使用UPLC－MS研究云南玛咖及提取物中的有效活性成分

目的：对云南产玛咖的玛咖粉和玛咖提取物中有效活性成分进行分析。方法将玛咖粉碎,分别用乙醇和水提取后,使用 UPLC－MS进行检测。结果从玛咖粉,玛咖醇提取物和水提取物中均检测出8中玛咖烯和玛咖酰胺组分。结论经提取后,其中有效组分均没有减少并有所上升,其中醇提取物中有效组分略高。     

国产玛咖小鼠免疫调节作用的实验研究

目的 探讨国产玛咖对小鼠的免疫调节作用.方法 分别以190、380、760mg·kg-1的玛咖经口给予小鼠连续灌胃30d后,进行各项免疫指标的测定.结果 玛咖剂量组与对照组比较能促进小鼠脾淋巴细胞增值转化作用及小鼠的迟发型变态反应(P＜0.05),促进小鼠的抗体生成细胞增加(P ＜0.05,P＜0.01),提高小鼠的单核巨噬细胞吞噬能力及小鼠的NK细胞活性(P＜0.05).结论 国产玛咖具有增强免疫力的功能.     

玛咖松花粉合剂抗疲劳作用的研究

目的研究玛咖松花粉合剂对小鼠抗运动性疲劳的作用。方法采用四批雄性Balb/c小鼠,每批50只,按照体重分为5个实验组,分别给予生理盐水（15mL/（kg·d））、玛咖松花粉合剂0.5g/（kg·d）、1.0g/（kg·d）、2.5g/（kg·d）,红牛饮料（15mL/（kg·d））,连续灌胃30d后分别测定各组小鼠游泳时间、尿素氮、肝糖原、血乳酸、谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶含量。结果玛咖松花粉合剂能显著延长小鼠游泳时间（P〈0.05）,降低运动后小鼠血尿素氮含量,增加肝糖原含量（P〈0.05）,快速降低血乳酸（P〈0.05）,且谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶含量与阴性对照组无明显差异（P＆gt;0.05）。结论玛咖松花粉合剂具有抗小鼠运动性疲劳的作用。它是通过提高运动耐力,增加肝糖原储备,加速乳酸的清除来抗运动性疲劳的,同时玛咖松花粉合剂对小鼠肝功能均无影响。     

玛咖提取物对雄性小鼠性活力的影响

目的:探讨口服玛咖根粉末的水提物、石油醚提取物和乙醇提取物对雄性小鼠性活力的影响。方法:将筛选后的小鼠随机分为实验组和对照组。实验组分别以各玛咖提取物的高、低剂量(4,0.8mg·g~(-1))灌胃,对照组自由活动。d6灌胃后1h,按1:3将雄、雌鼠合笼,记录各雄鼠交尾潜伏期和1h内的交尾次数。结果:与对照组比较,玛咖各提取物均明显缩短雄性小白鼠的交尾潜伏期并增加交尾次数。其中,石油醚提取物的效果最为显著。结论:玛咖石油醚提取物可显著增强雄性小鼠的性活力。     

西藏玛咖对小鼠抗疲劳作用的初步研究

目的:探讨西藏玛咖抗疲劳作用的机制。方法:分别以西藏玛咖干粉和其醇提液喂养小鼠,通过小鼠负重游泳实验,测定西藏玛咖对小鼠血乳酸浓度、血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、负重小鼠游泳时间、小鼠运动后血清尿素氨水平,比较西藏玛咖干粉与醇提液的抗疲劳作用效果。结果:灌胃小鼠30 d后,服用玛咖干粉与醇提液1,2,3组小鼠的血清LDH活力明显高于对照组(P<0.05);小鼠负重游泳时间也明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。服用玛咖干粉与醇提液1,2,3组的小鼠运动后血乳酸浓度则明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:西藏玛咖能够提高负重后小鼠游泳的时间,降低游泳后血清尿素氨的水平和血乳酸的浓度,提示西藏玛咖干粉与醇提液具有显著的抗疲劳功效。     

玛咖醇提取物对去卵巢大鼠内分泌激素及血脂水平的影响

目的:研究南美植物玛咖的醇提取物对去卵巢大鼠内分泌激素以及血脂水平的影响.方法:采用双侧卵巢切除术制备去卵巢大鼠模型,造模2周后大鼠灌胃给予玛咖醇提取物,剂量以干粉计分别为1.25和0.5 g·kg-1,qd,连续给药7个月.同时设假手术组、去卵巢模型组(均给予等体积的0.1%聚山梨酯'80)和阳性对照组(给予己烯雌酚0.05 mg·kg-1,隔日一次,连续灌胃7个月).给药3和7个月末测定大鼠血清内分泌激素雌二醇(E2)、睾丸酮(T)和卵泡刺激素(FSH)以及血脂水平.结果:与模型组比较,给药7个月后玛咖醇提取物高、低剂量组的血清FSH均显著降低(P<0.01),低剂量组的大鼠血清E2水平显著升高(P<0.01),但血清T值无显著改变.玛咖醇提取物对血清胆固醇水平具有一定的降低作用,血清三酰甘油在治疗中期呈现上升趋势,而在治疗末期又恢复正常.结论:玛咖醇提取物对去卵巢大鼠内分泌失调具有一定的改善作用.     

丽江产玛咖对雄性半去势大鼠性功能影响的实验研究

目的 研究丽江产玛咖对半去势大鼠交配能力与阴茎勃起功能的影响,评价其作用效果.方法 将♂大鼠随机分为6组,除正常对照组外,其余5组摘除右侧睾丸.正常对照、模型组(ig 10 mL·kg-1生理盐水)、阳性对照组(sc 2 mg· kg-1丙酸睾酮)及玛咖组(ig 0.64、0.32、0.16 g·kg-1玛咖)给药32 d,进行交配和勃起实验,记录骑跨潜伏期、骑跨次数、勃起潜伏期并检测血清睾酮(T)、促间质细胞激素(LH)、促精子生成素(FSH)水平、前列腺和精囊腺脏器系数等指标.结果 玛咖和丙酸睾酮能明显缩短半去势大鼠的骑跨潜伏期、勃起潜伏期,提高半去势大鼠的骑跨次数;显著降低血清中的LH水平,提高精囊腺脏器系数.结论 玛咖具有提高半去势大鼠的交配能力和阴茎勃起功能的作用,其机制可能与调整失衡的血清性激素水平有关.     

玛咖和西洋参皂苷合用对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的探讨玛咖(Lepidium meyenii.)干粉与西洋参总皂苷粉合用对小鼠免疫功能的影响.方法90只小鼠进行刀豆素A(ConA)诱导的小鼠淋巴细胞转化实验和NK细胞活性测定;另90只小鼠进行小鼠半数溶血值(HC50)测定和小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞实验.实验设6组合用物低、中、高剂量(0.02,0.2和1 g·kg-1·d-1,玛咖根干粉和西洋参总皂苷粉按照质量比937进行均匀混合)组、单一玛咖(0.93 g·kg-1·d-1)组、单一皂苷组(0.07 g·kg-1·d-1)和阴性对照(蒸馏水)组,每组15只.各组每日灌胃一次,每次20 mL·kg,连续30 d后测定各项指标.结果与对照组比较,合用物组显著提高ConA诱导的小鼠淋巴细胞增殖能力,增加HC50值,增强小鼠巨噬细胞对鸡红细胞的吞噬率和吞噬指数,并显著增加NK细胞活性.其作用优于单一玛咖组和单一皂苷组.结论玛咖干粉与西洋参总皂苷粉合用能增强小鼠的免疫功能.     

玛咖提取物对大鼠耐力和血抗氧化酶活性的影响

目的 探讨玛咖提取物对大鼠耐力和血抗氧化酶活性的影响。方法 采用循环水流自由游泳和/或给予大鼠8.0、16.0、32.0 g.kg_-1体重玛咖提取物,连续给药15 d,第16天测定耐力和血丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、 超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase ,SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-px)水平。结果 给予玛咖提取物8.0、16.0、32.0 g.kg_-1体重15 d,沉下前游泳时间和游泳总时间分别延长了34.38%、84.25%、126.07%和37.42%、47.03、107.24%( P<0.01),大鼠沉下次数比单纯游泳组分别减少了17.65%、33.28%、55.50%( P<0.01), MDA水平分别降低了34.63%、54.13%、63.73％(P<0.01),SOD和GSH-px水平分别升高了67.78%,108.25%、154.49％和48.57%、110.28%、154.86%(P<0.01)。结论 玛咖提取物具有抵抗疲劳,增强运动能力的作用。其机制与降低血MDA水平,提高血SOD和GSH-px活性作用有关。     

重庆万和“新新品”上架 首月创利超220万

近日，从重庆万和总部了解到，万和靠一个“新新品”在短短的1个月内创造利润超220万，到底是什么样的产品？什么样的营销手法？让它产生如此巨大的效益呢？下面让我们深入探索5A玛咖这个“新新品”是如何与重庆万和展开奇迹般故事的。随着8月底唐先伟代表中国药店联盟（以下简称“中盟”）亲自到丽江考察百岁坊玛咖，并与百岁坊达成深度战略合作，百岁坊5A玛咖品类深入布局到中盟旗下重庆万和药店渠道阶段。     

Toxicological Aspects of the South American Herbs Cat’s Claw (Uncaria tomentosa) and Maca (Lepidium meyenii)

Recent exceptional growth in human exposure to natural products known to originate from traditional medicine has lead to a resurgence of scientific interest in their biological effects. As a strategy for improvement of the assessment of their pharmacological and toxicological profile, scientific evidence-based approaches are being employed to appropriately evaluate composition, quality, potential medicinal activity and safety of these natural products. Using this approach, we comprehensively reviewed existing scientific evidence for known composition, medicinal uses (past and present), and documented biological effects with emphasis on clinical pharmacology and toxicology of two commonly used medicinal plants from South America with substantial human exposure from historical and current global use: Uncaria tomentosa (common name: cat’s claw, and Spanish: uña de gato), and Lepidium meyenii (common name: maca). Despite the geographic sourcing from remote regions of the tropical Amazon and high altitude Andean mountains, cat’s claw and maca are widely available commercially in industrialised countries. Analytical characterisations of their active constituents have identified a variety of classes of compounds of toxicological, pharmacological and even nutritional interest including oxindole and indole alkaloids, flavonoids, glucosinolates, sterols, polyunsaturated fatty acids, carbolines and other compounds. The oxindole alkaloids from the root bark of cat’s claw are thought to invoke its most widely sought-after medicinal effects as a herbal remedy against inflammation. We find the scientific evidence supporting this claim is not conclusive and although there exists a base of information addressing this medicinal use, it is limited in scope with some evidence accumulated from in vitro studies towards understanding possible mechanisms of action by specific oxindole alkaloids through inhibition of nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation. Although controlled clinical studies have demonstrated reduction in pain associated with cat’s claw intake in patients with various chronic inflammatory disorders, there is insufficient clinical data overall to draw a firm conclusion for its anti-inflammatory effects. An important observation was that experimental results were often dependent upon the nature of the preparation used. It appears that the presence of unknown substances has an important role in the overall effects of cat’s claw extracts is an important factor for consideration. The available animal toxicological studies did not indicate severe toxicity from oral intake of cat’s claw preparations but rather were suggestive of a low potential for acute and subacute oral toxicity, and a lack of evidence to demonstrate genotoxic potential and mutagenic activity. Maca is a clear example of a herb with substantial medicinal use in traditional herbal medicine by indigenous cultures in South America since the first recorded knowledge of it in the seventeenth century. The hypocotyls of maca are the edible part of the plant used for nutritional and proposed fertility-enhancing properties. Maca has been described to possess many other medicinal properties in traditional herbal medicine but only a few of them have been well studied scientifically. Published clinical studies of maca seem to be related to its property as a nutrient, for male fertility and for energy. There are inadequate data regarding the precise mechanism of action of maca. Some studies suggest that secondary metabolites found in maca extracts are important constituents responsible for its physiological effects. Maca has been reported in the scientific literature to have a low degree of acute oral toxicity in animals and low cellular toxicity in vitro. An important finding unveiled by this review is the importance of standardisation in quality and additional basic and clinical research to scientifically validate and understand composition, biological activity, safety and risk. Development of a comprehensive pharmacological and toxicological profile through critical evaluation of existing and future experimental data, especially carefully conducted clinical studies would facilitate the scientific evidence-based approach to understanding potential biological effects of these major traditionally based herbals in current global use.     

Effect of gamma irradiation on phenol content,antioxidant activity and biological activity of black maca and red maca extracts (Lepidium meyenii walp)

This study was performed to determine the effects of gamma irradiation on UV spectrum on maca, total content of polyphenols, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activities and in vivo biological activities of red and black maca extracts (Lepidium meyenii).

Adult mice of the strain Swiss aged 3 months and weighing 30–35?g in average were used to determine biological activities. Daily sperm production, effect on testosterone-induced prostate hyperplasia and forced swimming test were used to determine the effect of irradiation on biological activities of maca extracts.

Irradiation did not show differences in UV spectrum but improves the amount of total polyphenols in red maca as well as in black maca extracts. In both cases, black maca extract has more content of polyphenols than red maca extract (p?<?0.01). Gamma irradiation significantly increased the antioxidant capacity (p?<?0.05).

No difference was observed in daily sperm production when irradiated and nonirradiated maca extract were administered to mice (p?>?0.05). Black maca extract but not red maca extract has more swimming endurance capacity in the forced swimming test. Irradiation of black maca extract increased the swimming time to exhaustion (p?<?0.05). This is not observed with red maca extract (p?>?0.05). Testosterone enanthate (TE) increased significantly the ventral prostate weight. Administration of red maca extract in animals treated with TE prevented the increase in prostate weight. Irradiation did not modify effect of red maca extract on prostate weight (p?>?0.05).

In conclusion, irradiation does not alter the biological activities of both black maca and red maca extracts. It prevents the presence of microorganisms in the extracts of black or red maca, but the biological activities were maintained.     

Toxicological aspects of the South American herbs cat's claw (Uncaria tomentosa) and Maca (Lepidium meyenii) : a critical synopsis

Recent exceptional growth in human exposure to natural products known to originate from traditional medicine has lead to a resurgence of scientific interest in their biological effects. As a strategy for improvement of the assessment of their pharmacological and toxicological profile, scientific evidence-based approaches are being employed to appropriately evaluate composition, quality, potential medicinal activity and safety of these natural products. Using this approach, we comprehensively reviewed existing scientific evidence for known composition, medicinal uses (past and present), and documented biological effects with emphasis on clinical pharmacology and toxicology of two commonly used medicinal plants from South America with substantial human exposure from historical and current global use: Uncaria tomentosa (common name: cat's claw, and Spanish: u?a de gato), and Lepidium meyenii (common name: maca). Despite the geographic sourcing from remote regions of the tropical Amazon and high altitude Andean mountains, cat's claw and maca are widely available commercially in industrialised countries. Analytical characterisations of their active constituents have identified a variety of classes of compounds of toxicological, pharmacological and even nutritional interest including oxindole and indole alkaloids, flavonoids, glucosinolates, sterols, polyunsaturated fatty acids, carbolines and other compounds. The oxindole alkaloids from the root bark of cat's claw are thought to invoke its most widely sought-after medicinal effects as a herbal remedy against inflammation. We find the scientific evidence supporting this claim is not conclusive and although there exists a base of information addressing this medicinal use, it is limited in scope with some evidence accumulated from in vitro studies towards understanding possible mechanisms of action by specific oxindole alkaloids through inhibition of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation. Although controlled clinical studies have demonstrated reduction in pain associated with cat's claw intake in patients with various chronic inflammatory disorders, there is insufficient clinical data overall to draw a firm conclusion for its anti-inflammatory effects. An important observation was that experimental results were often dependent upon the nature of the preparation used. It appears that the presence of unknown substances has an important role in the overall effects of cat's claw extracts is an important factor for consideration. The available animal toxicological studies did not indicate severe toxicity from oral intake of cat's claw preparations but rather were suggestive of a low potential for acute and subacute oral toxicity, and a lack of evidence to demonstrate genotoxic potential and mutagenic activity. Maca is a clear example of a herb with substantial medicinal use in traditional herbal medicine by indigenous cultures in South America since the first recorded knowledge of it in the seventeenth century. The hypocotyls of maca are the edible part of the plant used for nutritional and proposed fertility-enhancing properties. Maca has been described to possess many other medicinal properties in traditional herbal medicine but only a few of them have been well studied scientifically. Published clinical studies of maca seem to be related to its property as a nutrient, for male fertility and for energy. There are inadequate data regarding the precise mechanism of action of maca. Some studies suggest that secondary metabolites found in maca extracts are important constituents responsible for its physiological effects. Maca has been reported in the scientific literature to have a low degree of acute oral toxicity in animals and low cellular toxicity in vitro. An important finding unveiled by this review is the importance of standardisation in quality and additional basic and clinical research to scientifically validate and understand composition, biological activity, safety and risk. Development of a comprehensive pharmacological and toxicological profile through critical evaluation of existing and future experimental data, especially carefully conducted clinical studies would facilitate the scientific evidence-based approach to understanding potential biological effects of these major traditionally based herbals in current global use.     

Metabolomic differentiation of maca (Lepidium meyenii) accessions cultivated under different conditions using NMR and chemometric analysis

To gain insights on the effects of color type, cultivation history, and growing site on the composition alterations of maca (Lepidium meyenii Walpers) hypocotyls, NMR profiling combined with chemometric analysis was applied to investigate the metabolite variability in different maca accessions. Maca hypocotyls with different colors (yellow, pink, violet, and lead-colored) cultivated at different geographic sites and different areas were examined for differences in metabolite expression. Differentiations of the maca accessions grown under the different cultivation conditions were determined by principle component analyses (PCAs) which were performed on the datasets derived from their 1H NMR spectra. A total of 16 metabolites were identified by NMR analysis, and the changes in metabolite levels in relation to the color types and growing conditions of maca hypocotyls were evaluated using univariate statistical analysis. In addition, the changes of the correlation pattern among the metabolites identified in the maca accessions planted at the two different sites were examined. The results from both multivariate and univariate analysis indicated that the planting site was the major determining factor with regards to metabolite variations in maca hypocotyls, while the color of maca accession seems to be of minor importance in this respect.     

Effect of ethanolic extract of Lepidium meyenii Walp on serum hormone levels in ovariectomized rats

Objective:

To evaluate the effect of long-term ethanol extract of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) on serum hormone levels in ovariectomized (OVX) rats and compare them with the effect of diethylstilbestrol.

Materials and Methods:

Fifty female Sprague-Dawley rats were ovariectomized or sham operated. Both sham and OVX control groups (n = 10, respectively) received the vehicle. The remaining OVX rats were oral administrated with ethanol extract of Maca (0.096, or 0.24g/kg; n = 10, respectively) and diethylstilbestrol (0.05 mg/kg; n = 10). The treatment continued for 28 weeks. At week 12 and week 28, the blood of rats was collected and serum hormone levels, including estradiol (E2), testosterone (T) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured by radioimmunoassay.

Results:

At week 12, the levels of serum E2 were slightly higher in Maca groups than that in OVX group; T levels were significantly decreased; and FSH levels were advanced slightly in Maca groups than that in sham group. After 28 weeks administration, serum E2 levels in Maca-treated animals did not differ significantly from sham control, the low dose of Maca increased serum E2 levels, and Maca prevented increase in serum FSH levels compared with OVX group.

Conclusions:

Long-term Maca supply modulates endocrine hormone balance in OVX rats, especially it decreases enhanced FSH levels. It is proposed that Maca may become a potential choice for postmenopausal women.KEY WORDS: Lepidium meyenii, maca, ovariectomized rats, serum hormone     

鹿药属植物化学成分及药理作用研究进展

鹿药Smilacina japonica是多年生百合科草本植物,有悠久的药用历史,尤其在民族药方面应用较多,作为药食同源植物近年来需求增加,因此对鹿药属植物化学成分和药理作用的研究增多。鹿药属植物含有甾体、黄酮、多糖、氨基酸、酚酸、酰胺等多种活性成分,具有抗菌、抗肿瘤、抗氧化等药理活性。根据国内外文献报道,总结并综述了鹿药、管花鹿药S.henryi、高大鹿药S.atropurpurea等鹿药属植物的化学成分及药理作用的研究进展,以期为鹿药属植物资源的开发及医药保健方面的合理应用提供参考。     

药食同源植物-葱（Allium fistulosum）种植物的研究进展

药食同源植物葱（Allium fistulosum）的化学成分复杂,主要的化学成分主要集中在黄酮类、甾体皂苷类、含硫类化合物等几部分。有较好的消除亚硝酸盐、抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、降血脂、防治非酒精性脂肪肝等作用。本文综述近年关于葱的化学成分及药理活性,为其进一步开发利用提供依据。     

白花九里明的研究进展

目的 对白花九里明的研究进展加以综述。方法 结合国内最新文献,从植物概述、化学成分和药理作用等方面对白花九里明的研究进展进行归纳与整理。结果与结论 白花九里明主要含有苷类、有机酸、酚类、黄酮类及挥发油等化学成分,具有镇痛镇静、凝血、止血、降血压以及保护肝脏等药理作用,但多种药理活性的机制尚不明确,需要进一步深入开展相关研究。     

薯蓣属植物中菲类化学成分及其药理活性研究进展

薯蓣属(Dioscorea)植物是中药材的重要来源，山药、穿山龙、粉萆薢、黄山药、绵萆薢等中药皆来源于该属植物。菲类化合物是该属植物中一类重要的化学成分，包括菲单体、二氢菲、四氢菲、菲醌和菲二聚体5种结构类型，具有抗肿瘤、抗炎、抗氧化、降血糖、抗肥胖、抗菌、抗病毒、神经保护等药理活性，其中一些菲类化合物活性多样且作用显著，有较好的开发利用前景。目前未见针对薯蓣属植物中菲类化学成分的系统性综述报道，本文对薯蓣属植物中的菲类化学成分及其药理活性进行综述，旨在为相关研究提供参考，以促进薯蓣属植物的开发利用。