光动力疗法在头颈部恶性肿瘤中的应用

光动力治疗是近些年不断兴起的肿瘤治疗手段,将光敏剂注射到体内后,光敏剂能特异性聚集在肿瘤组织中,再予以特定波长的光照射肿瘤部位,使光敏剂产生光动力学反应,使肿瘤细胞器损伤、肿瘤细胞凋亡及坏死、肿瘤微循环障碍、机体肿瘤免疫等作用机制杀死肿瘤细胞。近年来,作为光动力疗法的关键因素,新的光敏剂及光源不断被探索并应用于临床,关于光动力治疗恶性肿瘤的临床研究日益增多,尤其是头颈部恶性肿瘤。随着新型光敏剂如金丝桃素及相关光源投入使用以及将光动力技术与其他治疗手段相结合后,光动力治疗效果主要观察指标“生存时间”较既往有所延长,相关不良反应如日光性皮炎、药物过敏反应等有所减少,且其在保存重要器官功能完整和美容功能上令人满意。本文对近年来光动力治疗在头颈部恶性肿瘤的临床应用做一综述,重点阐述光动力治疗鼻咽癌、鼻窦癌、喉癌、口腔癌、面部皮肤恶性肿瘤等头颈部常见恶性肿瘤时所体现的疗效好、完整保存重要器官功能、美容及副作用小的优越性,以了解近些年光动力技术对头颈部恶性肿瘤疗效的发展,及表达需进一步研发性能更优的光敏剂和光源、寻找光动力疗法结合其他治疗手段的需求。     

微创心脏不停跳心内直视手术的临床研究

目的 探讨微创心脏不停跳心内直视手术的外科技术和心肌保护的效果。方法 应用浅低温体外循环心脏不停跳微创技术施行各种心内直视手术138例。右胸前外侧小切口58例,胸骨下段小切口35例,胸骨全切口45例。修补房室间隔缺损97例,部分房室通道8例,其他先心病18例;左房粘液瘤2例,风湿性心脏病二尖瓣成形1例,换瓣12例。结果 手术死亡1例,为术后低心排综合征,余无严重心律失常及空气栓塞,均痊愈出院,无远期死亡。结论 微创心脏不停跳技术可安全有效地应用于大部分心脏手术。联合应用小切口手术的优点有切口小、创伤轻、出血少、恢复快、保持胸廓连续性和良好的心肌保护等效果,符合微创外科的原则。     

单侧上尿路梗阻解除前后肾皮质厚度与肾小球滤过率的关系

目的探讨单侧上尿路梗阻解除前后肾皮质厚度(RCT)与肾小球滤过率(GFR)的关系。方法选取2015年7月-2016年6月该院泌尿外科收治的63例上泌尿道梗阻患者为研究对象。其中,男34例,女29例,年龄22~73(52.21±11.56)岁;手术方式:输尿管镜碎石+取石术24例,一期经皮肾造瘘+二期经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)21例,一期PCNL 18例。采用腹部增强CT、单光子发射计算机断层(SPECT)扫描分别测量RCT和GFR,根据术前患肾GFR情况分为3组:A组(中度肾损害,15.0 ml/min≤GFR30.0 ml/min)、B组(重度肾损害,7.5 ml/min≤GFR15.0 ml/min)、C组(极重度肾损害,GFR7.5 ml/min),比较3组的手术前后的GFR变化。采用简单线性相关分析A和B组患者术前RCT与各指标的相关性。结果 9例患者因肾积水严重未测量RCT,患者的术前RCT10 mm 20例,5~10 mm 23例,5 mm 11例,平均值为(10.75±4.91)mm。A组术前RCT明显高于B组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。3组患者术后1和9个月的GFR均明显高于同组术前,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。A组术后1和9个月的GFR均明显高于另外两组,B组术后9个月的GFR明显高于C组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),但术后1个月B组和C组的GFR差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。B组术后1个月的GFR恢复值明显低于另外两组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),3组术后9个月的GFR恢复值比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术前RCT与术前GFR(r=0.613)、术后1个月GFR(r=0.697)及恢复值(r=0.552)、术后9个月GFR(r=0.589)及恢复值(r=0.488)均呈显著正相关,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论解除上泌尿道梗阻后患者的肾功能得到不同程度的恢复,即使是极重度肾功能损伤者,多数均能挽回患肾。术前RCT能有助于判断围手术期的肾功能,尤其是术后肾功能恢复情况。     

腹腔镜微创手术对卵巢良性肿瘤患者免疫指标和炎性因子的影响

目的探讨腹腔镜微创手术对卵巢良性肿瘤患者免疫指标和炎性因子的影响。方法随机选取我院收治的120例卵巢良性肿瘤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,根据治疗方式不同将其分为对照组和观察组,每组60例。对照组行传统开腹手术治疗,观察组行腹腔镜微创手术治疗。比较两组的临床治疗效果。结果术后24 h,两组IgA、IgG、IgM水平均下降,但观察组高于对照组(P<0.05)。术后24 h,两组TNF-α、IL-6、CRP水平均升高,但观察组低于对照组(P<0.05)。术后第3天,两组FSH、LH水平均升高,但观察组低于对照组(P<0.05);两组E2、AMH水平均降低,但观察组高于对照组(P<0.05)。术后1个月,两组QLICP-OV各项评分均升高,且观察组高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论相比于传统开腹手术,腹腔镜微创手术治疗卵巢良性肿瘤对患者免疫指标和炎性因子水平影响较小,安全性较高,对患者疾病预后有积极的影响作用。     

显微外科技术在截肢术和保肢术中应用

近十余年来,显微外科技术在四肢恶性肿瘤的截肢术和保肢术中广泛应用。肢体恶性肿瘤保肢手术切除后造成巨大的组织缺损。用显微外科技术行皮(肌)瓣移植、吻合血管的骨移植等,伤口常可达到一期愈合,而且有良好的功能恢复。显微外科技术在截肢术中主要用于截肢平面的选取、截肢后局部组织的处理等方面。在截肢术和保肢术中应用显微外科技术可使患者的肢体功能在术后有最大的恢复,符合了现在的普遍观点,即外科治疗的最高目标和最终评价是功能而非外形。     

Ultrasound studies on the shift of cervical tissues in different head and neck positions--impact on transoral endoscopic, minimally invasive and conventional thyroid surgery

During the development of a transoral endoscopic, minimally invasive approach for thyroidectomy, the question arose as to how the distances of the submandibular gland (SG)-hyoid bone (HB)-thyroid gland (TG) change in differing head positions and how the TG itself changes shape. In a prospective, two-armed ultrasound study we studied 20 healthy volunteers each, all with no history of neck surgery or thyroid disease. Distances were measured in normal, reclined and “reclined with open mouth” positions. We found no remarkable differences and the distances were comparable with conventional open or minimally invasive thyroidectomy approaches. The TG lengthened significantly during reclination. This may result in a difficult preparation in the region of the suspensory ligament and may therefore increase the rate of postoperative vocal cord palsy caused by stretching of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. A supine flat position may minimize the risk of this postoperative complication of thyroidectomy.     

Laparoscopic ultrasound enhances diagnosis and localization of insulinoma in pancreatic head and neck for laparoscopic surgery with satisfactory postsurgical outcomes

This study explored the value of laparoscopic ultrasonography (LUS) for tumor localization in laparoscopic pancreatic surgery of insulinomas, especially for tumors located at anatomically unfavorable positions. Twenty-eight patients with insulinomas were enrolled in this study between July 2007 and March 2009. Various image examinations were performed preoperatively. An iU22 ultrasound system equipped with a 5.0-9.0 MHz transducer was used for LUS. The tumor localization and postsurgical outcomes were evaluated. Intraoperative LUS precisely localized 33 insulinomas in 26 of 28 patients, whereas the preoperative imaging studies detected 27 of 33 (82%) tumors. No definite tumor in the pancreas and extra-pancreatic organs was identified in two patients by both preoperative and intraoperative imaging examinations. Of 33 tumors, 32 (97%) were localized in the pancreas (14 in the head and neck, 18 in the body and tail), whereas one (3%) was found in the duodenal ligament. Successful laparoscopic resection of insulinoma was performed in 21 of 26 patients, including resection of 11 tumors located in the head and neck of the pancreas. Five patients required conversion to open surgery. All insulinomas were benign with a mean size 13.8 mm. Four patients had pancreatic-related complications that spontaneously healed within 3 weeks after surgery. The median hospital stay was 8.5 days. Our study demonstrates that laparoscopic pancreatic resection under the guidance of advanced LUS is not only feasible and safe for tumors located at the body and tail but also for tumors located at the head and neck of the pancreas.     

胃切除患者近期上消化道大出血原因分析与观察

对14例胃大部切除术后近期上消化道大出血病例资料进行回顾性分析、经验总结。本组14例中吻合口出血4例．病灶遗漏出血4例，残胃粘膜损伤2例，残胃肠套叠出血2例，十二指肠残端出血1例，原因不明出血1例，均再次手术止血。痊愈出院。认为胃大部切除后近期上消化道大出血原因多为吻合口出血及病灶遗漏引起，观察护理要点：术后重视患者主诉．观察生命体征、腹部体征、胃肠减压情况，可及时发现上消化道大出血。保证患者获得良好恢复。     

微创手术对高血压基底节脑出血患者颅内感染风险及神经功能恢复的影响

目的 研究微创手术对高血压基底节脑出血患者颅内感染风险及神经功能恢复的影响.方法 选取2015年1月至2020年12月本院收治的56例高血压基底节脑出血患者作为研究对象,根据治疗方法的不同将其分为对照组与观察组,每组28例.对照组给予经颞叶皮质造瘘血肿清除术,观察组给予经侧裂-岛叶入路显微手术.比较两组的围术期相关指标...     

自体血清(血浆)疗法在整形外科和皮肤科诊疗及微创美容医疗和护理中的应用

自体血清(血浆)因能为多种细胞增殖和生长、组织修复和再生等提供较为丰富而完整的营养成分、生物活性物质和细胞生长因子,并能改善和调节细胞生长和代谢的微环境,提供某些必要的促细胞接触和伸展的生物活性因子,以促进和加快细胞迁移、聚集和贴附等独特的生物学特点,加上自体血清(血浆)来源于自体,具有良好的同一性和相融性,且因其毒副作用小、取材方便、应用安全等特点,使其近年来在临床某些疾病治疗和护理中的应用越来越广泛.为了进一步推动和拓展自体血清(血浆)在临床治疗和护理领域中的应用,并为未来设计和创建自体血清(血浆)在临床新的治疗方法和新的护理模式提供参考依据,本文对自体血清(血浆)在整形外科、皮肤科及微创美容和皮肤抗衰老医学中的临床治疗和护理领域的应用进行综述.

Abstract：

With rich nutritious ingredients, bioactive substances and growth factors for cell proliferation and growth, tissue repair and regeneration, autologous serum (plasma) can improve and regulate the micro environment for cell's growth and metabolism and provide some necessary bioactive factors to promote cell migration, aggregation and adhesion. Being autologoua makes the serum (plasma) identical and harmonious. Having slight side effects, autologous serum (plasma) is safe for application. Besides, the resources can be easily obtained. These features enable it to be widely used in clinical treatment and nursing care for some diseases in recent years. In order to further push forward the application of autologous serum (plasma) in clinical treatment and nursing care and provide references for designing new c linical treatment approaches and nursing modela, upon comprehensive and systematic review of relevant literature, this paper summarizes the application of autologous serum (plasma) on clinical treatment and nursing care in plastic surgery, dermatology, minimally invasive beauty and skin anti-aging medicine.     

胃肠超声造影联合或不联合ARFI技术诊断胃壁常见良恶性病变的比较研究

目的:探讨胃肠超声造影联合或不联合声脉冲辐射力成像(ARFI)技术对胃壁常见良恶性病变的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析2017年4月~2019年4月间医院收治的67例胃壁增厚患者的临床资料,根据病理组织活检结果分为良性组(49例)、恶性组(18例)。两组患者均行胃肠超声造影及ARFI技术检查。记录两组患者的超声造影指标(胃半排空时间(t_1/2)、胃窦动力指数(MI))及ARFI技术指标(平均剪切波速度(SWV)),并采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线比较以上指标对胃壁常见良恶性病变的的诊断价值。结果:良性组患者的t_1/2、SWV分别为(73.04±18.65)min、(1.38±0.26)m/s,均低于恶性组患者的(84.20±21.44)min、(2.41±0.74)m/s,而MI为(63.37±21.05)大于恶性组患者的(52.22±16.55),差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。ROC曲线显示,t_1/2、MI、SWV对胃壁常见良恶性病变具有一定诊断价值,且三项联合的(AUC=0.946,P<0.05)的诊断价值较高。结论:胃肠超声造影联合ARFI技术诊断胃壁常见良恶性病变的价值优于单纯胃肠超声造影,给临床诊断胃壁常见良恶性病变提供了新思路。     

头颈部IgG4相关性疾病的临床及MRI诊断

目的:探讨头颈部IgG4相关性疾病的MRI诊断和临床分析,提高其诊断及鉴别诊断。方法:对我院12例头颈部IgG4相关性疾病的MRI资料进行回顾性研究,结合其临床表现进行分析。结果:所有患者均有血清IgG4升高,其中手术病理6例,6例皮质类固醇激素治疗病灶缩小;12例中,包括局限性硬化性硬脑膜炎4例,垂体炎3例,双侧颌下腺炎3例,双侧泪腺炎2例;其中3例同时累及三叉神经。结论:头颈部IgG4相关性疾病的MRI表现有一定特征性,结合临床及IgG4升高,可以提高对疾病的认识。     

CTA与MRA在头颈部动脉狭窄中的诊断比较及符合率观察

目的:探讨对头颈部动脉狭窄使用CTA与MRA诊断的效果。方法:对2019年1月-2019年12月一年时间内进行回顾性分析,选择63例我院收治的手术病理确诊为头颈部动脉狭窄的患者,对所有患者进行CTA与MRA诊断,分析CTA诊断、MRA诊断以及CTA联合MRA诊断的准确率,动脉狭窄程度检出率,以及图像的质量。结果:CTA联合MRA诊断头颈部动脉狭窄的准确率比CTA诊断、MRA诊断均较高(P<0.05),且CTA与MRA诊断没有差异(P>0.05),CTA联合MRA诊断头颈部动脉狭窄程度的准确率比CTA诊断、MRA诊断均较高(P<0.05),且CTA与MRA诊断没有差异(P>0.05),CTA与MRA诊断的图像质量没有差异(P>0.05)。结论:对头颈部动脉狭窄使用CTA与MRA诊断,可明确判断狭窄程度,诊断准确率高,图像清晰,为临床治疗提供依据,具有较高的临床诊断价值。     

Mobility and functional outcomes after femoral neck fracture surgery in elderly patients: a comparison between hemiarthroplasty and internal fixation

Purpose.?To find out whether patients with femoral neck fracture treated with hemiarthroplasty differ from those treated with internal fixation regarding functional outcome, walking ability, pain or short-term mortality.

Method.?Sixty-six patients aged 64 years or more with femoral neck fracture were included in a prospective non-randomised trial with two equal-sized groups recruited consecutively within each group. All patients were treated operatively and encouraged to pursue an active rehabilitation. They were reviewed at admission, before discharge and 3 months after surgery. Assessments included demographic data, length of hospitalisation, post-operative medical complications, activities of daily living, walking ability, pain and mortality.

Results.?There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of age, gender, ability to walk, functional status or at admission. The patients treated with hemiarthroplasty had a longer total hospital stay due to longer waiting time to operation. They started to walk sooner after operation and walked better during hospitalisation. Their walking distance at discharge was longer; their improvement in functional independence, as measured by the Functional Independence Measure, was also higher, but this difference was not statistically significant. Observed mortality in the hemiarthroplasty group was lower.

Conclusion.?A longer follow-up would be necessary to determine whether the preferable outcomes of hemiarthroplasty persist in the long-term.     

对耳鼻咽喉科门诊患者医疗法律知识认知情况的调查与分析

目的对耳鼻咽喉头颈外科门诊患者进行与医疗相关的法律知识调查,了解患者对医疗法律知识的知晓程度。方法对耳鼻咽喉头颈外科门诊612例就诊患者进行问卷调查。结果57.5%的患者懂得如何用法律保护自己就医过程中的合法权益,知晓举证责任倒置、《医疗事故处理条例》和患者知情同意权的患者分别占41.3%、44.8%、91.0%。结论护理人员加强法律知识学习是安全护理的必要保证,依法施护是保障护患权益、预防医疗事故的重要措施。     

The role of cetuximab in the treatment of squamous cell cancer of the head and neck

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a member of the HER family of tyrosine kinase growth factor receptors. Binding to EGFR by its natural ligands, mainly epidermal growth factor (EGF) or transforming growth factor (TGF)-α, results in a conformational change in the receptor, which promotes homo- or heterodimerisation or oligomerisation with other EGFR molecules or other HER family members. Dimerisation results in the activation of intracellular tyrosine kinase, autophosphorylation and activation of signal transduction molecules, ultimately leading to cell cycle progression, reduced apoptotic capacity, angiogenesis and the metastatic phenotype. EGFR is expressed on normal human cells and also across a range of malignancies. Tumour EGFR expression correlates with poor prognosis and resistance to therapy. Cetuximab is a chimeric human:murine monoclonal antibody that binds competitively to the EGFR. Binding of the antibody to the EGFR prevents activation of the receptor by endogenous ligands; proliferation is reduced, apoptosis enhanced, and angiogenesis, invasiveness and metastasis reduced. Binding of cetuximab to the receptor also results in internalisation and degradation of the antibody–receptor complex, downregulating EGFR expression. EGFR has been recognised as an important therapeutic target in cancer. Other antibodies are also in development, and small molecular inhibitors of the tyrosine kinase domain are available. Cetuximab adds to the activity of radiotherapy in locoregional head and neck cancer, and when given with platinum-based chemotherapy is active in a proportion of patients with platinum-refractory recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, as is cetuximab monotherapy. When cetuximab is added to cisplatin monotherapy in the first-line treatment of recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, the objective response rate is significantly improved and the hazard ratio for progression is 0.78. The most commonly reported adverse event associated with cetuximab treatment is an acneiform rash that occurred in 70 – 80% of patients treated with cetuximab. Presence of the characteristic rash is significantly associated with response and/or survival. It is possible that development of acneiform rash may become an important clinical prognostic marker. Serious cetuximab-related toxicities include hypersensitivity reactions. Thus, cetuximab is biologically active across a range of clinical scenarios in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Ongoing studies will be important in establishing its role in the routine management of head and neck cancer.     

Design and finite element analysis of a novel smart clamper for aortic cross-clamping in minimally invasive surgery

Aortic cross-clamping is a critical action during heart surgeries which may cause some injuries to the wall of the artery. These injuries may have both short-term and long-term adverse effects on the artery function. Appropriate clampers can properly occlude the artery and decrease the extent of injury. Thus, developing a model for evaluation of such clampers is inevitable. In this paper, a finite element model of the aorta is presented; then, different mechanisms of clamping are investigated. In this regard, a numerical model of aortic cross-clamping by three types of clampers has been implemented with consideration of nonlinear behavior of two-layer artery, residual stress in aorta, and calcification. These three clamper models are commercial Chitwood clamper and linear mechanism clamper with and without balloon. Using the obtained results, comparative analysis was performed between the proposed clamper design and the commercial one. Based upon the analysis, it was concluded that the designed clamper, linear mechanism clamper with balloon, helps to distribute the stress uniformly in different layers of the aorta, which results in better performance of the clamping procedure and causes less injury in the aorta, especially when there is calcification.     

应用胸外科术后呼吸道观察与护理记录表实施专科护理的临床实践

目的：制定并应用自行设计的胸外科呼吸道观察与护理记录表对患者实施专科护理,并进行效果评价。方法：在分析既往出现呼吸道并发症的病例的基础上,明确影响呼吸道护理质量的因素,完善人员培训及健康宣教,制定并应用胸外科呼吸道观察与护理记录表,比较应用该表前后,术后肺不张的发生情况。结果：应用前肺不张的发生率为3.93%,应用后的发生率为0.49%,较应用前有所降低,且差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：胸外科呼吸道观察与护理记录表可以起到规范专科护理并促进信息沟通的作用,提高了护理质量。     

脑出血微创手术联合置管吸引手术对老年脑出血患者神经功能和生活质量的影响

目的探讨脑出血微创手术联合置管吸引手术对老年脑出血患者神经功能和生活质量的影响。方法采用随机数字表法将72例老年脑出血患者分为观察组和对照组各36例。其中观察组给予脑出血微创手术联合置管吸引手术治疗,对照组给予院内常规传统开颅清除术治疗。术后两组均给予常规院内药物治疗,于治疗3个月后使用美国国立卫生研究院制定的卒中量表(NIHSS)对两组患者神经功能进行评定对比,应用简明健康相关生活质量问卷对治疗后两组生活质量进行对比。结果观察组治疗后NIHSS评分(11.9±2.7分),明显低于对照组(14.9±4.1分),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组治疗后生活质量无论在生理、心理,亦或是社会关系等方面均有明显改善,各项评分均明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论老年脑出血患者应用微创手术联合置管吸引手术治疗,不仅有利于神经功能的改善,而且还能显著提高生活质量,值得在临床中推广应用。     

加压冷敷在桡骨远端骨折腕关节镜手术患者中的应用

目的 探讨伤后、术后、康复锻炼后早期循环加压冷疗对腕关节镜辅助治疗桡骨远端骨折患者加速康复的作用。方法 选择无锡市第九人民医院2016年06月至2017年10月行腕关节镜辅助治疗桡骨远端骨折的33例患者为对照组,采用普通冰袋在伤后及术后按常规方案行冷敷治疗;2017年11月至2019年02月另选取此类患者34例为实验组,采用循环加压冷疗系统在伤后、术后、康复锻炼后早期行持续联合间歇的加压冷敷治疗,比较两组患者患肢伤后及术后肿胀程度、疼痛评分及腕关节功能。结果 两组患者入院至手术时间、住院时间比较,P＜0.001;两组患者肿胀程度比较,除入院时及手术日晨外其余各时点,P＜0.05;两组患者各时点疼痛评分,实验组较对照组明显降低,P＜0.05;术后3月实验组腕关节功能及腕关节活动度较对照组有明显改善,P＜0.05。结论 桡骨远端骨折伤后及腕关节镜辅助治疗骨折术后、康复锻炼后早期采取循环加压冷疗法能减轻患者疼痛、快速消肿、减少骨折及手术创伤并发症,加速术后康复,充分体现了加速康复外科理念。