Cultural Identification and Substance Use in North America– An Annotated Bibliography

Level of identification with one's culture has long been thought to be a predictor of substance use among ethnic minority populations. However, cultural identification is a complex construct that has been difficult to capture in a coherent theoretical way. Additionally, the various theoretical approaches have led to numerous and divergent methods of measurement. Although measurement is becoming more sophisticated, the evidence for a link between cultural identification and drug use remains elusive. There is evidence that immigrants to a new culture do change their pattern of substance use to match that of the host culture, but the mechanism of that change is not well understood. That culture impacts behavior is without question although how culture operates specifically with respect to substance use will require further effort.     

Cultural identification and alcohol use among "Black" adolescents.

This study examined the relationship between cultural identification and alcohol use among Black adolescents--77 African-American and 185 Haitian Black adolescents. The Orthogonal Cultural Identification Scale assessed cultural identification. A logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between cultural identification association between cultural identification, friendships, and alcohol use. Results indicate no relationship between cultural identification and alcohol use. Drinking during the past six months was significantly associated with having close friends who drink. Although the direction of friend influence is unclear. Differences were observed in the context of drinking between the two groups and, importantly, youths in both groups reported drinking alone and to relax/because of stress. Sociocultural factors, context and the basis of drinking need to be addressed in programs for youth.     

Unraveling the Layers of Cultural Competence

Abstract

Social work practice has become more complex and complicated, as social workers wade through the burgeoning call for empirical evidence, the demand to deliver services in shorter periods and with restricted resources. In substance abuse treatment organizations, implementing evidence-based, culturally competent treatment initiatives can seem counter-intuitive to program staff and are subsequently not administered or administered in a way that sabotages the integrity of the intervention. This paper examines cultural competence and explores the meaning of meta-cultural competency that is, the organization's culture, the client's cultural background, and how these factors are interpreted by practitioners within the organizational network.     

关于医院文化建设的若干思考

本文浅析了对于医院文化的概念、包含内容以及功能的认识,同时阐述了对于医院文化建设的若干理解,医院文化建设要立足于医院社会责任,在实践中坚持“以人为本”的理念,创建和谐医院文化。     

A Cultural Psychology Approach to “Drug Abuse” Prevention

Much research on the etiology of adolescent drug use has focused on posited risk and protective factors at the level of the individual or small group. However, those proximal influences exist within a cultural context that also influences drug use. To prevent drug use in the diverse population of the United States, research is needed on the influence of the cultural context on adolescent drug use, including the effects of immigrating from one cultural or sociodemographic context to another, as well as the effects of living within two different cultural systems simultaneously. Theoretical models and research methods from cultural psychology and cultural sociology are well-suited to examine the cultural context of drug use. We examine causal mechanisms by which acculturation might affect drug use by using two paradigms to conceptualize culture: a stress/coping paradigm and a cultural values paradigm. Implications of cultural risk and protective factors for transdisciplinary research on drug abuse prevention are also discussed.     

医药院校大学英语教学中的中药文化导入

语言是文化的一部分,它作为交际的手段和工具,也是文化的重要载体。文化依靠语言、通过语言表现出来,两者相互依赖。大学英语教学作为语言教学,在学习过程中应克服交际中的文化障碍,进行文化教学。作为医药类的高等院校,大学英语课堂教学应重视中药文化的导入,通过多种教学方法来增强学生的中医药文化意识,增强民族自豪感和自信心,弘扬我国的中医药文化,促进中药文化的传播和中西药文化交流。     

乳酶生标准中乳酸鉴别试验的影响因素探讨

目的：考察乳酶生质量标准中乳酸鉴别试验的影响因素。方法：改进现行标准中主要操作步骤,测定不同来源牛奶培养基中乳酸和乳糖的含量。结果：使用不同来源的牛奶培养基,鉴别反应的颜色差异显著;样品稀释倍数由原来的20倍改为5倍后,鉴别反应呈现的颜色最深;未经灭菌处理的牛奶培养基发酵产生的乳酸含量较高,其乳酸鉴别反应颜色最深。结论：牛奶培养基中糖类成分和含量的差异及样品中乳酸浓度是影响乳酸鉴别试验结果判定的主要因素。     

医院药学工作的管理支撑与文化建设

目的：为做好全方位的药学保障提供文化理念与管理支持。方法：确立医院药学的文化建设与管理举措，引导并规范药学人员的行为准则。结果：通过物质、制度、精神多个层面的规范化管理举措，营造和谐向上的团队文化氛围，引导并激励药学人员的工作积极性和集体归属感，不断学习完善自我，努力提供优质药学服务。结论：加强医院药学的管理支撑和文化建设具有显著激励作用，有助于推进药学事业发展。     

Cultural competence and unique concerns in patients with ethnic skin

The projections of increases in the number of skin of color patients over the next several decades, necessitates expertise in cultural competence for health care providers. Acquiring competency begins with practitioners reflecting on their self identity and personal beliefs. Additionally, understanding African-American cultural habits and practices and their impact on disease is critically important. We review, in this article, the fundamentals of becoming cultural competent. Patients are best served when their physician embraces their culture, their view of the health care system as well as habits and practices.     

药学史教学中的中医药文化教育

浅析药学史教学中的中医药文化教育,指出中医药文化是药学史的灵魂,强调中医药文化的独特内涵,阐述在中医药文化的背景下开展课程教学和教书育人的相关内容及收获,明确课程教学的目标在于立足药学史教学,弘扬和传承中医药文化。     

Identification and determination of invertase secreted by tomato cells

A simple and rapid procedure for the identification and determination of extracellular invertase from a culture medium of tomato cell suspension cultures is described. Sucrose was used as substrate for the determination of the extracellular and intracellular activities of the enzyme. The culture medium (without cells) was used for identification and determination of extracellular enzyme activity. Intracellular activity was estimated from the cell suspension.     

Rehabilitation of the Puerto Rican Addict: A Cultural Perspective

Drug addiction has assumed major proportions in the Hispanic population. This paper questions whether treatment programs in Puerto Rican communities adequately relate their rehabilitative services to the realities of Hispanic culture. The experience of a clinic in the South Bronx is reviewed, and it is suggested that programs need to be aware of cultural differences, provide Hispanic staff to treat Hispanic patients, and build up acknowledged strengths, values, and folkways.     

新会陈皮传统制作技艺及品质辨识

目的:针对目前新会陈皮尚无统一的炮制工艺标准及鉴别标准的现状,探讨其传统制作技艺及品质辨识经验,为制定新会陈皮传统制作工艺与鉴定标准提供参考,将有利于该非物质文化遗产的传承与保护.方法:通过在新会陈皮地理标志保护区观摩学习,收集了当地陈皮经商家族及民间以口手相传方式世代传承的传统经验,结合当地相关文献,整理出独具地方特...     

野生防风与栽培防风的鉴别及微量元素测定

目的:正确区分野生防风与栽培防风,探讨其微量元素含量的差异。方法:用传统药材鉴别方法来区分野生防风与栽培防风,用原子吸收分光光度法对防风中的5种微量元素进行了含量测定。结果:列出野生防风与栽培防风的性状对比表,通过薄层色谱鉴别和微量元素的含量测定表明二者具有明显差异。结论:能明显地区分野生防风与栽培防风。从微量元素含量测定方面,看出野生防风优于栽培防风。     

Alcohol Use Severity Among Hispanic Emerging Adults in Higher Education: Understanding the Effect of Cultural Congruity

Background: Identifying and understanding determinants of alcohol use behavior among Hispanic college students is an increasingly important public health issue, particularly during emerging adulthood. Studies examining ethnocultural determinants of alcohol use behavior among Hispanic college students have focused on direct associations with cultural orientation (e.g., acculturation and enculturation); yet there is a need for research that accounts for the complex interplay of other culturally relevant sociocultural factors. Objectives: This study examined associations of behavioral acculturation, behavioral enculturation, and cultural congruity (perception of cultural fit between the values of the academic environment and the student's personal values) with alcohol use severity (AUS); and tested if gender moderated those associations. Methods: A hierarchical linear regression and moderation analysis were conducted on a sample of 167 Hispanic emerging adults (ages 18–25) enrolled in college. Results: All predictor variables entered in the regression model accounted for 20.9% of the variance in AUS. After controlling for demographic variables and depressive symptoms, behavioral acculturation and enculturation did not have a statistically significant association with AUS. Further, gender did not moderate either of these associations. Conversely, greater cultural congruity was associated with lower reports of AUS. A moderation analysis suggested that cultural congruity predicted lower reports of AUS among men, but not among women. Conclusions: This was the first known study to examine the association of cultural congruity with alcohol use. Findings highlight the value of examining contextual factors of culture and moving beyond reductive measures of cultural orientation.     

Cultural Methods for Aflatoxin Detection

Aflatoxins present important food safely problems in both developed and developing countries. Contamination is monitored in developed countries using enzyme‐linked immunusorbent assay (ELISA)‐ and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)‐based assays, both of which may be too expensive for routine use in many developing countries. There is a need for inexpensive alternative approaches to detect aflatoxins in lots of foods and feeds. Reviewed here are culture‐based methods that determine if a sample is contaminated with aflatoxigenic fungi. These approaches include 1) blue fluorescence of aflatoxin B₁, particularly when enhanced by including β‐cyclodextrin in the culture medium, 2) yellow pigment production, and 3) color change on exposure to ammonium hydroxide vapor. The presence of aflatoxin B₁ can be detected by its blue fluorescence, which is enhanced when the toxin complexes with the hydrophobic pocket of β‐cyclodextrin. The yellow pigment and ammonium hydroxide vapor tests are based on the production of yellow anthraquinone biosynthetic intermediates in the aflatoxin pathway. These compounds act as pH indicator dyes, which are more visible when they have turned red at alkaline pH. Because these tests are based on two different mechanisms, it has been possible to combine them into a single test. In a study of 517 A. flavus isolates from the Mississippi Delta, the combined assay reduced false positives for aflatoxigenicity to 0%, and false negatives to 7%. The increased predictive power of the combined cultural assay may enable its use for inexpensively identifying potential aflatoxin contamination in feeds and foods.     

Ethnic Identification and Alcohol Use among Canadian-Born and Foreign-Born High School Students in Toronto

Unlike other demographic and sociopsychological correlates of student alcohol and other drug use, the variable of ethnic identification and its possible effects on student substance use have not received adequate attention from researchers. This paper seeks to examine the relationship between ethnic identification and alcohol use on the basis of data collected from a survey of 667 high school students in Toronto. Results show that when other variables (sociodemographic, school, family, availability, and informal social control) are controlled for, the relationship between ethnic identification and alcohol use remains significant in Canadian-born students but not in foreign-born students. Also, foreign-born students are found to exhibit lower levels of alcohol use than their Canadian-born counterparts, regardless of cultural origin. Implications of the findings for future studies of ethnicity and alcohol/drug use and for prevention efforts are discussed.     

RFLP技术检测和鉴定血液中念珠菌的研究

目的早期、快速检测和鉴定血液中常见念珠菌。方法对制备的白色念珠菌、热带念珠菌和克柔念珠菌感染的血液模拟标本采用常规血培养法和限制性片段长度多态性分析(RFLP)法进行检测和鉴定,最后进行结果分析。结果RFLP技术的检出率明显高于常规培养法。结论该技术具有快速、敏感、不需放射性同位素等优点,而且准确性极高,有着较好的临床应用前景。此技术应用于临床将为血液病、肿瘤和免疫抑制患者的诊断和救治工作起到积极的作用。     

Development of a Cultural Intelligence Framework in Pharmacy Education

Objective. Pharmacists must be equipped with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to provide culturally intelligent and patient-centered care; however, most are not trained to do so. In order to prepare culturally intelligent pharmacists, standards and curricula for cultural intelligence must be defined and implemented within pharmacy education. The objective of this study was to create a cultural intelligence framework (CIF) for pharmacy education and determine its alignment with Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) training.Methods. An extensive literature analysis on current methods of cultural intelligence education was used to construct a CIF, which integrates leading models of cultural intelligence in health care education with Bloom’s Taxonomy. Five student focus groups were conducted to explore and map their cultural experiences to the CIF. All focus groups were recorded, transcribed, deidentified and deductively coded using the CIF.Results. The four CIF domains (awareness, knowledge, practice, desire) were observed in all five focus groups; however, not every participant expressed each domain when sharing their experiences. Most students expressed cultural awareness, knowledge, and desire, however, only a few students discussed cultural practice. Participant comments regarding their experiences differed by race and year in the curriculum.Conclusion. This study was a first step toward understanding cultural intelligence education and experiences in pharmacy. The CIF represents an evidence-based approach to cultural intelligence training that can help prepare pharmacy learners to be socially responsible health care practitioners.     

谈中国西夏医学文化的成就及其典籍中的医方应用

中国古代西夏医学文化成就体现在各个方面。文中从西夏人医学分工和治疗诊断等六个方面展现西夏医学药的成就。西夏人多患癞疮等皮肤病,且治疗癞疮病的药也是别具一格的。文中还举了西夏文古籍中四个药方,这些药方不仅是西夏医药文化中宝贵财富之一,也是中华多民族医药文化中的珍贵遗产之一。