肝硬化门静脉高压伴自发性门体分流的研究进展

肝硬化是各种慢性肝病的终末阶段,其最主要并发症为门静脉高压,在这样病理状态下,自发性门体分流(SPSS)作为门静脉系统侧支循环,其发生机理及临床价值尚未引起足够重视。经分析表明,SPSS虽为自然分流通道,但是否作为门静脉高压的一种减压方式,尚有待进一步深入研究;加深对SPSS的认识将为门静脉高压的诊治提供重要的指导意义。     

肝硬化门静脉高压自发性脾肾分流患者临床特征分析

目的:分析肝硬化门静脉高压合并自发性脾肾分流患者临床特征。方法:回顾性分析我院17例肝硬化门静脉高压合并脾肾分流患者作为分流组,记录其Child-Pugh评分,门静脉内径、脾静脉内径,总胆红素水平及有无食管胃底静脉曲张、肝性脑病及腹水的发生;随机抽取同期住院20例肝硬化门静脉高压未合并脾肾分流患者作为对照组,分析其临床特征。结果:分流组患者门静脉及脾静脉内径分别为(14.14±0.93)mm、(15.82±1.03)mm,对照组患者分别为(15.35±1.22)mm、(12.56±1.90)mm,两组相比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);脾肾分流患者总胆红素水平为(32.94±7.56)μmol/L,总胆红素异常率为88.23%,对照组分别为(37.45±22.61)μmol/L和55.00%,两组总胆红素水平相比无统计学意义(P0.05)。分流组患者总胆红素异常率高于对照组(P0.05);分流组食管胃底静脉曲张、肝性脑病、腹水发生率分别为88.24%、47.06%、23.53%,对照组分别为55.00%、10.00%、30.00%,两组相比较,食管胃底静脉曲张及肝性脑病发生率有统计学意义(P0.05),腹水发生率相比无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:肝硬化门静脉高压合并脾肾分流患者存在不同程度的总胆红素升高,多合并食管胃底静脉曲张,其肝性脑病的发生率明显升高。     

肝硬化患者自发性门体分流发生率及预后分析

目的肝硬化患者自发性门体分流发生率及治疗后预后情况分析。方法选择2017年6月—2018年11月于我院就诊的肝硬化合并门静脉高压患者220例,均采用TIPS手术降门脉高压,同时对术中发现自发性门体分流患者采用弹簧钢圈、血管硬化剂或Amplatzer封堵器进行封堵。统计所有患者中自发性门体分流发生率,对所有患者进行为期1年术后随访,记录患者死亡情况、术后并发症发生情况。结果 220例肝硬化门静脉高压患者中有85例38.64%合并自发性门体分流。合并自发性门体分流患者术后1年内肝性脑病累积发生率为32.41%、腹水为36.47%、上消化道出血为23.53%;支架畅通率在术后1年内降至78.82%。合并与未合并自发性分流患者术后1年内死亡率比较无明显差异(P0.05)。合并自发性门体分流患者术后1年内肝性脑病累积发生率32.41%与未合并自发性门体分流患者21.48%比较无显著差异(P0.05)。有肝性脑病病史是TIPS手术后1年内发生肝性脑病的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论本研究中肝硬化门静脉高压患者自发性门体分流发生率为38.64%,在经TIPS联合封堵治疗后可达到封堵目的并有效降低患者门静脉高压,术后1年内肝性脑病累积发生率与患者术前有肝性脑病病史有关。     

肝硬化合并门静脉血栓致门静脉高压症治疗现状

肝硬化合并门静脉血栓(PVT)并不少见,PVT会进一步加重门静脉高压症,此时针对PVT的治疗可改善肝硬化患者的预后。目前的治疗方式包括抗凝治疗及经颈静脉肝内门体支架分流术(TIPS)。本文就此类患者的治疗现状作一综述。     

伴自发性门静脉分流孤立性静脉曲张破裂出血患者临床特点

目的 了解伴自发性门静脉分流(SPSS)的孤立性静脉曲张(IGV-1)破裂出血患者的临床特点。方法 回顾性分析伴SPSS的IGV-1破裂出血患者,记录不同的类型的SPSS患者门静脉直径、门静脉压力梯度(HVPG)、门静脉有无血栓、Child-Pugh评分、Meld评分、治疗方式,随访3年,记录术后再出血次数及生存情况。结果 纳入IGV-1破裂出血患者37例,15例存在脾肾分流道,14例存在胃肾分流道,8例同时存在脾肾分流和胃肾分流。18例进行TIPS治疗,随访中出现再出血4例,肝性脑病4例;胃冠状静脉栓塞术联合部分脾栓塞术治疗6例,随访中再出血4例,死亡1例。内镜治疗患者9例,随访中再出血3例,肝性脑病1例,死亡1例。单因素Cox回归发现门静脉血栓(PVT)和HVPG是影响患者再出血的危险因素。结论 伴SPSS的IGV-1患者再出血、腹水和PVT发生率较高,同时PVT和HVPG是再出血的危险因素,分流形式对IGV-1治疗方案的选择有重要价值。     

肝硬化胃静脉曲张伴自发性门体分流的诊治现状

肝硬化胃静脉曲张患者有半数以上合并自发性门体分流, 常见胃肾分流和脾肾分流, 分流道的存在可增加患者治疗的难度和风险。本综述总结了肝硬化胃静脉曲张患者伴自发性门体分流的流行病学、治疗现状等, 为其临床诊治提供参考。     

Parallel transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for controlling portal hypertension complications in cirrhotic patients

AIM: To evaluate the feasibility of a second parallel transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) to reduce portal venous pressure and control complications of portal hypertension.METHODS: From January 2011 to December 2012, 10 cirrhotic patients were treated for complications of portal hypertension. The demographic data, operative data, postoperative recovery data, hemodynamic data, and complications were analyzed.RESULTS: Ten patients underwent a primary and parallel TIPS. Technical success rate was 100% with no technical complications. The mean duration of the first operation was 89.20 ± 29.46 min and the second operation was 57.0 ± 12.99 min. The mean portal system pressure decreased from 54.80 ± 4.16 mmHg to 39.0 ± 3.20 mmHg after the primary TIPS and from 44.40 ± 3.95 mmHg to 26.10 ± 4.07 mmHg after the parallel TIPS creation. The mean portosystemic pressure gradient decreased from 43.80 ± 6.18 mmHg to 31.90 ± 2.85 mmHg after the primary TIPS and from 35.60 ± 2.72 mmHg to 15.30 ± 3.27 mmHg after the parallel TIPS creation. Clinical improvement was seen in all patients after the parallel TIPS creation. One patient suffered from transient grade I hepatic encephalopathy (HE) after the primary TIPS and four patients experienced transient grade I-II after the parallel TIPS procedure. Mean hospital stay after the first and second operations were 15.0 ± 3.71 d and 16.90 ± 5.11 d (P = 0.014), respectively. After a mean 14.0 ± 3.13 mo follow-up, ascites and bleeding were well controlled and no stenosis of the stents was found.CONCLUSION: Parallel TIPS is an effective approach for controlling portal hypertension complications.     

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt as a bridge to non-hepatic surgery in cirrhotic patients with severe portal hypertension: a systematic review

Background

Portal hypertension (PHTN) increases the risk of non-hepatic surgery in cirrhotic patients. This first systematic review analyzes the place of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in preparation for non-hepatic surgery in such patients.

经颈静脉肝内门体静脉分流术治疗肝硬化门静脉高压共识意见

<正>门静脉高压症是肝硬化发展过程中的重要病理生理环节,也是肝硬化失代偿期的重要临床表现之一。经颈静脉肝内门体静脉分流术(transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt,TIPS)通过在肝静脉与门静脉之间的肝实质内建立分流道,以微创的方式,从结构上显著降低门静脉阻力,是降低肝硬化患者门静脉压力的关键措施之一。选择恰当病例,可有效减少食管胃静脉曲张再出血和腹水复发等肝硬化并发症,改善肝硬化患者生活质量,减少或延缓对肝移植的需求[1-3]。TIPS应用于临床已有20余年,在经历了一系列观念、技术、器材和联合药物治疗的探索后,目前该技术的有效性和安     

Effects of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt on changes in the small bowel mucosa of cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension

Background

The introduction of capsule endoscopy (CE) has facilitated the detection of mucosal changes in the small bowel, and such mucosal changes have been noted in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension; these changes are described as portal hypertensive enteropathy. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) on the small bowel mucosal changes detected by CE in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension.

Methods

TIPS was performed in fifteen cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension. All patients underwent CE before and 2 weeks after TIPS. The small bowel mucosal changes were defined as edema, angiodysplasia-like lesions, red spots, and small bowel varices. Changes in the portosystemic pressure gradient (PSG) and CE findings were evaluated.

Results

Before TIPS, small bowel edema was detected in all 15 patients, angiodysplasia-like lesions in 7, and red spots in 14 patients. The PSG decreased significantly, from 21.2 ± 2.6 before TIPS to 8.9 ± 3.3 mmHg (p < 0.001) after the procedure. After TIPS, the small bowel edema was attenuated in 8 of the 15 patients. In two patients with angiodysplasia-like lesions and 4 with red spots, these lesions were attenuated after TIPS. The average score for small bowel edema and the grade of red spots were reduced significantly after TIPS (2.3 ± 0.7–1.8 ± 0.6, p < 0.005 and 1.6 ± 0.9–1.3 ± 0.7, p < 0.05, respectively). Small bowel varices were seen in 4 patients before TIPS and all these varices disappeared after TIPS.

Conclusions

In cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension, small bowel edema, red spots, and small bowel varices were attenuated after TIPS. Portal hypertension may be an important factor in the development of small bowel mucosal changes.     

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: current status

The transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) was developed in the 1980s for treatment of complications of portal hypertension. Once it was shown that the shunt could be placed with relative ease, TIPS was rapidly applied to the treatment of many of the complications of portal hypertension. These complications include actively bleeding gastroesophageal varices, prevention of rebleeding from varices, control of refractory cirrhotic ascites and hepatic hydrothorax, and treatment of hepatorenal failure and hepatopulmonary syndrome. TIPS has also been used as therapy for Budd-Chiari syndrome and veno-occlusive disease. Despite these broad applications, TIPS has been compared with other forms of therapy in only 2 situations: prevention of rebleeding from varices and control of refractory cirrhotic ascites. In the trials, TIPS was shown to provide better control of these 2 complications of portal hypertension than standard forms of therapy. However, there was no improvement in survival and the incidence of encephalopathy was greater for patients receiving a TIPS. Thus, the use of TIPS for the control of ascites and prevention of rebleeding from varices should be limited to a select group of patients. There have been no controlled trials for the other indications listed. Despite the apparent efficacy of TIPS in many of these situations, its use should be limited to salvage therapy pending the publication of controlled trials showing it is a better treatment than other forms of therapy.     

早期抗凝干预用于经颈静脉肝内门体静脉支架分流术联合PSE治疗肝硬化患者价值探讨*

目的 研究在经颈静脉肝内门体静脉支架分流术(TIPS)联合部分脾栓塞(PSE)术治疗的肝硬化并发食管胃底静脉曲张患者早期抗凝干预对预防门静脉血栓形成的价值。方法 2016年9月～2018年9月我院收治的86例肝硬化并发门静脉高压症患者,均接受TIPS联合PSE治疗。术后,采用抽签法随机将患者分为对照组43例,给予肝素和阿司匹林抗凝治疗,和观察组43例,术后给予低分子肝素联合华法林治疗。随访3个月。结果 术后7 d,观察组PLT为(274.3±30.2)×10⁹/L,显著高于术前,对照组PLT为(257.6±29.7)×10⁹/L,也显著高于术前;观察组PLT、PT和APTT与对照组比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);门静脉直径为(12.2±2.2)mm,门静脉血流流速为(12.6±2.3)cm/s,门静脉血流量为(910.6±260.2)ml/min,与对照组的(12.1±2.0)mm、(13.0±4.1)cm/s和(889.4±192.6)ml/min比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组腹水、出血、肝性脑病、皮肤瘀斑和发热发生率比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但观察组门静脉血栓形成发生率为2.3%,显著低于对照组的16.3%(P＜0.05)。结论 早期给予低分子肝素联合华法林抗凝处理能有效预防TIPS联合PSE术后门静脉系统血栓形成,临床应引起足够的重视。     

经颈静脉肝内门体分流术研究进展及其在肝硬化门静脉高压治疗中的应用

近年来,随着基础研究及临床应用的进步,经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)的成功率明显提高,支架再狭窄率及术后肝性脑病的发生率亦得到控制。结合笔者临床实践及国内外大会热点,就TIPS相关技术进展及其在肝硬化中的应用进行介绍,主要包括TIPS穿刺辅助技术、TIPS支架、TIPS相关肝性脑病及防治以及TIPS适应证和禁忌证、TIPS在肝硬化中解决的问题、肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血治疗中TIPS相对于其他治疗方法的优缺点。以期为TIPS更好的发展作一点贡献,让更多肝硬化患者获益。     

Decision-analysis of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt versus distal splenorenal shunt for portal hypertension

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) and surgical distal splenorenal shunt (DSRS) are treatments for complications of portal hypertension. TIPS is widely used because it is relatively easy to place. Because TIPS may malfunction over time, it is unclear whether TIPS is superior to DSRS in patients with Child's class A cirrhosis who enjoy a longer survival. This study compared the cost-effectiveness of TIPS to DSRS for portal hypertension in Child's class A cirrhosis. A decision analysis model was used to evaluate the number of procedures, life expectancy, and costs over the first 2 years in patients with Child's class A cirrhosis who underwent a TIPS or DSRS. Patients who received TIPS survived 1.96 years, required 1.7 procedures, and incurred $41,685 in costs. Patients who underwent a DSRS survived 1.86 years, required 1.0 procedure, and incurred $26,951 in costs. The cost-effectiveness of TIPS compared with DSRS was $147,340 per life-year saved. Adjusting the rate of TIPS dysfunction, 1-year survival, or the number of ultrasounds to detect TIPS dysfunction did not change the results. In patients with Child's class A cirrhosis, DSRS is a more cost-effective treatment than TIPS. Until the results of a randomized controlled trial comparing TIPS with DSRS are available, TIPS should be regarded as experimental and prohibitively expensive in Child's class A cirrhosis.