大学生电脑游戏成瘾量表的编制和信效度检验

目的:编制适合大学生使用的电脑游戏成瘾量表(CGAI),并检验其信效度。方法:对477份来自北京市8所大学大学生的CGAI测试结果进行探索性因素分析,对405份来自北京市5所大学大学生的CGAI测试结果进行验证性因素分析。结果:探索性因素分析获得33个条目的CGAI问卷,分为4个因素可解释总方差的55·1%,四个维度依次为:依赖/成瘾行为表现维度、情绪唤起维度、功能损害维度、对现状羞耻或不满维度;验证性因素分析验证了4因素模型,其结果为χ2/df=2·304;IFI=0·885;CFI=0·884;NFI=0·813;RSMEA=0·057。该问卷的内部一致性信度(r=0·77~0·94)、重测信度(r=0·907,P<0·001)和效标效度(成瘾组被试CGAI四维度评分均高于正常对照组)均符合测量学的要求。结论:该量表具有良好的信度和效度,可在大学生中使用。     

小学生应激性生活事件量表的编制

目的:编制小学生应激性生活事件量表并检验其效度和信度。方法:通过对小学生、家长及教师的开放式问卷调查和查阅文献,编制小学生应激性生活事件量表(SSLEPSS)。选取重庆市1所小学的学生386人进行预测,对初始量表进行条目筛选及探索性因子分析;在另外4所小学选取小学生1419人进行正式施测,对正式量表进行验证性因子分析及信度检验;采用中小学生心理健康量表(MHT)进行效标效度检验;两周后从中选取小学生99人进行重测。结果:SSLEPSS包含30个条目,分为5个维度,因子负荷在0.43~0.77之间,可解释总变异的51.14%;验证性因子分析结果显示因素模型拟合良好(χ~2/df=4.00,GFI=0.93,AGFI=0.91,CFI=0.85,IFI=0.86,RM SEA=0.05);除SSLEPSS师生关系维度得分与MHT自责倾向分量表得分的相关无统计学意义外,SSLEPSS总分及各维度得分与MHT总分及各分量表得分均呈正相关(r=0.24~0.57,均P0.01)。总量表的Cronbachα系数为0.89,各维度的Cronbachα系数为0.60~0.78;总量表重测信度(ICC)为0.81,各维度的重测信度为0.63~0.74。结论:小学生应激性生活事件量表有较好的效度和信度,能够作为测量小学生心理应激水平的工具。     

驾驶员情绪状态量表的编制

目的编制驾驶员情绪状态量表,并检验其在驾驶员群体中的信度和效度。方法采用编制的驾驶员情绪状态量表对212名驾驶员进行测试,通过项目分析,探索性因素分析与验证性因素分析,形成最终量表。结果①量表包括22个题目,分为4个维度,分别是愤怒、紧张、精力和抑郁。量表累计方差解释率为58.72%;②该量表的模型拟合度较好(χ2/df=1.13,GFI=0.90,NFI=0.88,CFI=0.96,RFI=0.87,RMSEA0.05)。量表各维度与总分之间的相关系数分别为0.76,0.69,0.51和0.77,且P0.001。量表总的内部一致性系数为0.80,各维度的内部一致性系数分别为0.84,0.72,0.81和0.80;③愤怒、紧张和抑郁3个维度对驾驶员交通违规均具有预测作用(相关系数分别为:-0.17,-0.19,-0.20;P0.05)。结论驾驶员情绪状态量表具有良好的信度和效度,可以作为测量驾驶员情绪状态的可靠和有效工具。     

人际情绪调节问卷在中国大学生中的信效度检验

目的:引进Hofmann等编制的人际情绪调节问卷,在中国大学生样本中进行中文版信效度检验.方法:采取整群取样的方法对987名大学生进行集体施测,选取情绪调节量表、情绪智力量表、人际反应指针量表、正负情绪量表作为各效度指标.结果:①问卷四因素结构拟合良好(X2/df=5.51,RMSEA = 0.096,SRMr = 0.067,CFI=0.94,NFI=0.93,IFI=0.94);②人际情绪调节问卷总分以及各分维度与选取的校标相关均显著,表明人际情绪调节问卷聚合效度、区分效度以及效标关联效度良好;③问卷内部的一致性系数为0.92,分半信度为0.87,4周后的重测信度为0.81(n = 52).结论:人际情绪调节问卷中文版在大学生群体中具有良好的信效度,可以作为对人际情绪调节进行测量的工具.     

大学生情绪调节自我效能感量表的编制

目的 编制适合大学生的情绪调节自我效能感量表(RESES).方法 在文献分析的基础上,结合前期开放性问卷和访谈法的结果,确定情绪调节自我效能感的5个维度并编制题目.对数据进行探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析,并检验其信效度.结果 探索性因素分析提取了调节恐惧、焦虑、积极、沮丧/痛苦以及生气/愤怒5个因子,共23个项目,累积贡献率为54.23％.验证性因素分析验证了5个因素的一阶因子模型结构的有效性,各拟合指标分别是x2/df=1.89,RMSEA＝0.04,GFI=0.95,AGFI=0.91,CFI=0.95,IFI=0.95.总问卷的内部一致性系数为0.83,各分量表内部一致性系数在0.67～0.75之间;总问卷的分半信度为0.75,各分量表分半信度在0.63～0.74之间.结论 本研究编制的大学生情绪调节自我效能感量表具有良好的信效度.     

老年人死亡恐惧量表的编制

目的:编制老年人死亡恐惧量表,用以评估我国老年人的死亡恐惧状况。方法:参考国外相关量表,结合中国文化的特点,并在访谈的基础上编制量表。方便选取516名老年人进行施测,通过项目分析和验证性因素分析确定量表的最终题目。另选取55名老年人间隔3周进行重测(有效50人)。采用死亡态度描绘量表修订版(DAPR)计算聚合效度和区分效度,采用Templer死亡焦虑量表(T-DAS)作为效标。结果:最终量表共25个题目,包括身体疾病恐惧、虚无未知恐惧、影响他人恐惧和人际关系恐惧4个维度;量表的拟合指数为:χ2/df=4.52,RMSEA=0.08,GFI=0.84,AGFI=0.81,NFI=0.94,NNFI=0.94,CFI=0.95,IFI=0.95;各个维度以及总量表与死亡态度描绘量表的死亡恐惧维度的相关均大于与其他维度的相关;T-DAS与自编量表总分呈显著正相关(r=0.50,P0.001),与4个维度分也均呈现正相关(r=0.34-0.56,至少P0.05)。总量表的Cronbachα信度,分半信度,重测信度,合成信度,RT和RΛ分别为0.92,0.88,0.87,0.95,0.42和0.95,各维度的Cronbachα信度为0.77-0.87,分半信度为0.72-0.84,重测信度为0.78-0.86,合成信度为0.77-0.88,RT为0.36-0.47,RΛ为0.78-0.88。结论:本研究编制的老年人死亡恐惧量表具有可接受的信效度,可供我国老年人死亡恐惧的研究和实际应用。     

大学生心理困乏问卷的初步编制

目的:探索大学生心理困乏的理论构建及量表的编制.方法:运用开放式问卷、半结构访谈和内容分析相结合的质性研究方法,与探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析等相结合的量化研究方法,发放1500份问卷进行初测,再对1000名大学生进行正式施测,并对122名大学生间隔四周后进行重测.结果:心理困乏量表由17个项目构成,包含三个维度(认知困乏、情绪困乏、控制感困乏).验证性因素分析表明该量表具有较好的拟合指标(x2/df=-1.693,NFI=0.912,RFI=0.901,CFI=0.942,RMSEA=0.050),总量表及各维度的内部一致性为0.881 ～ 0.738,重测信度为0.854～0.798;心理困乏各维度之间的相关在0.317 ～ 0.388间(绝对值),各维度与总分的相关在0.459～0.793之间(绝对值),心理困乏各维度及总分与效标(Maslach倦怠量表-学生版)的相关系数在0.465 ～ 0.819之间(绝对值).结论:大学生心理困乏由认知困乏、情绪困乏、控制感困乏三维构成,大学生心理困乏量表具有良好的信效度.     

中国大学生生存信念问卷的编制

目的 编制适用于中国大学生的生存信念问卷.方法 采用访谈和内容分析,编制大学生生存信念量表,以北京市6所高校的在校大学生为被试,得到有效问卷1048份,对量表进行信、效度检验.结果 中国大学生生存信念量表共22个题目,分为享乐现在、社会压力、家庭责任、对死亡的恐惧4个维度;总量表的Cronbach α系数为0.88,各维度的内部一致性系数介于0.66～0.90;各维度与量表总分的相关系数为0.44～0.87(P均＜0.01);验证性因素分析表明,x2/df=2.53,RMSEA=0.05,CFI=0.97,GFI=0.91,NNFI=0.97,各项拟合指标均符合心理测量学要求.结论 该问卷具有良好的信效度,可在中国大学生中施测,为高校咨询师提供参考.     

大学生心理困乏问卷的初步编制（英文）

目的:探索大学生心理困乏的理论构建及量表的编制。方法:运用开放式问卷、半结构访谈和内容分析相结合的质性研究方法,与探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析等相结合的量化研究方法,发放1500份问卷进行初测,再对1000名大学生进行正式施测,并对122名大学生间隔四周后进行重测。结果:心理困乏量表由17个项目构成,包含三个维度(认知困乏、情绪困乏、控制感困乏)。验证性因素分析表明该量表具有较好的拟合指标(χ2/df=1.693,NFI=0.912,RFI=0.901,CFI=0.942,RMSEA=0.050),总量表及各维度的内部一致性为0.881~0.738,重测信度为0.854~0.798;心理困乏各维度之间的相关在0.317~0.388间(绝对值),各维度与总分的相关在0.459~0.793之间(绝对值),心理困乏各维度及总分与效标(Maslach倦怠量表-学生版)的相关系数在0.465~0.819之间(绝对值)。结论:大学生心理困乏由认知困乏、情绪困乏、控制感困乏三维构成,大学生心理困乏量表具有良好的信效度。     

危险行为态度量表在驾驶员群体中的信效度检验

目的:检验修订版危险行为态度量表在我国驾驶员测量中的信、效度和适用性。方法:采用中文版危险行为态度量表对驾驶员进行测试,获得480份有效问卷,通过项目分析,探索性因素分析与验证性因素分析,形成最终修订量表。结果:量表包括18个题目,分为3个维度,累计方差解释率为54.96%;量表的模型拟合度较好(CFI=0.96,NFI=0.90,CFI=0.92,RFI=0.89,RMSEA=0.045)。量表各因素与总分相关在0.50~0.71之间,P均0.01.量表总的内部一致性系数为0.81,各个因素的内部一致性系数在0.70~0.87之间;量表各维度与驾驶行为量表各维度之间相关显著,表明量表具有良好的相容效度。结论:修订版危险行为态度量表具有良好的信效度,是测量危险行为态度的一个可靠而有效的工具。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.