2微米激光治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱肿瘤的疗效分析

目的探讨2微米激光治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱肿瘤的近期临床效果。方法非肌层浸润性膀胱肿瘤患者56例。男44例,女12例,中位年龄66岁（28～87岁）。肿瘤单发36例,多发20例。肿瘤直径0.5～3.0cm,术前病理均提示低级别尿路上皮癌。所有患者随机平均分为2微米激光治疗组和经尿道电切组。术后行羟基喜树碱膀胱灌注治疗。总结比较两组的手术时间、导尿管留置时间、术后膀胱冲洗时间、肿瘤复发情况和膀胱穿孔例数等指标。结果手术均一次成功,所有患者术中创面基底及创缘病理检查均无残余肿瘤,全部患者均得到随访,随访时间3～8个月,每3个月接受膀胱镜复查。2微米激光组手术时间是20～50min,平均30min。术后膀胱冲洗6h,留置尿管1～3d,无膀胱穿孔病例,3例复发（10.71%）。电切组手术时间是15～55min,平均28min,术后膀胱冲洗6h,导尿管留置时间1～3d,膀胱穿孔6例,4例复发（12.00%）。两组的平均手术时间、尿管留置时间、膀胱冲洗时间和术后肿瘤复发等指标的差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,2微米激光组膀胱穿孔例数少于电切组（P〈0.001）。结论经尿道2微米激光治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱肿瘤的近期疗效满意,创伤更小,患者耐受良好。     

超声刀在乳腺癌根治术中的临床应用研究

目的　通过超声刀和电刀在乳腺癌改良根治手术的对比 ,探讨超声刀在乳腺癌改良根治术中的临床应用价值。方法　观察我院 2 0 0 1年 6月～ 2 0 0 4年 2月乳腺癌改良根治术病人 10 5例 ,47例采用电刀 ,为电刀组 ;5 8例采用超声刀 ,为超声刀组。主要观察指标有 :手术时间、术中出血量、术中输血例数、术后 2 4h引流量、放置引流管时间 ,以及术后并发症皮瓣坏死、皮下积液的观察对比。结果　超声刀组手术时间较电刀组有明显缩短 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;超声刀组平均节省手术时间 41.8min。术中平均出血量超声刀组较电刀组显著减少 (P <0 .0 0 1) ,超声刀组平均减少出血量 94.2ml。超声刀组术后 2 4h引流量较电刀组显著减少 (P <0 .0 0 1。超声刀组引流管放置时间较电刀组明显缩短 (P <0 .0 0 1)。超声刀组与电刀组术中输血例数、术后皮瓣坏死和皮下积液均无统计学差异。乳腺癌改良根治术整个手术过程 ,包括剥离皮瓣、乳腺切除和腋窝清扫均可使用超声刀来完成 ,无 1例发生腋血管、肩胛下血管、胸背神经、胸长神经的损伤 ;而电刀组不适合作腋窝清扫。结论　超声刀在乳腺癌改良根治术中 ,手术时间明显缩短 ,术中出血量显著减少 ,术中视野清晰 ,术后引流量也明显减少 ,术后皮下积液和皮瓣坏死未见增多 ,有减少趋势 ,可行     

无钛夹腹腔镜胆囊切除术625例经验

目的探讨无钛夹法处理胆囊管及胆管动脉在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用。方法回顾性分析腹腔镜无钛夹法胆囊切除625例，术中应用超声刀或单极电刀封闭切断胆囊动脉，丝线结扎、套扎器结扎或可吸收夹结扎疸囊管。结果术后无1例病人出现腹腔感染、胆漏和出血等并发症。术后随访1-12个月。未见有腹痛、肩背部疼痛、黄疸及发热等症状。结论腹腔镜胆囊切除术中无钛夹法处理胆囊管及胆管动脉安全、可靠。能避免使用钛夹所致的并发症。     

Care of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy

This article discusses laparoscopic cholecystectomy, or surgical removal of the gall bladder through a process also known as keyhole surgery. It explains the pre- and post-operative nursing care of patients undergoing this surgery. The anaesthetic considerations and operative technique are also described.     

Hand-assisted laparoscopic splenectomy is a useful surgical treatment method for patients with excessive splenomegaly: A metaanalysis

BACKGROUND Hand-assisted laparoscopic splenectomy(HALS) can help overcome the drawbacks of laparoscopic splenectomy(LS) while maintaining its advantages.AIM To evaluate the efficacy and advantages of HALS for splenomegaly.METHODS The relevant literature was reviewed using the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane,Ovid Medline, and Wanfang databases to compare the clinical outcomes of HALS and LS. Odds ratios or mean differences were calculated with 95% confidence intervals for fixed-effects and random-effects models. Overall, 754 patients from16 trials who met the inclusion criteria were selected.RESULTS In pure splenectomy, blood loss volume(P < 0.001) and conversion rate(P =0.008) were significantly lower in the HALS group than in the LS group.Conversely, for splenomegaly, the operative time(P = 0.04) was shorter and blood loss volume(P < 0.001) and conversion rate(P = 0.001) were significantly lower in the HALS group than in the LS group. However, no significant difference was observed in hospital stay length, blood transfusion, time to food intake, complications, or mortality rate between the two groups. Moreover, in splenectomy and devascularization of the upper stomach(DUS), the operative time(P = 0.04) was significantly shorter and blood loss volume(P < 0.001) andconversion rate(P = 0.05) were significantly lower in the HALS + DUS group than in the LS + DUS group. However, no significant difference was observed in hospital stay length, timing of diet, and complications between the two groups.CONCLUSION HALS is an ideal surgical treatment method for splenomegaly because it can maximize the benefits for patients while maintaining the advantages of LS.     

超声刀在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

目的总结超声刀在腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）中的应用方法、技巧及注意事项。方法基本同常规LC方法,夹闭胆囊管后将其切断,胆囊动脉及胆囊床组织用超声刀分离、剥离、凝固、切割止血。结果本组298例均痊愈出院,其中中转开腹2例。结论在LC手术中超声刀的应用具有以下优越性：①止血效果好;②切割精确;③安全性高;④手术时间短。     

Laparoscopic laser perforation of the urinary bladder

Risk factors for urologic complications of gynaecologic surgery include pelvic adhesions, poor haemostasis, cancer and large pelvic masses. Newer minimally invasive technologies of laparoscopy and laser surgery are not without complications. We report a case of potassium titanyl phosphate laser perforation of the urinary bladder during laparoscopy. To our knowledge this is the first case report of such an occurrence. The mechanism of injury, diagnosis and management of laparoscopic bladder perforation is discussed.     

Cholecystectomy in high-risk patients: A comparison between open cholecystectomy and laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Summary

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy offers many advantages, yet patients with a history of cardiopulmonary problems are at an increased risk because of the hemodynamic and respiratory effects of pneumoperitoneum. Between June 1990 and November 1997, a laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed on 31 high risk patients [American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) IV] and 40 conventional cholecystectomies were performed on patients with the same operative risk (ASA IV). In total, 15.5% (n = 11) of these patients experienced intraoperative cardiopulmonary complications, occurring with approximately the same frequency in both groups. General post-operative complications were seen in 28.2% (n=20) of all cases, the conventionally operated patients were more often affected [37.5% (n=15) versus 16.1 % (n=5) (p<0.05)]. The hospital stay was longer for patients with an open cholecystectomy, at 13.9±8.7 days, in comparison to those with a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, at 7.8±5 days (p<0.001). In high risk patients there is an increased rate of perioperative complications; this study shows the intraoperative risk is the same, but the post-operative complication rate is lower for laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

Laparoscopic partial cholecystectomy from the fundus downward using a combination of pneumoperitoneum and the abdominal wall-lift method in complicated cholelithiasis

Summary

To safely and reliably perform laparoscopic cholecystectomy in complicated cholelithiasis, we designed a method of initially resecting the anterior wall of the fundus and body from the fundus downward, fully dissecting the neck of the gall bladder from the liver bed, and finally dissecting the cystic duct and artery. This method differs from routine laparoscopic cholecystectomy in that the cystic duct is dissected first, and cholecystectomy is performed from the neck upward. In addition, to preventing inadequacy of the operative field, because of repeated suction, both the pneumoperitoneum and an abdominal wall-lift method are utilized. Our operation procedure makes it possible to perform complicated cholelithiasis safely during laparoscopic surgery.     

Laparoendoscopic single-site cholecystectomy: A randomized controlled study

Abstract

This study reports the initial experience with laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) cholecystectomy and compares it with laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) through a randomized controlled trial. Sixty selective patients diagnosed with cholelithiasis or polyp lesion of the gallbladder (PLG) were randomly divided into two groups undergoing either LESS cholecystectomy or LC separately. The clinical data about operations and recovery of the two groups were compared. In the LESS group 28 of 30 patients underwent LESS cholecystectomy successfully and the remaining two (6.7%) were converted to standard laparoscopic surgery. LC was successfully performed in all patients in the control group. Mean operative time of LESS cholecystectomy group and LC group was 55.6 ± 25.7 versus 42.7 ± 18.6 (p < 0.05). Mean postoperative hospital stay was 3.7 ± 1.3 versus 3.8 ± 0.8 days (p < 0.05). Mean pain index was 2.8 ± 0.6 versus 3.7 ± 1.1 (p < 0.05). A questionnaire revealed that the mean scores of satisfaction with the operation were 8.9 ± 0.7 versus 8.1 ± 1.5 (p < 0.05). LESS cholecystectomy is safe, feasible, minimally invasive, and cosmetic. It is a reasonable alternative to selective patients with uncomplicated cholelithiasis and PLG. But larger controlled studies are still needed.     

超声刀在肝硬化门脉高压症中的临床应用

目的 探讨超声刀在肝硬化门脉高压症治疗中的临床应用价值.方法 回顾分析超声刀(观察组)及高频电刀(对照组)行脾切除及贲周血管离断术的肝硬化门脉高压症患者的临床资料,比较两组的手术时间、术中出血量、术后3 d平均引流量及术后近期并发症的差异.结果 观察组的手术时间为(156±63)min、术中出血量为(332±64)ml、术后3 d平均引流量为(114±72)ml,对照组分别为(239±75)min、(516±83)ml及(148±62)ml;手术时间、术中出血量及术后3 d平均引流量在两组之间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而且观察组术后近期并发症(6.98%)较对照组(23.26%)也明显减少(χ2=4.44,P＜0.05),差异有统计学意义.结论 采用超声刀治疗肝硬化门脉高压症的疗效肯定,安全可行,具有进一步推广应用的价值.     

A prospective randomized trial comparing the harmonic scalpel with conventional knot tying in thyroidectomy

Currently, thyroidectomies are performed with very little morbidity. This study was undertaken to investigate whether the use of the harmonic scalpel during thyroid surgery has any advantage over the conventional technique. Eighty patients were randomly assigned to 2 groups. The patients in group 1 (n=40) underwent thyroidectomy performed with conventional knot tying and the electrocautery technique; in patients in group 2 (n=40), the harmonic scalpel was used for the procedure. Significant differences were observed between these 2 surgical techniques in terms of operative time, number of ligatures used, amount of bleeding, average length of incision, total amount of drainage fluid, and cosmetic satisfaction (P<.05). With the harmonic scalpel technique, there was a nearly 18% reduction in operative time. No significant differences were noted between mean hospital stay and postoperative pain (P>.05). No patient in either group had permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy or hypoparathyroidism. The harmonic scalpel significantly shortens the duration of thyroidectomies; it can be used safely and effectively in thyroid surgery with no additional morbidity.     

Single‐port laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A comparative study in 106 initial cases

Introduction: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has been the standard of care for gallbladder diseases since the late 1980s. Many surgeons have rapidly adopted single‐port laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallbladder pathologies. The aim of the present study was to analyze the clinical outcome in initial single‐port laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods: Data from 106 consecutive single‐port laparoscopic cholecystectomies between May 2008 and April 2009 were analyzed retrospectively. We divided the patients into two groups – an early group (group I, n=56) and a late group (group II, n=50) – to compare clinical outcomes. During each procedure, only one longitudinal transumbilical incision, 1.5 to 2.0 cm in length, was made to access the abdominal cavity. A multichannel port system was assembled with existing devices. Standard laparoscopic instruments were used to perform each cholecystectomy. Results: Patient demographics did not differ between the two groups. Of the eight cases that were converted to conventional laparoscopic surgery, seven were part of group I (P=0.063). Mean operation time for single‐port laparoscopic cholecystectomy was significantly shorter in group II (58.2 versus 71.6 min, P=0.004). There were two operative complications in group I, which were successfully managed with laparoscopic surgery. There was no statistical difference in occurrence of operative complication and hospital stay between the two groups. Conclusion: Single‐port laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be safely performed for various gallbladder lesions in selected cases, and the operation time improved with accumulation of cases.     

Dynamic morphological changes in the anterior vaginal wall before and after laparoscopic Burch colposuspension in primary urodynamic stress incontinence.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate dynamic morphological changes in the anterior vaginal wall in primary urodynamic stress incontinence before and after laparoscopic Burch colposuspension and to explore the related effects on urethral and voiding functions. METHODS: Ultrasound cystourethrography and urodynamic study were performed in 112 patients with primary urodynamic stress incontinence before and 3 months after laparoscopic Burch colposuspension. Ultrasound assessment included measurement of the bladder neck positions at rest and during straining, the bladder wall thickness at the dome and trigone, and observation of the motion of the bladder neck in addition to the development of cystocele on Valsalva maneuver. On ultrasonography, a cystocele was defined as prolapse or descent of the bladder base below the bladder neck at rest, on Valsalva, or both. RESULTS: After laparoscopic Burch colposuspension, ultrasound cystourethrography revealed significant differences in the bladder neck position at rest and during stress (preoperative median 93 degrees vs. postoperative 70 degrees at rest and preoperative 160 degrees vs. postoperative 81 degrees during stress, P < 0.001, respectively) and rotational angle (preoperative median 58 degrees vs. postoperative 10 degrees , P < 0.001). A laparoscopic Burch operation corrected 50% (5/10) of the preoperative cystoceles. However, a residual cystocele developed postoperatively in 29% (30/102) of the women who did not have one previously. Postoperative ultrasonographic and urodynamic studies did not reveal any differences between those women with or without postoperative cystocele except for the residual urine volume, detrusor opening pressure, and straining and rotational angles of the bladder neck (P < 0.001, 0.032, 0.010 and < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic Burch colposuspension may correct a pre-existing cystocele, but in other patients a cystocele may persist or be disclosed. After laparoscopic Burch operation a persistent cystocele is not associated with urethral compression or voiding impairment.     

Preferential stimulation of Adelta fibers by intra-epidermal needle electrode in humans

We recorded evoked potentials (EPs) induced by conventional transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TS), laser stimulation (LS) and epidermal electrical stimulation (ES) using a specially made needle electrode. We evaluated the activated fibers by epidermal stimulation by assessing the conduction velocity (CV) of the peripheral nerves. The EPs were recorded from Cz electrode (vertex) of the International 10-20 system in 12 healthy subjects. For the ES, the tip of a stainless steel needle electrode was inserted in the epidermis of the skin (0.2 mm in depth). Distal and proximal sites of the upper limb were stimulated by the LS and ES with an intensity which induced a definite pain sensation. Similar sites were stimulated by TS with an intensity of two times the sensory threshold. A major EP positive response (P1) was obtained by stimulation by all three types of stimuli. The P1 latency for the TS (245+/-22 ms) was significantly shorter than that for the ES (302+/-17 ms, P<0.0001) and LS (341+/-21 ms, P<0.0001) and the peak latency P1 by the LS was also significantly longer, approximately 40 ms, than that by the ES (P<0.0001). The CVs were 15.1, 15.3 and 44.1 m/s obtained by ES, LS and TS, respectively. The CV indicated that the fibers activated by the ES were mainly A fibers, which corresponded to the fibers stimulated by the LS. We considered that the ES with our newly developed needle electrode was a very convenient method for the selective stimulation of the A fibers, since it was very simple, not requiring any special apparatus, did not cause bleeding or burns and caused minimum uncomfortable feeling.     

Transumblical single port laparoscopic cholecystectomy with a simple technique: Initial experience of 33 cases

Abstract

Transumbilical single port laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a novel laparoscopic surgical technique for cholecystectomy utilizing only a transumbilical incision, which eliminates any visible abdominal scars and improves cosmesis. As the true single port laparoscopic technique, we presented an easy and feasible method for transumbilical laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A total of 33 patients were presented for transumbilical single port laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A 1.5 cm incision was made at the umbilicus. We used one sterile glove and designed a simple method for this procedure. All the operations were completed successfully. The operative time of the first case was 189 min, the average time of the following two cases was 90 min, and the mean of the latest ten cases was 50 min. Operative blood loss was <30 ml for all patients. No drainage tube was placed and no postoperative complications such as bleeding or biliary leakage occurred after three to six months of follow-up. All the patients were discharged 24h after the operation. There were no visible scars on the abdominal wall at the second weekend. Transumbilical single port laparoscopic cholecystectomy by our designed methods was technically simple, feasible and safe. Furthermore, development of newer instruments, accumulation of experience and enhancement of operative technique may facilitate this new operative approach.     

超声刀生物夹在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中应用超声刀及生物夹的安全性和可靠性。方法对203例患者行LC术中采用超声刀生物夹的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 203例患者胆囊管均一次结扎、凝断成功,无中转开腹病例。所有患者术后无胆囊管残端胆漏及出血等并发症,术后无需止痛处理,住院时间3～4d,均痊愈出院。结论 LC术中生物夹结扎胆囊管,继以超声刀凝断胆囊管和胆囊动脉,安全、可靠,能避免体内金属异物残留。     

腹腔镜肾盂癌根治术19例分析

目的评价腹腔镜肾孟癌根治术并总结经验。方法2000年8月＂2006年5月行腹腔镜手术治疗19例肾孟癌（含8例手辅式）。其中输尿管末端经尿道切除17例，经手辅切口切除2例。同时期行开放性肾孟癌根治术30例作对照分析。结果腔镜组与开放组手术时间差异无显著（P=0．59），腔镜组术中出血量、术后肠功能恢复时间、引流管拔除时间、下床活动时间及住院时间显著少于开放组（P〈0．01），腔镜组术中、术后未发生明显并发症。开放组1例出现术后切口感染。随访1～61个月，腔镜组1例肺部转移，开放组1例出现肺部转移，1例腹膜后局部复发，1例发生膀胱癌。结论后腹腔镜结合电切镜行肾孟癌根治术具有创伤小、恢复快的优点。并不增加肿瘤种植的风险，有望取代传统开放手术。     

2种方法在治疗特发性血小板减少性紫癜长期疗效的对比

目的对比分析腹腔镜脾切除术与开腹脾切除术治疗特发性血小板减少性紫癜的围手术期结果及长期疗效。方法回顾性分析2011年1月至2015年1月该院肝胆外科124例特发性血小板减少性紫癜患者行脾切除术治疗(其中腹腔镜脾切除术68例,开腹脾切除术56例)的临床资料与随访结果。结果腹腔镜脾切除术组手术时间较开腹脾切除术组长,住院时间短,术中失血量少,术后疼痛轻,术后拔出引流管时间短,术后并发症发生率低。腹腔镜脾切除术组术后无下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)发生;开腹脾切除术组术后1例发生DVT。腹腔镜脾切除术组术后1例死于肺部感染。腹腔镜脾切除术组平均随访时间(33±11.8)个月,开腹脾切除术组平均随访时间(32±12.9)个月,腹腔镜脾切除术组中术后长期有效率为73.5%,开腹脾切除术组中术后长期有效率为76.7%(P0.05)。Kaplan-Meier分析显示,2组无复发生存率差异无统计学意义(P=0.697)。结论腹腔镜脾切除术治疗特发性血小板减少性紫癜的长期疗效与开腹脾切除术相当,但具有非常明显的微创优势。     

改良密闭排烟气法在腹腔镜胆囊切除手术患者的应用效果

目的 探讨改良密闭排烟气法在腹腔镜胆囊切除手术患者中的应用效果。方法 选取50例腹腔镜下胆囊切除手术患者,按随机数字表法分成观察组和对照组,每组各25例。观察组采用改良密闭排烟气法,对照组采用传统、开放间断的排烟气法,比较2组患者手术切割开始及腹腔内胆囊切除止血完毕在4个指标间的差异,即碳氧血红蛋白（COHb）的浓度;COHb浓度≥10%发生率;相同时间段（1 h）腹腔镜镜面清晰度（即排气孔放气的次数和碘伏擦拭目镜的次数）及手术时间。结果 腹腔内胆囊切除止血完毕,观察组COHb浓度低于对照组（P<0.01）,COHb浓度≥10%发生率低于对照组（P<0.01）;观察组排气孔放气次数及碘伏擦拭目镜次数少于对照组（P<0.01),手术时间短于对照组（P<0.01)。结论 对腹腔镜胆囊切除手术患者,使用改良密闭排烟气法排除手术烟气可减少烟气对患者的危害,增加腹腔镜镜面清晰度,缩短手术时间。