者比较差异无统计学意义（P=0．617）。而以PSA≤20ng／ml和PSA〉20ng／ml为标准行分层分析,发现PSA≤20ng／ml者在CE-TRUS引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺阳性率高（P=0．041）。结论：CE-TRUS后经直肠B超引导下行经会阴前列腺穿刺活检是诊断前列腺癌的重要方法;PSA≤20ng／ml者结合CDTRUS行前列腺穿刺活检能提高前列腺癌穿刺阳性率。     

超声引导下经会阴定位模板的前列腺饱和穿刺活检

目的探讨超声引导下经会阴定位模板前列腺饱和穿刺活检的准确性、安全性。方法303例PSA〉4．0ng／ml和（或）DRE异常和（或）前列腺B超、CT或MRI异常者接受经会阴定位模板饱和穿刺活检。年龄35～90岁，平均69．7岁。PSA0．2～3000．0ng／ml，中位数13．7ng／ml。前列腺体积7～190ml，中位数47ml。结果每区活检1～4针，共11～44针，平均23．7针。前列腺癌活检阳性率37．6％（114／303）。PSA0～4．0、4．1～10．0、10．1～20．0、20．1～30．0、30．1～70．0及〉70．0ng／ml者阳性率分别为22．2％（4／18）、8．2％（6／73）、21．6％（22／102）、48．4％（15／31）、68．4％（26／38）及100．0％（41／41）。前列腺体积〈20、20～40、41～60及〉60ml者阳性率分别为68．0％（17／25）、51．4％（54／105）、27．5％（19／69）及23．1％（24／104）。无一例出现严重并发症。结论TRUS引导下经会阴定位模板饱和穿刺活检精确而安全，对于前列腺癌的准确分期有重要意义。     

超声引导下经会阴穿刺活检在前列腺癌诊断中的价值

目的：探讨超声引导下经会阴道前列腺穿刺活检诊断前列腺癌的价值。方法：对376例临床怀疑前列腺癌患者行直肠腔内超声引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺活检。分3组。A组：184例,为指检前列腺触及结节或前列腺增大、质硬怀疑前列腺癌者;B组：84例,为因前列腺增生行直肠腔内超声检查发现有异常回声区域者;C组：108例,为指检未及明显硬节而血中PSA＞10ng/ml者。结果：3组穿刺活检阳性率分别为44．5％（82／184）,29．8％（25／84）,57．4％（62／108）。结论：直肠腔内超声引导下经会阴穿刺活检取材准确,能清楚显示穿刺针的径路和深度,避免损伤邻近脏器,可重复操作,明显提高穿刺活检的阳性率。     

超声造影检查在经会阴前列腺穿刺活检中的应用价值

目的 探讨超声造影检查在经直肠超声引导下(CE-TRUS)经会阴前列腺穿刺活检中的临床应用价值.方法 病例选择标准:①直肠指检异常;②PSA>10 ng/ml;③PSA 4～10 ng/ml,f/t PSA异常或PSAD值异常,符合以上之一者即入围此研究.共116例入选者,年龄50～84岁,既往均无前列腺手术病史.行6点系统加异常回声处活检,其中PSA＜10ng/ml者25例,10 ng/ml～者25例,20 ng/ml～者11例,>30 ng/ml者55例.行CF-TRUS经会阴前列腺穿刺活检,彩色多普勒超声检查并记录前列腺局灶性病变部位、回声特征及彩色多普勒血流等情况,其中43例行前列腺超声造影,了解并记录异常血流部位.结果 116例患者穿刺活检证实前列腺癌64例,BPH 52例.43例行超声造影检查后活检者,前列腺癌和BPH分别为25及18例,造影组和非造影组前列腺癌穿刺阳性率比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.622).PSA≤30ng/ml组共61例,其中行超声造影23例,发现前列腺癌8例,未造影组38例中发现前列腺癌5例,造影组穿刺阳性率高于非造影组,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.046);PSA>30 ng/ml患者造影和非造影穿刺阳性率(97.1%与85.0%)比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.095). 结论与B超引导下经直肠前列腺活检相比,CE-TRUS经会阴前列腺穿刺活检并发症少而轻.PSA≤30ng/ml患者结合超声造影检查能提高前列腺癌穿刺阳性率.     

徒手TRUS引导下经会阴前列腺活检的临床应用探讨

目的:探讨徒手"12+X"法TRUS引导下经会阴前列腺活检术诊断前列腺癌的临床应用价值。方法:2014年12月~2015年12月,对74例可疑前列腺癌患者行经直肠B超引导下18G自动穿刺活检针行双侧外周带12点法系统穿刺,其中直肠指诊(DRE)触及结节24例,超声提示异常回声14例,前列腺核磁提示异常信号30例;前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)<4ng/ml者14例,PSA 4~10ng/ml 25例,PSA>10ng/ml者35例。同时对每个可疑病灶进行1~2针靶向穿刺。回顾性分析穿刺的阳性率和并发症。结果:成功对74例患者进行徒手"12+X"法TRUS引导下经会阴前列腺活检术。年龄43~81岁,中位年龄72岁;PSA 1.9~500ng/ml,中位PSA17.8ng/ml。经病理诊断,前列腺癌23例,阳性率31.1%,穿刺阴性病例中3例TURP术后病理诊断结果为前列腺癌;2例首次穿刺阴性,6个月后重复穿刺时发现前列腺癌。低危前列腺癌(Gleason≤6分)、中危前列腺癌(Gleason=7分)和高危前列腺癌(Gleason≥8分)分别为13.1%、30.4%和56.5%。其余51例为良性前列腺增生或合并前列腺炎症。术后短暂和轻度的肉眼血尿6例(8.1%),均在1~3d后缓解,5例(6.8%)轻度发热,2例(2.7%)会阴部轻度不适。无脓毒症、急性尿潴留等严重并发症的发生。结论:徒手"12+X"法TRUS引导下经会阴前列腺活检安全可行,阳性率稳定,值得在临床上进一步推广。     

前列腺异常声像特征及位置对经直肠超声穿刺活检诊断前列腺癌的影响

目的 探讨经直肠超声检查中异常声像特征及位置对经直肠超声(TRUS)穿刺活检诊断前列腺癌的影响.方法 前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)4~20 ng/ml、发现异常声像和/或合并直肠指检异常的可疑前列腺癌患者410 例,根据声像特征分为低回声、等回声、高回声组,所有患者均行8+X 针的穿刺方法,详细记录患者临床资料及病理结果,比较两组的穿刺结果.结果 总的前列腺癌检出率为27.07%,低回声组前列腺癌穿刺阳性率(34.27%)明显高于等回声(22.77%)和高回声(13.33%)组(P<0.05),Gleason 评分在低、等回声组前列腺癌中无明显统计学差异(P>0.05).左右侧外周带单独存在低回声病例前列腺癌穿刺阳性率无明显统计差异(P>0.05),双侧外周低回声病例前列腺癌穿刺阳性率(46.97%)明显高于左侧(27.27%)与右侧(28.85%)外周带存在低回声病例(P<0.05).结论 PSA4~20 ng/ml,TRUS 存在低回声声像前列腺穿刺率阳性率明显高于TRUS 中等回声、高回声病例病例,双侧外周带存在低回声病例前列腺穿刺阳性率明显高于单侧外周带存在低回声病例.     

经直肠超声引导下重复穿刺活检在前列腺癌高危人群中的诊断价值(附45例分析)

目的探讨经直肠超声（TRUS）引导下重复穿刺活检在前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）升高或直肠指检阳性的前列腺癌（PCa）可疑人群中的诊断价值。方法在首次穿刺活检诊断为前列腺良性病变的45例Pca高危人群中开展TRUS引导下10点重复穿刺活检。平均年龄78（58-92）岁；45例患者PSA均大于2．6ng／ml，其中12例直肠指检异常。结果在45例前列腺重复穿刺的患者中，34例穿刺2次，8例穿刺3次，3例穿刺4次；确诊Pca 10例（22．2％），良性前列腺增生32例，慢性前列腺炎3例。结论在Pca高危人群中开展TRUS引导下重复穿刺可以提高Pca的诊断率。     

经直肠B超引导下前列腺穿刺活检在前列腺癌诊断中的应用价值(附658例报告)

目的：探讨经直肠超声引导下穿刺活检在前列腺癌（PCa）诊断中的临床应用价值。方法：自2000年开始,对中老年男性进行以PSA为主要检查指标的PCa普查,累计23761例。普查中发现PSA〉4μg／L者占普查人群的8．0％,达1900例。以前列腺PSA密度（PSAD）〉0．15ng／cm^3,同时结合直肠指诊为658例疑似PCa者行经直肠超声引导下的前列腺外腺6点穿刺活检术。结果：经穿刺证实为PCa者168例（25．5％）,BPH者347例（52．7％）,非典型性增生者24例（3．6％）,腺瘤样改变者36例（5．5％）,前列腺炎者57例（8．7％）,肉芽肿性前列腺炎者26例（4．0％）;168例PCa者中,前列腺周围区见低回声反射103例（61．3％）。PCa者PSAD为0．19±0．04,前列腺体积为（28．11±12．79）cm^3;BPH者PSAD为0．12±0．02,前列腺体积为（36．22±18．18）cm^3,分别比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：经直肠超声引导下前列腺6点穿刺活检具有准确、安全等优点,是确诊PCa的有效方法之一。同时结合正确应用PSA、PSAD,不但提高PCa的早期诊断率,而且有助于PCa高危人群的随访。     

经会阴前列腺穿刺484例分析

目的 分析484例直肠超声导引下经会阴前列腺穿刺病例,以提高穿刺活检的阳性率.方法 484例患者,以PSA＞4 ng/ml或肛指检查异常或B超发现异常回声为穿刺指征,行经会阴的6～8点系列加异常回声处活检.患者采取膀胱截石位,充分暴露会阴部.以1%利多卡因10 ml作浸润麻醉,至前列腺包膜.随后用自动活检枪以6针系列穿刺法对前列腺双侧外周带各2针,移行带各1针.对B超发现的可疑处另穿刺数针.其中315例使用Alokal700彩超仪和Promag2.2活检枪,另169例用ESAOTE TechrosMPS彩超仪和BardMagmun活检枪.结果 两组共484例,前列腺癌173例（35.7%）,前列腺增生262例（54.1%）,各级PIN35例（7.2%）,不典型增生12例（2.8%）,慢性肉芽肿性炎2例（0.4%）.Aloka组和ESAOTE组之间的阳性率比较无统计学上显著性差异.结论 经会阴前列腺穿刺活检是一种并发症较轻,阳性率较高的前列腺肿瘤的诊断方法,且在不同B超仪和活检枪情况下可以达到相似的阳性率.     

Multiple vesico-urethral biopsies following radical prostatectomy: the predictive roles of TRUS, DRE, PSA and the pathological stage

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to verify the predictive role of transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) of prostatic fossa, digital rectal examination (DRE), prostate specific antigen (PSA) and pathological stage after radical prostectomy in the detection of a prostate tumor recurrence at the level of the vesico-urethral anastomosis by means of multiple TRUS biopsies (6-8 cores).MATERIAL AND METHODS: From October 1997, following a radical prostatectomy, 119 consecutive patients (median age: 67.9 years) with a PSA>or=0.2 ng/ml (median PSA: 0.9 ng/ml) underwent DRE and TRUS examinations with a 5.0-7.5 MHz variable frequency end-fire probe (Hitachi Medical System) and an EUB-525 machine. All patients received six TRUS-guided biopsies of the vesico-urethral anastomosis, and 1-2 additional biopsies directed to hypo-echoic or suspicious areas, if detected by TRUS.RESULTS: Biopsies revealed recurrent carcinoma in 50% of patients (60/119). TRUS proved more sensitive than DRE (75% vs. 50%; p=0.01) and, conversely, DRE proved more specific than a TRUS (85% vs. 66%; p=0.03). Cancer was detected in 45% of the 34 patients with a PSAor=2.0 ng/ml (24 patients), TRUS was able to detect every biopsy-proven local recurrence lesion (sensitivity: 100%). Conversely, all patients with a PSA>or=2.0 ng/ml and a negative TRUS had a negative biopsy (negative predictive value: 100%). In a multi-variable logistical analysis, the most predictive parameters determining a positive biopsy rate among those values studied (PSA, DRE, TRUS, positive surgical margins, pathological stage and time to PSA elevation) were TRUS and DRE findings (p=0.003, with an odds ratio of 4.6 and p=0.02, with an odds ratio of 4.1, respectively).CONCLUSION: TRUS and TRUS biopsies utilizing 6-8 cores are efficient tools in the detection of local recurrence after a radical prostatectomy, even with a PSAor=2.0 ng/ml and a negative TRUS, a biopsy of the vesico-urethral anastomosis could be avoided since the negative predictive value is 100%. Cancer recurrence detection seems to be predicted by TRUS and DRE findings, but not by PSA levels, pathological stage, status of the surgical margins or time to PSA elevation.     

A-I型前列腺穿刺器活检筛选前列腺癌的临床意义

目的验证A-I型前列腺穿刺器对临床上前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)>4ng/ml和(或)前列腺直肠指诊、B超发现结节者进行前列腺癌筛查的临床意义。方法采用A-I型前列腺穿刺器,对36例PSA>4ng/ml或有前列腺结节者,在食指引导下进行前列腺左右叶的尖、中间、尾部和触及结节处活检。结果有结节者17例中发现前列腺癌(PCA)5例(29.4%);PSA>4.0ng/ml的34例中,PCA检出15例(44.12%)。分析显示:A-I型前列腺穿刺器与B-超引导系统相比较,对血清PSA>4.0ng/ml者的PCA检出率有明显的差异(x2=5.568,　P<0.05)。结论A-I型前列腺穿刺器完全可以满足临床对筛查前列腺癌的要求,是一种操作简便、易用、费用低廉的前列腺疾病的诊断器械,值得临床推广。     

经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检术（附136报告）

目的探讨经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检方法及阴性患者随访策略。方法136例患者因血清tPSA〉4ng／ml或伴前列腺硬结接受穿刺活检术。根据前列腺体积或硬结情况分别选择6针、8针或10针穿刺。病理为阴性,但提示HGPIN、ASAP或PSA持续〉4ng／ml,建议3-6个月后重复穿刺活检。结果136例患者共接受1172针活检,平均8．6针。总阳性率为23．5％,其中6针、8针和10针穿刺阳性率分别为0、19．1％和34．5％（P〈0．01）。30例接受了2-3次重复活检,所有重复活检均为阴性。47例患者接受平均3．6年随访,仅1例后经TURP证实为前列腺癌,其余未发现可疑前列腺癌局部或远处转移表现。结论根据超声前列腺形态选择穿刺方案可使绝大部分前列腺癌患者初次穿刺即获得确诊。重复穿刺阳性率低,应注意选择适应症。     

Prostate specific antigen density. Is there a role for this parameter when screening for prostate cancer?

The objective of this paper is to validate prostate specific antigen (PSA) density (PSAD) routine use to enhance PSA specificity in men with normal digital rectal examination and intermediate PSA values. It is a retrospective study of 235 men from a prostate cancer (PCa) screening program. All of them presented PSA values between 4 and 10 ng/ml, normal digital rectal examination, and a transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guided biopsy available (PSA>/=4 ng/ml as the sole criterion for biopsy). Multivariate analysis failed to demonstrate higher PSAD values in men with PCa. PSAD cutoff points higher than 0.07 ng/ml per cc were considered as unacceptable, with less than 95% sensitivity. When a cutoff point of 0.15 was considered, as many as 30.6% of the cancers were missed. In conclusion we cannot recommend the use of this parameter for the above mentioned purpose.Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases (2001) 4, 146-149.     

Detection rate and factors predictive the presence of prostate cancer in patients undergoing ultrasonography‐guided transperineal saturation biopsies of the prostate

Study Type – Diagnostic (case series)
Level of Evidence 4

OBJECTIVES

To assess the prostate cancer detection rate and predictive factors for prostate cancer after transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)‐guided transperineal saturation re‐biopsies of the prostate, using a 24‐core scheme.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We evaluated 143 consecutive patients undergoing TRUS‐guided transperineal saturation re‐biopsy of the prostate using a 24‐core scheme. The inclusion criteria were a previous negative biopsy and a prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level of ≥10.0 ng/mL, or of 4.0–10.0 ng/mL with a free/total ratio of <20% or an abnormal digital rectal examination or previous high‐grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) or atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP).

RESULTS

The mean (sd ) age of the patients was 66.5 (6.1) years and the median (interquartile range) PSA level was 9.0 (6.1–12.8) ng/mL. The number of previous biopsies was one in 59% of patients, two in 26% and three or more in 15%. We detected prostate cancer in 26%, ASAP in 5.6% and HGPIN in 2.1%. The cancer detection rate was 47%, 25.5% and 14% for prostate volumes of <40, 40–60 and ≥60 mL, respectively (P = 0.002). On a multivariate analysis the total prostate volume (40–60 vs <40 mL, hazard ratio 5.683; >60 vs <40 mL, hazard ratio 6.965; P = 0.01) was the only significant predictor of prostate cancer at saturation biopsy.

CONCLUSIONS

TRUS‐guided transperineal saturation re‐biopsy of the prostate using a 24‐core scheme resulted in a high cancer detection rate also in patients who had had two or more previous biopsies. The total prostate volume was the only predictor of prostate cancer.     

The role of a standardized 36 core template-assisted transperineal prostate biopsy technique in patients with previously negative transrectal ultrasonography-guided prostate biopsies

Study Type – Diagnostic (exploratory cohort) Level of Evidence 2b What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Template assisted transperineal biopsy of the prostate has become increasingly popular over the past decade. Several studies have demonstrated that transperineal prostate biopsy (TPB) is associated with an increased rate of cancer detection, increased histological concordance with final prostatectomy samples and an increase in anterior and apical prostate cancers than standard TRUS biopsy. However, interpretation of the literature is difficult due to considerable variation between studies in terms of technique and equipment. We examined a small cohort (n= 40) of patients using a standardized 36 core template assisted TPB technique. We show that utilising this technique is associated with high cancer (68%) detection rate in patients with two previous negative TRUS biopsies. Of patients were found to have anterior gland tumours which would not have been detected by standard TRUS guided biopsy.

OBJECTIVE

? To determine the efficacy and safety of a standardized 36 core template‐assisted transperineal biopsy technique for detecting prostate cancer in patients with previously negative transrectal ultrasonography‐guided prostate biopsies and elevated prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

? Between April 2008 to September 2010, a total of 40 patients with a mean (range) age of 63 (49–73) years, a mean (range) elevated PSA level of 21.9 (4.7–87) ng/mL and two previous sets of negative TRUS‐guided prostate biopsies underwent standardized 36 core template‐assisted transperineal prostate biopsies under general anaesthetic as a day case procedure. ? The cancer detection rate and complications for all cases were evaluated.

RESULTS

? In total, 27 of 40 (68%) patients were found to have adenocarcinoma of the prostate, two patients (5.0%) had atypical small acinar proliferation, one had high‐grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (2.5%), four (10%) had chronic active inflammation and six (15%) had benign histology. ? Gleason scores were in the range 6–9, with a median Gleason score of 7. ? There were no cases of urosepsis, urinary tract infections or haematuria. A single patient experienced acute urinary retention, with a subsequent succesful trial without a catheter, and haematospermia was common, although minor.

CONCLUSIONS

? Our standardized 36 core template‐assisted transperineal prostate biopsy technique is safe and associated with a high detection rate of prostate cancer. ? This technique should be considered in patients with elevated PSA levels and previously negative TRUS‐guided prostate biopsies.     

Early detection of prostate cancer in the ESRD population

BACKGROUND: There are currently no prostate cancer screening guidelines specific to the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) population. With this in mind, we evaluated the clinical usefulness of digital rectal examination (DRE), serum total prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD) and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) in predicting prostate cancer in men with ESRD. METHODS: Fifty male ESRD patients age 40 years and older with no prior history of prostate cancer were enrolled in the study. All patients underwent PSA measurement and a DRE followed by a TRUS. PSAD was calculated as the total PSA divided by the prostate volume. Ultrasound-guided prostate biopsies were performed on any patient with 1 or more of the following abnormal findings: a nodule detected on DRE; an abnormal TRUS; PSA > 4.0 ng/ml, or a PSAD > 0.15 ng/ml/cm3. RESULTS: Abnormal findings were detected in 19 patients. Two (4%) had an abnormal DRE, 3 (6%) had PSA > 4.0 ng/ml, 3 (6%) had PSAD > 0.15 ng/ml/cm3 and 16 (32%) had abnormal findings on TRUS. Three patients had 2 abnormal findings and 1 had 3. Of the 15 prostate biopsies performed, 4 (27%) revealed prostate cancer and 3 (20%) high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasm (HGPIN) comprising 8% and 6%, respectively, of the studied population. Of the 4 patients diagnosed with prostate cancer, none had abnormal DRE, 2 (50%) had PSA > 4.0 ng/ml (sensitivity = 66.7% and PPV = 50% (p = 0.236)), 3 (75%) had PSAD > 0.15 ng/ml/cm3 (sensitivity = 100% and PPV = 75% (p < 0.018)), and 3 (75%) had abnormal findings on TRUS (sensitivity = 30% and PPV = 75% (p = 1.000)). CONCLUSION: Routine screening with PSA and DRE does not seem sensitive enough to predict the presence of the disease. Although TRUS detected abnormalities in 16 patients (32%), sensitivity was very low (30%). In our patients, PSAD increased the sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of detecting prostate cancers compared to PSA alone.