Depressive symptoms and quality of life after thrombolysis in stroke: the TEMPiS study

Intravenous thrombolysis leads to a reduction of post-stroke disability. No data exist about whether depression and poor quality of life (QoL) remain relevant problems in patients with good functional outcome. We assessed mood and QoL at 3 and 6 months after stroke in consecutive patients who received intravenous thrombolysis in stroke centers and telemedicine hospitals within the TEMPiS network. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used with BDI ≥18 indicating clinically relevant depressive symptoms. Stroke specific quality of life (SSQOL) was used for QoL assessment with the definition of SSQOL total score <60% for poor QoL. Associations of BDI and SSQOL with baseline parameters and modified Rankin scale (mRS) in follow-up were analyzed. In patients with known mRS 0–4 at 3 months (N = 213), BDI was available in 74% and SSQOL in 77%. At 3 and 6 months, 23 and 18% of patients had clinically relevant depressive symptoms; 25 and 24% reported a poor QoL. The mRS at 3 months correlated with BDI (r = 0.43, p < 0.01) and SSQOL (r = −0.75, p < 0.01). BDI ≥18 was observed in 11% of patients with mRS 0–1 and 16% in mRS 0–2. Severe stroke (NIHSS ≥12) at admission (OR 1.23, 0.57–2.66; p = 0.57) was not predictive for depressive symptoms but for poor QoL (OR 2.77, 95%CI 1.34–5.74). Depressive symptoms and impaired QoL are observed in a substantial proportion of stroke patients at 3 months after intravenous thrombolysis. Health professionals should be aware that thrombolysed patients may have relevant mood disorders despite good functional outcome.     

Cognition and Quality of Life in Symptomatic Carotid Occlusion

Purpose: Carotid occlusion may result in stroke, TIA, and cognitive reductions. Whether cognition predicts quality of life (QOL) for patients with carotid occlusion is unknown. Depression is also known to affect QOL. We examined whether cognition and depression predicted QOL in patients with carotid occlusive disease who have not had revascularization.Methods: Patients with unilateral carotid occlusion and history of TIA or a remote history of minor stroke were included. Patients underwent exam of memory, language, motor, and executive function skills and completed depression and QOL questionnaires (Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression [CES-D], Stroke Specific QOL [SSQOL]). Deficits from remote stroke were assessed with the NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS). Z-scores for cognitive tests were averaged (Cog-Z). The SSQOL scores were averaged across subgroup domains. Analyses of patients with all depression levels were followed by subgroup analyses for patients with minimal depression. Correlation findings were used to select the variables in a regression model to predict SSQOL.Results: Among 37 patients with all depression levels, QOL was predicted by deficits from remote stroke and depression (F(3, 36) = 21.15, P<.0005; NIHSS Beta = –.392, P = .001; CES-D Beta = –.577, P < .0005). Among 22 patients with minimal depression, QOL was predicted by cognitive and depression scores, (F(2,21) = 7.88, P = .003; Cog-Z Beta = .364, P = .05; CES-D Beta = –.495, P = .01).Conclusions: In patients with carotid occlusive disease without major stroke and without revascularization, cognitive and depression scores independently predicted QOL. These data demonstrate the clinical relevance of cognitive and mood decline among patients with carotid occlusion.     

What are the correlates of cognition and participation to return to work after first ever mild stroke?

Abstract

Background:

The percentage of working age people with mild stroke has risen. Evidence indicates that even mild stroke impact cognition, executive functioning, and daily functioning, consequently affecting participation, quality of life (QoL) and return to work (RTW).

Objectives:

(1) Compare cognition, participation and QoL between people 3 months post-mild stroke who RTW and those who did not; and (2) To determine the correlates of these variables to RTW of participants 3 months post-stroke.

Methods:

We visited at home 163 stroke survivors (117 men, 46 women) 3 months post-mild stroke ranging from 50 to 89 years. Participants who returned to work (n?=?114) and those who did not (n?=?49). Data collection at home included measures for cognitive status (MoCA), executive functions (EFPT, DEX), depression (GDS), participation (RNL), and QoL (SIS recovery).

Results:

Significant differences were found between RTW participants and those who did not RTW in measures of cognition, depression, participation and QoL (t?=?2.36 to ??5.62, P?<?0.022–0.001). No difference was found on age or gender. Stepwise regression showed that significant correlates of RTW were participation (RNL), executive functions (EFPT), and QoL (SIS recovery).

Conclusions:

To enable RTW after mild stroke, participation, executive functions and QoL must be considered in planning interventions.     

Group cognitive behavioural therapy for stroke survivors with depression and their carers

Background: Depression in stroke survivors is common, leads to poorer outcomes and often not treated. A group cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) program (Brainstorm) for stroke survivors with depression, and their carers has been running as part of usual care since 2007.

Objective: To evaluate the implementation and acceptability of Brainstorm, a closed group intervention consisting of up to 10 sessions of education, activity planning, problem solving and thought challenging.

Methods: Participating stroke survivors and their carers complete assessment measures at baseline, post-treatment and 1-month and 6-months follow-up. A mixed models for repeated measures data was conducted with depression and anxiety scores for stroke survivors (Beck Depression Inventory-II; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) and the assessment of depression, anxiety and carer burden for carers. Acceptability was assessed by session attendance and written and open participant feedback upon completion of the program.

Results: Forty-eight community dwelling stroke survivors and 34 carers attended Brainstorm, with a median attendance of 88% of sessions. Follow-up assessments were completed by 77% (post-treatment), 46% (1-month) and 38% (6-month) of stroke survivors. Stroke survivors’ depression scores decreased from baseline to post-treatment (p<.001); maintained at 1-month (p<.001) but not at 6-month (p=.056). Anxiety scores decreased between baseline and 1-month (p=.013). Carer burden, depression and anxiety scores at 1-month and 6-month follow-up, for carers, were all reduced when compared with baseline (p<.05).

Conclusion: The Brainstorm group intervention for depression in stroke survivors appears to have been effectively implemented and is acceptable to stroke survivors and carers.     

Timecourse of health-related quality of life as determined 3, 6 and 12 months after stroke. Relationship to neurological deficit,disability and depression

Objective: To study the timecourse of health-related global and domain-specific quality of life (QOL) in patients presenting with stroke or transient ischemic attacks (TIA) up to one year after the ischemic event. Variables were identified that may predict poststroke life satisfaction. Patients and Methods: In this prospective study, a cohort of 183 stroke/TIA patients was followed up at 3, 6, and 12 months. A total of 144 survivors completed the follow-up (65 women, 79 men, mean age 65.3 years). Health-related QOL was assessed by the Short Form 36 (SF-36) questionnaire, the neurological status by the European Stroke Scale (ESS). Disability was evaluated by using the Barthel index and the modified Swedish Stroke Registry Follow-up Form; depression was scored by the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Results: One year after stroke/TIA, 66 % of patients reported a worsening of life satisfaction compared with the prestroke level. The SF-36 physical component summary was reduced throughout the observation period. The SF-36 mental component summary deteriorated between the 6- and 12-months follow-up from 52.2 ± 7.1 to 50.6 ± 7.1 (p < 0.05). The SF-36 domains “physical functioning”, “social functioning” and the MADRS scores both showed a significant deterioration between 6 and 12 months poststroke (p < 0.05). In contrast, the neurological status and the degree of disability remained stable. Male sex, absence of diabetes, and normal MADRS scores at 3 and 6 months postinsult were identified as predictors of favorable QOL after 1 year (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Despite stable neurologic function and disability, global as well as domain-specific measures of QOL deteriorated over the 12-months observation period in a cohort of stroke survivors. Received: 18 September 2001, Received in revised form: 14 February 2002, Accepted: 20 February 2002     

Is left stroke a risk-factor for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant treatment resistance?

The objective of the study was to detect changes of depression and cognitive level associated with right and left brain damage during SSRI treatment in subjects with post-stroke Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). After the baseline evaluation, the 45 patients included received a single oral dose of 20–40 mg of fluoxetine or 50–100 mg of sertraline. At day 0, 7, 14, 28, 42, and 56 a psychometric test battery comprising the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) was administered. In the whole group repeated measures ANOVAs revealed a highly significant (p < 0.0001) time effect for HDRS and MMSE scores. However, depression improved much more in right stroke subjects in comparison with left stroke subjects (p < 0.001 for the HDRS by laterality interaction). Moreover, there is a suggestion of a possible selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) efficacy in cognitive impairment associated to post-stroke MDD but in treatment-responders only. At the endpoint, chi-square analysis showed that there was a different prevalence rate of MDD between left (n = 10; 50 %) and right (n = 4; 16 %) stroke patients, whereas the prevalence rate of Minor Depression was identical (25 %). The SSRIs fluoxetine and sertraline could be efficacious treatments for post-stroke MDD but these findings suggest that left stroke could be a predictor of treatment resistance. Received: 6 August 2002, Received in revised form: 4 November 2002, Accepted: 11 November 2002 Correspondence to Gianfranco Spalletta, MD     

Depression in survivors of stroke: a community-based study of prevalence, risk factors and consequences

Depression in survivors of stroke is both common and clinically relevant. It is associated with excess suffering, handicap, suicidal ideation and mortality and it hampers rehabilitation. Most of the data currently available are derived from clinical studies. The objective of the present study was to study the prevalence, risk factors and consequences of depression in survivors of stroke, in a large (n= 3050) community-based study of older (55–85 years) people in three regions of the Netherlands. Depression was measured using the CES-D scale; histories of stroke were obtained using self-reports and data from general practitioners. The study was designed as a case-control study, using both bivariate and multivariate analyses. The prevalence of depression in stroke survivors was 27%, which was significantly higher than the base rate (OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.61–3.24). Both stroke-related disease characteristics and psychosocial characteristics of the respondents were predictors of depression. The consequences of depression were most evident in the realm of disability and impairment of well-being. The patterns of service utilization showed that depressed survivors of stroke are␣relatively high users of a wide range of health services. Accepted: 5 February 1998     

Consistent determinants of health-related quality of life in the first 12 months after stroke: a prospective study in Nigeria

Abstract

Background:

Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of stroke survivors can be described as an important and holistic index of stroke outcome. To enhance this all encompassing construct, information on its predictors at different phases of stroke is required.

Objective:

This study sought to identify consistent determinants of HRQoL over the course of 1 year after stroke in Nigeria.

Methods:

Information on socio-demographic, clinical, and functioning attributes of 55 consecutive individuals with first-ever stroke were obtained during acute admission and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months post-stroke. Attributes of functioning namely, motor performance, functional activity, and participation were assessed using the Simplified Fugl–Meyer Assessment, the motor-Functional Independence Measure, and the London Handicap Scale, respectively. HRQoL was also assessed with the Health-Related Quality of Life in Stroke Patients-40 scale at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Attributes that were associated with HRQoL at these time points were identified using bivariate and multivariable regression analyses.

Results:

Among the independent variables, concurrently assessed participation was the sole significant (P?<?0.0001) determinant of HRQoL at 1, 3, and 6 months, respectively accounting for 70%, 64%, and 75% variance in HRQoL. At 12 months, participation (P?<?0.0001), and functional activity (P?<?0.05) accounted for 83% variance in HRQoL, with better functional activity and participation associated with better HRQoL.

Conclusion:

The outcome of this study indicates that optimizing post-stroke functional activity and participation through proven and effective rehabilitation strategies may result in better HRQoL in stroke survivors.     

Post-stroke pathological crying: frequency and correlation to depression

While pathological crying has classically been described as a disturbance of the motor concomitants of emotional affect that is unrelated to mood, recent studies indicate that there may in fact be a correlation. We therefore undertook a study of post-stroke pathological crying in relation to mood score/depression and lesion site in an unselected stroke population the first year following stroke. The study population comprised 211 patients with first ever stroke (median age 69 years, range 25–80). The patients were included in the study within 7 days of the onset of stroke, and follow-up examinations were made at 1 month, 6 months and 1 year. Computerized tomography brain scans were obtained on Days 5–10. The frequency of pathological crying was 14% at 1 month, 10% at 6 months and 11% at 1 year. The overall 1 year incidence was 19%. Pathological crying correlated significantly to mood score and post-stroke depression (p < 0.005), as well as to lesion size (p < 0.05), Barthel Index (p < 0.05), Motricity Index (p < 0.005) and intellectual impairment (p < 0.05), but not to lesion location, sex, age, history of stroke or depression, predisposing disease or social distress before the stroke incident Post-stroke pathological crying was common and persistent in 11% of patients at 1 year and correlated strongly to mood score and post-stroke depression. The indication for treatment of pathological crying is therefore further strengthened.     

Gender differences in psychological effect of the August 1999 earthquake in Turkey

Disasters traumatically expose normal populations to severe threats to life, deaths of relatives and massive environmental destruction. Epidemiological studies found that women would be more vulnerable to disaster than men. In this study, we examined gender differences in short-term psychological effect of the 1999 earthquake in Turkey on adult survivors. A total of 184 subjects (79 males and 105 females) who used a psychiatric service were interviewed within 6–10?weeks after the earthquake. All subjects were assessed using a modified version of the Mississippi Scale for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Beck Hopelessness Scale, and four subscales (depression, anxiety, hostility and somatization) of the Symptom Check List (SCL-90-R). Women had higher mean total Mississippi Scale scores than men (84.29 vs. 78.72; P<0.05). Women scored higher on the Beck Depression Inventory and the Beck Hopelessness Scale than men (respectively 16.3 vs. 10.4; P<0.001 and 7.5 vs. 6.0; P<0.05). Women had significantly higher depression (1.40 vs. 0.94; P<0.001), anxiety (1.46 vs. 1.12; P<0.05) and somatization (1.31 vs. 0.84; P<0.001) subscale scores of the SCL-90-R than men. These findings indicate that women may experience more severe psychological reactions than men after a disastrous earthquake.     

Depression and quality of life in monogenic compared to idiopathic,early‐onset Parkinson's disease

Quality of life (QoL) is decreased in PD and is linked with depression and anxiety. However, little is known about QoL in monogenic PD. Subjects with mutations in PD genes were recruited from ongoing family and genetic studies (manifesting carriers, n = 23; nonmanifesting carriers, n = 19). For comparison purposes, we included patients with idiopathic PD (IPD; n = 128; early onset, n = 38; late onset, n = 90), healthy controls (n = 127), and data on depressive symptoms of 144 patients with major depression (treated controls). Depression affected 31% of early‐onset PD cases, 21% of late‐onset cases, and 44% of manifesting carriers of mutations in PD genes, but was rare in the nonmanifesting carriers (7%) and healthy controls (5%). Subjects with Parkinson‐associated depression reported fewer feelings of guilt or self‐doubt than treated controls, but the occurrence of suicidal ideation was associated with severity of depression only. Social phobia (P = 0.018) and agoraphobia (P = 0.059) were more common in manifesting carriers than in any other group. QoL was decreased in the Parkinson groups, particularly in the early‐onset cases (P < 0.001), and QoL correlated with depression in all analyses. In our study, monogenic and IPD cases were comparable in QoL and depression characteristics. The QoL and, possibly, overall prognosis of all PD patients can be improved by appropriate attention and treatment for depression, sleep impairments, and anxiety, even if the treatment of the motor problems cannot be further optimized. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society     

Contribution of depression and anxiety to impaired quality of life in survivors of myocardial infarction

Objective. To quantify the adverse influence of depression and anxiety assessed at the time of myocardial infarction, on the quality of life 5 years after the infarction. Methods. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were completed in a group of 196 patients admitted in the hospital following non-fatal myocardial infarction, and the SF-12 quality of life questionnaire was administered during the 5- year follow-up. Results. Regression analysis showed a strong association between baseline depression and QoL in both the physical and mental domains; the higher the depression scores, the poorer the QoL. However, anxiety present at the time of myocardial infarction did not predict later QoL. Conclusions. Depression but not anxiety following MI predicts longer-term quality of life in myocardial infarction survivors.     

心理干预对脑卒中后抑郁治疗效果的观察

目的观察心理干预对脑卒中后抑郁的治疗效果。方法从2013年4月到2014年1月,选取我院的96例脑卒中后抑郁患者进行回顾性分析。将其分为两组:对照组44例患者,采用早期康复和脑卒中常规药物治疗;观察组52例患者,在对照组基础上采用心理干预治疗。结果治疗前两组HAMD评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗8周后,两组的HAMD评分较治疗前均有降低,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。但观察组降低更明显,治疗后HAMD评分两组间比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组痊愈占比61.54%(32/52),有效率为98.08(51/52),均显著高于对照组的38.64%(17/44)和79.55%(35/44),差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者完全依从和总依从在治疗前差异无统计学意义(P0.05),治疗8周后,两组患者完全依从和总依均较治疗前提高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),观察组较对照组提高更显著,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对脑卒中后抑郁患者,在早期康复和常规药物治疗的同时采用心理干预治疗,不但可以改善抑郁症状,而且可以提高患者康复依从性,促进脑卒中后神经功能的恢复,值得临床进一步推广。     

The effects of forest therapy on depression and anxiety in patients with chronic stroke

Objective: To assess whether forest therapy is effective for treating depression and anxiety in patients with chronic stroke by using several psychological tests. We measured reactive oxygen metabolite (d-ROM) levels and biological antioxidant potentials (BAPs) associated with psychological stress. Methods: Fifty-nine patients with chronic stroke were randomly assigned to either a forest group (staying at a recreational forest site) or to an urban group (staying in an urban hotel); the duration and activities performed by both groups were the same. Scores on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D17), Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), d-ROMs and BAPs were evaluated both before and after the treatment programs. Results: In the forest group, BDI, HAM-D17 and STAI scores were significantly lower following treatment, and BAPs were significantly higher than baseline. In the urban group, STAI scores were significantly higher following treatment. Moreover, BDI, HAM-D17 and STAI scores of the forest group were significantly lower, and BAPs were significantly higher following treatment (ANCOVA, p <0.05). Conclusion: Forest therapy is beneficial for treating depression and anxiety symptoms in patients with chronic stroke, and may be particularly useful in patients who cannot be treated with standard pharmacological or electroconvulsive therapies.     

‘Quality of life at 90 days after stroke and its correlation to activities of daily living’: A prospective cohort study

BackgroundThe main goal of stroke rehabilitation is to improve the health-related quality of life (HRQoL). In developed countries, several studies evaluating the HRQoL among stroke survivors have been conducted. In India, HRQoL related to stroke as an important health care issue has not received sufficient attention. The study was conducted to encourage the professionals to use stroke-specific HRQoL scales in clinical practice as one of the measures of stroke outcome.ObjectivesTo study the correlation between activities of daily living (ADLs) and HRQoL at 90 days following an acute stroke.MethodsIn this prospective study, functional independence of patients admitted with stroke were measured using Barthel Index (BI). At 90 days post-stroke patients were assessed using two questionnaires.ResultsSignificant improvement in BI total and domains scores at 90 days (p < .001) were seen. At follow-up, Stroke Specific Quality of Life Scale-12 (SS-QoL-12) score for 59 patients was 48 (high QoL). Individuals scored lowest for psychosocial subscale of HRQoL compared to physical subscale. All items and the total score of the BI showed a significant positive partial correlation (p< .001) with the HRQoL total score. The self-care domain of BI showed the highest correlation with QoL total score at 0.88.ConclusionsPatient dependent in ADL constantly scored less in all QoL domains. The psychosocial QoL was found to be most affected even in the presence of complete functional independence paving way for further studies on factors that impact psychosocial QoL of stroke survivors.     

General self-efficacy as a driving factor of post-stroke depression: A longitudinal study

ABSTRACT

Post-stroke depression (PSD) is the most common psychiatric condition after stroke, affecting one third of survivors. Despite identification of meaningful predictors, knowledge about the interplay between these factors remains fragmentary. General self-efficacy (GSE) is closely linked to PSD, yet direction and magnitude of this relationship remains unclear. The authors assessed the relationship between GSE and depression during the first two years post-stroke while controlling for stable inter-individual differences using continuous time (CT) structural equation modelling (SEM). Patients of two German rehabilitation centres (N?=?294, mean age?=?63.78 years, SD?=?10.83) were assessed six weeks after ischemic stroke and at four follow-ups covering two years. GSE Scale and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) were used to assess GSE and depression. CT-analysis revealed significantly higher within-person cross-effects of GSE on GDS (a₂₁?=??.29) than vice versa (a_12?=??.17). Maximal cross-lagged effects emerged six months post-stroke. Our results show that decreasing GSE led to increasing depressiveness, and only to a smaller extent vice versa. This suggests that fostering GSE by strengthening perceived control after stroke can counter PSD emersion and exacerbation. Six months post-stroke, when patients face social re-integration, programmes focusing on GSE could potentially help to prevent later PSD.     

Outcomes following acute hospital care for stroke or hip fracture: how useful is an assessment of anxiety or depression for older people?

Objective. To investigate the association between severe life events and mental health outcomes following acute hospital care for older patients with acute stroke or fractured neck of femur. Design. Prospective longitudinal survey of stroke and hip fracture patients admitted to hospital from admission to 6-month follow-up. Setting. Six district general hospitals, three in the North and three in the South of England. Participants. 642 patients admitted to hospital with an acute stroke (268) or hip fracture (374) resident in a private household at 6 months follow-up. Main outcome measures. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, cognitive items of the Survey Psychiatric Assessment Scale, Clackmannan Disability Scale, Severe Life Events Inventory, Wenger Social Support Network Typology. Results. 47% of 6-month survivors of stroke or hip fracture resident in private households had a possible psychiatric illness: dementia (13%), anxiety or depression (41%). 57% had severe or very severe disability and 48% experienced additional life events (17% two or more) after hospital admission. Severe disability was strongly associated with a higher prevalence of anxiety (p<0·0005) or depression (p<0·0001). Social contact was associated with a lower prevalence of anxiety (p<0·01) or depression (p<0·0001) and social support network type was strongly associated with depression (p<0·001) but not anxiety (p=0·096). Number of severe life events was associated with anxiety (p<0·001) but not depression (p=0·058). Conclusion. Disability is probably a more robust outcome measure than assessments of mental health for older people in uncontrolled studies. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Exercise and quality of life after first-ever ischaemic stroke: a two-year follow-up study

Background: Quality of life (QoL) post-stroke is an important health outcome. Physical deconditioning and physical inactivity are highly prevalent in stroke survivors. This study aimed to assess the long-term trends in QoL and to explore the effect of exercise on the QoL of ischaemic stroke patients. Methods: Data for this prospective study were collected at baseline using face-to-face interviews, and telephone follow-ups were completed every three months from 2010 through 2014. QoL was evaluated with the 12-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12). The relationship between changes in exercise and QoL changes was analysed with a multi-level model.

Results: Exercise and QoL generally increased during the study period. After adjusting for covariates, the SF-12 Physical Component Summary (PCS) scores increased by 0.60 on average for each unit increase in exercise frequency and by 0.52 for each hour increase in weekly exercise time. For weekly exercise times ≤ 22.73 h, the PCS scores continued to increase with increasing exercise time. The Mental Component Summary scores increased by 0.51 on average for each unit increase in exercise frequency and by 0.35 for each hour increase in weekly exercise time. Furthermore, the standard deviations of exercise frequency and exercise time were inversely associated with changes in the PCS score.

Conclusions: Exercise is an important modifiable behaviour. Long-term regular mild exercise should be recommended to improve QoL among stroke survivors.