留守儿童的人格特质与心理健康问题:留守类型的调节作用

目的:探讨留守儿童人格特质与心理健康水平的关系,以及留守类型在二者关系间的调节作用,为留守儿童心理健康教育及干预指导提供理论依据.方法:采用艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)、心理健康诊断测验(MHT)对马鞍山市农村中小学800名学生进行问卷调查.结果:①3种不同类型的儿童在内外向(F=9.075,P＜0.001)、神经质(F=36.632,P＜0.001)及精神质(F=4.530,P＜0.05)人格维度、心理健康总得分(F=71.694,P＜0.001)上均有显著差异.②相关分析结果显示,留守儿童内外向人格特质与心理健康呈显著负相关(r=-0.209,P＜0.01),神经质、精神质人格特质与心理健康均呈显著正相关(r=0.680,0.352;P＜0.01).③内外向性人格特质能够显著负向预测心理健康得分(β=-0.158,P＜0.001),神经质人格特质和精神质人格特质能显著正向预测心理健康得分(β=-0.647,-0.345;P＜0.001).④留守类型与神经质人格特质的交互项对留守儿童心理健康水平的预测作用显著(β=0.322,P＜0.01),留守类型与内外向人格特质、精神质人格特质的交互项对留守儿童心理健康水平的预测作用不显著(P＞0.05).结论:留守类型在留守儿童神经质人格特质与心理健康关系之间存在调节效应.     

企业员工人格特质与工作倦怠的关系

目的:探讨企业员工人格特质与工作倦怠的关系。方法:选用Maslach工作倦怠量表通用版(MBIGS)和艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)对217名企业员工工作倦怠和人格特质进行测查,并根据MBI-GS得分将研究对象分为倦怠组和非倦怠组。结果:1倦怠组的EPQ精神质分和神经质分显著高于非倦怠组(P0.01),内外向分则显著低于非倦怠组(P0.01);2精神质分与情感耗竭(r=0.158,P0.05)、玩世不恭(r=0.257,P0.01)的因子分有显著正相关关系;内外向分与情感耗竭(r=0.22,P0.01)、玩世不恭(r=0.30,P0.01)及成就感降低(r=0.37,P0.01)的因子分呈显著负相关关系;神经质分与情感耗竭(r=0.50,P0.01)、玩世不恭(r=0.34,P0.01)及成就感降低(r=0.16,P0.05)的因子分呈显著正相关关系;3内外向和神经质是情感耗竭的有效预测因子;精神质、内外向以及神经质均是玩世不恭的有效预测因子;成就感降低由内外向决定。结论:工作倦怠人群的人格特质表现为高神经质、高精神质、低内外向;人格特质是工作倦怠的重要预测因素之一。     

留守儿童心理健康:人格特质与社会支持的影响

目的:探讨留守儿童的人格特质和社会支持对心理健康水平的影响以及二者之间的互相作用。方法:采用整群抽样的方法对西部某省区多民族交界杂居的两所小学和两所中学4~8年级共210名留守儿童和110名非留守儿童和15位班主任进行问卷调查。结果:①留守儿童心理健康水平与非留守儿童存在显著差异;不同监护类型留守儿童心理健康差异主要表现在身体症状方面(F_(6,313)=2.26,P0.05),且留守儿童心理健康问题女孩比男孩严重(t=-3.10,P0.05),初中生比小学生严重(t=2.56,P0.05);②留守儿童的心理健康受到人格特质和社会支持的双重影响,即留守儿童的心理健康受到人格特质的神经质和精神质(r=0.67,0.29;P0.01)的影响,社会支持帮助对心理健康(r=0.12,P0.05)有影响,留守儿童的人格特质存在监护类型和学段差异;③社会支持对心理健康有显著的负向回归预测效应(B=-0.02,P0.05),并且社会支持可以完善人格特质从而对心理健康发生作用。结论:留守儿童的心理健康水平不容乐观,心理健康受到人格特质和社会支持的双重影响,增加社会支持可以改善人格特质增进心理健康。     

军人应付方式与人格特征的相关性

目的:探讨基层官兵应付方式与人格特征的关系。方法:采用埃克森人格问卷和应付方式问卷对1738名基层部队官兵进行调查。结果:1相关分析表明,精神质与军人各项应付方式相关显著(r=-0.370~0.396,P0.01);内外倾与解决问题、自责、求助相关显著(r=-0.100~0.343,P0.01);神经质与军人各项应付方式相关显著(r=-0.135~0.618,P0.01);2回归分析表明,人格特征对军人应付方式具有一定的预测作用,人格特质可以有效解释军人各应付方式21.5%~40.7%的变异量。结论:人格特征是军人应付方式的重要影响因素。     

中医院校学生人格特质与抑郁程度的相关性

目的:研究中医院校大学生人格特质各因子对抑郁的影响程度。方法:采用BECK抑郁自评问卷和艾森克人格问卷对某中医院校不同专业年级的464名在校大学生进行调查,并使用SPSS 19.0统计软件对相关数据进行了统计分析。结果:1被调查对象的人格特质分9种,其中抑郁质人格类型的大学生抑郁水平处于中度水平,占总人数的15.7%;2被调查对象的抑郁平均分为(5.05±4.119),抑郁筛出率为47%,医学类大学生和非医学类大学生抑郁间的差异存在统计学意义(t=2.035,P0.05);3精神质(r=0.172,P0.001)、神经质(r=0.509,P0.001)得分与抑郁程度呈显著的正相关;内外向得分(r=-0.254,P0.001)与抑郁程度呈显著的负相关;4神经质N、说谎性L、精神质P对抑郁程度有显著的正向预测作用,内外向E对抑郁程度有显著的负向预测作用,能解释大学生抑郁程度31.2%的变异。结论:个体人格特质中精神质、神经质和内外向因子均对大学生抑郁程度有影响,其中神经质因子影响程度最大。     

The Correlations between College Students' Attribution Style,Personality Trait and Parental Authority

目的 探讨大学生归因方式与父母教养方式及自身人格特质三者之间的关系.方法 以某高校161名大一到大三学生为被试,对其归因方式、人格特质及父母教养方式进行问卷调查.结果 ①大学生人格特质中精神质分数越高其归因总分越低(r=-0.215,P＜0.01),外倾性分数越高其归因总分越高(r=0.180,P＜0.05),神经质分数越高其内控归因的分数越高(r=0.284,P＜0.01);②父母的惩罚严厉等因子分越高其大学生归因总分越高(r=0.176,0.165,P＜0.05;r=0.271,0.241,P＜0.01;r=0.280,P＜0.001);③父母感情温暖理解因子分越高其大学生人格特质中的精神质、神经质的分数越低(r=-0.160,P＜0.05;r=-0.263,-0.264,-0.240,P＜0.01),其外倾性分数越高(r=0.199,P＜0.05;r=0.230,P＜0.01);父母惩罚严厉、拒绝否认因子分越高其大学生人格特质中精神质和神经质分数越高(r=0.197,0.178,P＜0.05;r=0.257,0.208.0.268,0.267,0.299,P＜0.01).结论 大学生倾性人格特质及父母的惩罚严厉、过度干涉、拒绝否认等教养方式易形成外控型归因方式,而高精神质的人格特质易形成内控型归因方式.     

抑郁症患者人格、应对方式和抑郁严重程度的关系

目的:探讨抑郁症患者与正常对照之间应对方式与人格特质的差异,抑郁症患者人格特质、应对方式与抑郁严重程度之间的关系,以及人格特质和应对方式是如何影响抑郁症患者抑郁严重程度的,人格特质对抑郁症患者应对方式的影响。方法:采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)、特质应对方式问卷(TCSQ)对山西某三级甲等医院的357例抑郁症患者及284例正常对照组进行调查和评估,用SPSS 22.0对数据进行非参数检验、分层回归分析及线性回归分析。结果:①抑郁患者组在消极应对上高于正常对照组,在积极应对上低于正常对照组,差异有统计学意义(Z=13.841,-15.491;P0.05);抑郁患者组在精神质和神经质因子上的得分显著高于正常对照组,在内外向因子上的得分显著低于正常对照组,差异有统计学意义(Z=18.442,2.454,-5.375;P0.05);②人格特质中的精神质与抑郁呈显著正相关(r=0.190,P0.01),应对方式总分与抑郁呈显著正相关(r=0.123,P0.05),与神经质、精神质、内外向均显著相关(r=0.197,0.556,-0.172;P0.01);③分层回归结果显示,人口学变量中的年龄能预测抑郁症状变化的5.2%,人格特质中的精神质因子能预测抑郁症状变化的6%(F=5.956,P0.001);精神质和神经质能预测应对方式变化的31.5%(F=55.685,P0.001)。结论:抑郁症患者与正常对照在应对方式和人格特质上均有显著差异,抑郁症患者人格特质中的精神质和应对方式与抑郁严重程度相关,抑郁症患者的人格特质与采取的应对方式密切相关,其中高精神质和神经质水平对患者采取消极应对方式有一定影响。     

产后抑郁症患者认知模式与人格特质

目的探讨产后抑郁症患者(PPD)认知模式、人格特质的特点及两者之间的关系。方法采用自动思维问卷(ATQ)、功能失调性态度问卷(DAS)、艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)、爱丁堡产后抑郁量表(EPDS)对389名产后3～7天的产妇进行测查。结果①在389名调查者中,产后抑郁症患者147例(37.8%);②产后抑郁症患者与产后非抑郁产妇的ATQ总分和DAS总分差异有统计学意义(t=10.271,4.993;P<0.001);产后抑郁症患者与产后非抑郁产妇DAS的7个因子脆弱性、完美化、强制性、寻求赞许、依赖性、自主性态度、认知哲学得分差异均有统计学意义(t=2.736,4.082,2.826,3.736,3.321,2.649,2.924;P<0.01);③产后抑郁症患者和产后非抑郁产妇的精神质(P)、内外倾(E)、神经质(N)、和说谎(L)4个量表的得分差异均有统计学意义(t=3.990,2.052,11.154,4.038;P<0.01);④产后抑郁症患者的精神质与ATQ总分,认知哲学呈正相关(r=0.276,0.223;P<0.01);说谎与ATQ总分呈负相关(r=-0.252,P<0.01);内外倾与脆弱性、自主性态度呈负相关(r=-0.144,-0.167;P<0.05),神经质与ATQ总分、吸引/排斥呈正相关(r=0.369,0.183;P<0.05);⑤精神质和神经质可以预测产后抑郁症患者的自动思维,建立的回归方程为:ATQ=3.959+0.705×TN+0.329×TP。结论产后抑郁症患者存在歪曲认知;产妇的人格特质与抑郁的发生关系密切,对自动思维具有预测作用。     

大学生归因方式与人格特质及父母教养方式的相关研究

目的探讨大学生归因方式与父母教养方式及自身人格特质三者之间的关系。方法以某高校161名大一到大三学生为被试,对其归因方式、人格特质及父母教养方式进行问卷调查。结果①大学生人格特质中精神质分数越高其归因总分越低(r=-0.215,P<0.01),外倾性分数越高其归因总分越高(r=0.180,P<0.05),神经质分数越高其内控归因的分数越高(r=0.284,P<0.01);②父母的惩罚严厉等因子分越高其大学生归因总分越高(r=0.176,0.165,P<0.05;r=0.271,0.241,P<0.01;r=0.280,P<0.001);③父母感情温暖理解因子分越高其大学生人格特质中的精神质、神经质的分数越低(r=-0.160,P<0.05;r=-0.263,-0.264,-0.240,P<0.01),其外倾性分数越高(r=0.199,P<0.05;r=0.230,P<0.01);父母惩罚严厉、拒绝否认因子分越高其大学生人格特质中精神质和神经质分数越高(r=0.197,0.178,P<0.05;r=0.257,0.208.0.268,0.267,0.299,P<0.01)。结论大学生倾性人格特质及父母的惩罚严厉、过度干涉、拒绝否认等教养方式易形成外控型归因方式,而高精神质的人格特质易形成内控型归因方式。     

情绪智力高的个体何以更少采用自我妨碍策略

目的:探究医学院大学生的情绪智力、人格特质与自我妨碍之间的关系。方法:采用自我妨碍量表、情绪智力问卷、艾森克人格问卷简式量表对428名医学院大学生进行问卷调查。结果:1大学生自我妨碍与情绪智力、内外向显著负相关(r=-0.117,-0.189;P0.05或0.01),与神经质呈显著正相关(r=0.413,P0.01);情绪智力与内外向呈显著正相关(r=0.304,P0.01),与神经质呈显著负相关(r=-0.169,P0.01);内外向与神经质呈显著负相关(r=-0.192,P0.01);2内外向和神经质人格特质在情绪智力与自我妨碍间有完全中介作用,情绪智力通过内外向、神经质间接影响自我妨碍。其中神经质在情绪智力与自我妨碍间的中介作用最大,占情绪智力总效应的56.5%。结论:人格特质在情绪智力与自我妨碍的关系中有中介作用;内外向和神经质对自我妨碍的影响不同。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.