Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy.

Laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy (LDN) has removed disincentives of potential donors and may bear the potential to increase kidney donation. Multiple modifications have been made to abbreviate the learning curve while at the same time guarantee the highest possible level of medical quality for donor and recipient. We reviewed the literature for the evolution of the different LDN techniques and their impact on donor, graft and operating surgeon, including the subtleties of different surgical accesses, vessel handling and organ extraction. We performed a literature search (PubMed, DIMDI, medline) to evaluate the development of the LDN techniques from 1995 to 2003. Today more than 200 centres worldwide perform LDN. Hand-assistance has led to a spread of LDN. Studies comparing open and hand-assisted LDN show a reduction of operating and warm ischaemia times for the hand-assisted LDN. Different surgical access sites (trans- or retroperitoneal), different vessel dissection approaches, donor organ delivery techniques, delivery sites and variations of hand-assistance techniques reflect the evolution of LDN. Proper techniques and their combination for the consecutive surgical steps minimize both warm ischaemia time and operating time while offering the donor a safe minimally invasive laparoscopic procedure. LDN has breathed new life into the moribund field of living kidney donation. Within a few years LDN could become the standard approach in living kidney donation. Surgeons working in this field must be trained thoroughly and well acquainted with the subtleties of the different LDN techniques and their respective advantages and disadvantages.     

Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy

Laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy (LDN) has removed disincentives of potential donors and may bear the potential to increase kidney donation. Multiple modifications have been made to abbreviate the learning curve while at the same time guarantee the highest possible level of medical quality for donor and recipient. We reviewed the literature for the evolution of the different LDN techniques and their impact on donor, graft and operating surgeon, including the subtleties of different surgical accesses, vessel handling and organ extraction. We performed a literature search (PubMed, DIMDI, medline) to evaluate the development of the LDN techniques from 1995 to 2003. Today more than 200 centres worldwide perform LDN. Hand‐assistance has led to a spread of LDN. Studies comparing open and hand‐assisted LDN show a reduction of operating and warm ischaemia times for the hand‐assisted LDN. Different surgical access sites (trans‐ or retroperitoneal), different vessel dissection approaches, donor organ delivery techniques, delivery sites and variations of hand‐assistance techniques reflect the evolution of LDN. Proper techniques and their combination for the consecutive surgical steps minimize both warm ischaemia time and operating time while offering the donor a safe minimally invasive laparoscopic procedure. LDN has breathed new life into the moribund field of living kidney donation. Within a few years LDN could become the standard approach in living kidney donation. Surgeons working in this field must be trained thoroughly and well acquainted with the subtleties of the different LDN techniques and their respective advantages and disadvantages.     

供者肾切取术新旧术式效果的比较

目的 通过比较后腹腔镜活体供肾切取术与传统开放活体供肾切取术的术后效果,探讨后腹腔镜活体供肾切取术的安全性和优越性.方法 选择本院2007年8月至2009年12月同组医生完成的活体供肾切取术45例,分为腹腔镜组25例和开放手术组20例,比较两组术后护理特点.结果 两组患者手术及恢复均顺利.术后腹腔镜组的引流管和尿管留置天数、术后禁食天数、术后卧床时间、术后住院天数均少于开放手术组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 后腹腔镜活体供者肾切取术具有创伤小、术后恢复快、术后住院天数少等优越性,值得临床推广应用.     

亲属肾移植供者66例术前评价及手术方式分析

对66例活体肾供者术前肾功能和形态学评价资料及手术方式进行回顾性分析,探讨活体肾移植供体评估标准和手术选择.男26例,女40例,年龄18～66岁,供、受者关系属3代内直系亲属64例,其中同胞兄弟姐妹间23例、父母子女间35例、其他4例,夫妻2例.供者术前血清肌酐(66.75±16.41)μmol/L,肾小球滤过率(91.9±16.6)mL/min,供肾形态学评价采用数字减影血管造影7例,磁共振血管造影2例,CT血管造影57例;数字减影血管造影及CT血管造影对肾动脉主干的检出率均为100%,CT血管造影对副肾动脉检出的敏感性和特异性分别为100%和95.5%.5例患者选择腹腔镜手术方式,6例选择经腹开放,55例选择经腹膜后开放,取左肾55例,取右肾11例.提示CT血管造影可以准确评价供肾血管数量和结构,供肾摘取手术方式应结合术前评价等多因素具体选择.     

Benign hyperfiltration after living kidney donation

Almost one-third of transplanted kidneys come from living donors, who sacrifice approximately 30% of their pre-donation glomerular filtration rate (GFR) after they experience compensatory hypertrophy and hyperfiltration in their remaining kidney. Although hyperfiltration can cause glomerular injury, many studies have suggested that donor nephrectomy itself does not cause long-term loss of GFR at a higher rate than what is seen in the normal aging population. However, when post-donation kidney diseases occur in an unfortunate few, recent studies suggest that GFR loss at donor nephrectomy increases the risk of eventual end-stage renal disease (ESRD). In this issue of the JCI, Lenihan and colleagues evaluated glomerular dynamics in a cohort of kidney donors prior to, within 1 year of, and several years after kidney donation. Their results suggest that adaptive hyperfiltration in the remaining kidney occurs without glomerular hypertension, furthering our understanding of the relatively benign renal outcomes for most living kidney donors.     

供者肾切取术新旧术式效果的比较

目的通过比较后腹腔镜活体供肾切取术与传统开放活体供肾切取术的术后效果,探讨后腹腔镜活体供肾切取术的安全性和优越性。方法选择本院2007年8月至2009年12月间组医生完成的活体供肾切取术45例,分为腹腔镜组25例和开放手术组20例,比较两组术后护理特点。结果两组患者手术及恢复均顺利。术后腹腔镜组的引流管和尿管留置天数、术后禁食天数、术后卧床时间、术后住院天数均少于开放手术组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论后腹腔镜活体供者。肾切取术具有创伤小、术后恢复快、术后住院天数少等优越性,值得临床推广应用。     

Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy with intra-abdominal manipulation

Summary

A technique of performing a laparoscopically guided radical nephrectomy using a Pfannenstiel incision is described. We believe that this minimally invasive approach can ease the transition between the standard open method and pure laparoscopic trocar surgery and is applicable to a variety of intra-abdominal problems. Results in this series were comparable to those of a standard radical nephrectomy with the advantages of an improvement in access morbidity (post-operative comfort and respiratory compromise) and consequently decreased hospitalization time.     

完全机器人腹腔镜腹膜后入路活体供肾切取术的临床应用

目的探讨机器人腹腔镜腹膜后入路活体供肾切取的手术技术及安全性,总结临床经验。方法分析该院2017年1月所实施的3例机器人活体供肾切取术,供受体均为母子关系,供体年龄47~49岁,受体年龄23~29岁,其中取左肾2例,右肾1例,术前供体各项检查及伦理审批完全符合捐献条件,术前血管成像未发现血管变异,1例术中发现一支副肾动脉。结果 3例患者顺利完成供肾切取术,未行中转开放。术后未发生手术相关并发症,手术时间分别为115.0、120.0和140.0 min;术中出血量50、85及110 ml;热缺血时间2.0~4.0 min;3例患者均在术后第3天拨除引流管,术后第5天出院。移植肾均在血流开放后2.0 min内泌尿,术后1周内移植肾功能均恢复正常。结论采用经腹膜后入路行机器人活体供肾切取术是安全有效的,供体术后恢复快,对供肾也无不利影响,但高昂的手术费用制约了其广泛的临床应用。     

Laparoscopic nephrectomy for benign disease: The early learning curve

Summary

The objective is to present our experience and results with laparoscopic nephrectomy for poorly functioning kidney and compare them with reported series. Ten symptomatic patients (five men and five women, age range 14–62) with poorly functioning kidney have been treated by laparoscopic nephrectomy between July 1992 and October 1995. Seven procedures were completed successfully. Complications occurred in two cases; one of them underwent conversion to open nephrectomy. Mean operating time was 220 min (210 for laparoscopically completed procedures) and total inpatient stay was 6 days (five for laparoscopically completed procedures). Laparoscopic nephrectomy is feasible and has potential advantages compared to open nephrectomy. These need to be evaluated with more extensive studies.     

Kidney re-transplantation after living donor graft nephrectomy due to de novo chromophobe renal cell carcinoma: A case report

BACKGROUNDThere are few reported cases of allograft nephrectomy due to malignancy followed by successful renal re-transplantation two years later. In this paper, we report a patient who underwent kidney re-transplantation after living donor graft nephrectomy due to de novo chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (ChRCC) involving the allograft kidney.CASE SUMMARYA 34-year-old man underwent living kidney transplantation at the age of 22 years for end-stage renal disease. Maintenance immunosuppression consisted of tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and prednisone. Six years post-transplantation, at another hospital, ultrasonography revealed a small mass involving the upper pole of the graft. The patient declined further examination and treatment at this point. Seven years and three months post-transplantation, the patient experienced decreasing appetite, weight loss, gross hematuria, fatigue, and oliguria. Laboratory tests showed anemia (hemoglobin level was 53 g/L). Contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed a large heterogeneous cystic-solid mass involving the upper pole of the renal allograft. Graft nephrectomy was performed and immunosuppressants were withdrawn. Histological and immunohistochemical features of the tumor were consistent with ChRCC. One year after allograft nephrectomy, low doses of tacrolimus and MMF were administered for preventing allosensitization. Two years after allograft nephrectomy, the patient underwent kidney re-transplantation. Graft function remained stable with no ChRCC recurrence in more than 2-years of follow-up.CONCLUSION De novo ChRCC in kidney graft generally has a good prognosis after graft nephrectomy and withdrawal of immunosuppression. Kidney re-transplantation could be a viable treatment. A 2-year malignancy-free period may be sufficient time before re-transplantation.     

单孔腹腔镜根治性肾切除术治疗肾细胞癌

目的探讨应用单孔腹腔镜手术（laparo endoscopic single-site surgery,LESS）行根治性肾脏切除术治疗肾脏肿瘤的临床安全性及可行性。方法 2010年11月至2011年4月,我们应用单孔4通道（Quadport）单孔腹腔镜根治性肾脏切除术技术治疗3例肾脏肿瘤,1例为右侧中央型4.2cm肾肿瘤,另两例分别为左侧肾下极7.4cm和肾中部4.5cm肾肿瘤。经脐部切口将Quadport置入腹腔,采用5mm头部可弯腹腔镜和标准腹腔镜直器械实施标准经腹腔途径腹腔镜根治性肾脏切除术。记录患者手术时间、估计术中出血量、术中并发症、留置引流管时间、术后住院时间和术后病理等临床资料,并对结果进行分析。结果本组3例手术均由LESS完成,无加辅助通道、无转标准腹腔镜手术或开放手术完成病例。仔细实施手术步骤,避免过度钝性分离组织造成术中出血是手术顺利进行的基础。采用Quadport减少了器械间的相互干扰。根治性肾脏切除术手术操作时间分别为215、230、170min,估计术中出血量分别为100、100、150ml。本组手术无术中严重并发症。术后留置引流时间分别为4、3、2d,术后住院时间分别为8、10、8d。本组术后无继发性出血和切口感染病例。病理结果示肾透明细胞癌2例,肾嫌色细胞癌1例,无淋巴结转移,病理分期分别为pT1bN0M02例,pT2aN0M01例。本组未见肿瘤侵及肾周围组织。结论 LESS根治性肾脏切除术治疗肾脏肿瘤是安全可行的,但需要更多的研究来进一步验证。     

腹腔镜亲属活体供肾切取术(附11例报告)

目的探讨利用腹腔镜技术行亲属活体供肾切取的手术方法和临床体会。方法采用腹腔镜技术对11例活体亲属供肾进行切取,并移植给受者。其中5例采用经腹左肾切除术,2例采用经腹右肾切除术,4例采用经后腹腔右肾切除术。结果手术11例均成功。手术时间60～85 min,平均70.5 min,手术失血量手术失血量45～70 ml,平均55ml,热缺血时间60～130 s,平均95.3 s,肾动脉长2.0～3.5 cm,平均2.8 cm,肾静脉长2～3 cm,平均2.5 cm。供者住院时间5～7 d,平均5.8 d。10例移植患者术后1周肾功能均恢复正常,1例出现肾功能延迟恢复4周后恢复正常。术后无排斥反应及其他与操作技术有关的并发症发生。结论利用腹腔镜技术行活体亲属供肾切取对供者损伤小,术后恢复快,对供肾功能无明显影响,技术上安全可行。     

Robotics in laparoscopic urology.

Following the successful application of the da Vinci robot in minimally invasive radical prostatectomy, several surgeries are now being performed with the assistance of the robot. These include both upper tract and lower tract surgeries such as nephrectomy, pyeloplasty and sacrocolpopexy and both ablative and reconstructive procedures. This article attempts to put into perspective the current role of the da Vinci Surgical system in urologic surgery and discusses in brief new developments in robotic technology that are on the horizon. A MEDLINE search was performed and published data on robot-assisted urologic procedures were reviewed. Abstracts presented at major international conferences in the last two years were also reviewed. Studies presenting operative and functional data for more than five patients were used in the review. There has been an explosive increase in the number of urologic procedures being attempted using Da Vinci assistance. Many, such as partial nephrectomy, donor nephrectomy, cystoprostatectomy, ureteral reimplantation and vasovasostomy are in the phase of feasibility studies, however others such as radical prostatectomy and pyeloplasty have one year functional results available which are comparable to those of other minimally invasive approaches. We believe that robotic technology represents the future of minimally invasive surgery and applications for the robot will expand as more centers report their results.     

Robotics in laparoscopic urology

Following the successful application of the da Vinci robot in minimally invasive radical prostatectomy, several surgeries are now being performed with the assistance of the robot. These include both upper tract and lower tract surgeries such as nephrectomy, pyeloplasty and sacrocolpopexy and both ablative and reconstructive procedures. This article attempts to put into perspective the current role of the da Vinci Surgical system in urologic surgery and discusses in brief new developments in robotic technology that are on the horizon. A MEDLINE search was performed and published data on robot‐assisted urologic procedures were reviewed. Abstracts presented at major international conferences in the last two years were also reviewed. Studies presenting operative and functional data for more than five patients were used in the review. There has been an explosive increase in the number of urologic procedures being attempted using Da Vinci assistance. Many, such as partial nephrectomy, donor nephrectomy, cystoprostatectomy, ureteral reimplantation and vasovasostomy are in the phase of feasibility studies, however others such as radical prostatectomy and pyeloplasty have one year functional results available which are comparable to those of other minimally invasive approaches.

We believe that robotic technology represents the future of minimally invasive surgery and applications for the robot will expand as more centers report their results.     

Current status and future of clinical kidney transplantation in Japan

Kidney transplantation has been established to be the therapy for an end-stage renal disease. In Japan, living donor kidney transplantation is frequently performed (> 80%) because of a shortage of the deceased donors. The graft survival has been improved to 93.4% (5-year graft survival in living donor kidney transplantation after 2001). ABO-incompatible cases are increasing and more than 20% are ABO-incompatible in Japan (30% in our institution). In our institution, 225 kidney transplantations (182: living donors, 43: deceased donors) have been performed from 2004.4 to 2010.6. Although the graft survival is excellent, posttransplant infections including cytomegalovirus, EB virus and BK virus are problems which should be solved. For the safety of the recipients, we should use kidney grafts from brain-dead donors.     

A systematic review of hand-assisted laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy

We provide a systematic review of hand-assisted laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy (HALDN), a relatively new procedure. Medline search of HALDN between 1995 and 2002 was conducted. Published studies were scored by two independent assessors using a modified form of 11 generic questions. All questions required one of three responses: 0--criterion not reported, 1--criterion reported but inadequate, 2--criterion reported and adequate. The studies were placed according to their scores in category A (score 20-22), category B (17-19) and category C (16 or less). Higher scores indicate better quality of studies. Where possible, statistical analysis of comparative data was performed. Most reports of HALDN are expert series, some comparative and a few prospective. There was good correlation between the assessors (r = 0.91), and of the seven published series on HALDN, two fell into category B and five into category C. At present, there is only one published randomised-controlled trial of HALDN vs. open donor nephrectomy; this is the only such trial in laparoscopic urology. HALDN allows kidneys to be harvested with short operating and warm ischaemia times and fewer ureteric complications. HALDN is a relatively new and effective technique, designed to make kidney donation more attractive and minimally invasive without affecting recipient outcomes. More prospective data of this technique is needed, and wide variation in reported outcome parameters need to be standardised to allow meaningful comparison.     

Single-port live donor nephrectomy using a novel Curved Radius R2 Surgical System in an in vivo model

Objective: Single-port laparoscopic donor nephrectomy provides low morbidity and satisfactory cosmetic results for patients. The aim of this animal study was to establish a surgical technique of single-site (LESS) living donor nephrectomy using novel curved r2 CURVE manipulators specially designed for single-port access. Material and methods: A total of six LESS nephrectomies were performed in three female pigs. r2 CURVE-instruments (Tuebingen Scientific Medical GmbH) were used providing a curved rotatable shaft, endless tip rotation, as well as 90° tip deflection. A 10 mm 30° extra long laparoscope, r2-curved Grasper, Maryland dissector and bipolar scissors were used for mobilization and dissection. Results: All LESS nephrectomies were performed successfully. Average operative time was 80 min (range, 42–149 min). No technical problems were observed. Insertion and extraction of the instruments through the single-port were easy to conduct. The diameter of the used single-port was sufficient for safe manual organ harvesting. Potential conflict between the laparoscope and the instrument handles was avoided by using an extra long laparoscope. Conclusions: The new curved and deflectable instruments showed that single-port nephrectomy using the R2 manipulators is feasible. Single-port laparoscopic nephrectomy might be more patient-friendly and improve the willingness of potential donors to donate live organs.     

40例亲属活体肾移植临床报告

目的：总结我中心4年40例亲属活体肾移植的经验.方法：40例患者中3例为夫妻间供肾,其余为血缘亲属供肾.术前均行HLA配型、PRA及淋巴毒试验检查.手术全为开放手术取肾,取左肾32例,右肾8例;受者均为第一次接受肾移植手术.术后以环孢素A（或他克莫司）、霉酚酸酯及泼尼松三联抗排斥反应治疗.结果：供者术后1周内出院,随访至今,肾功能均正常.受者术后36 d内出院,出院时肾功能正常,随访2～48月,未见肾功能异常病例. 结论：术前对供、受者的正确评价及成熟的手术技术是手术成功的保证,术后坚持随访和合理应用免疫抑制剂是受者长期存活的关键.亲属活体肾移植组织配型好,术前可充分准备,术后用药量少,手术成功率和长期存活率高,是一种安全可靠经济的治疗手段.     

The past,present and future of minimally invasive therapy in urology: A review and speculative outlook

Abstract

Introduction: Twenty-five years of SMIT represents an important date. In this article we want to elaborate the development of minimally invasive surgery in urology during the last three decades and try to look 25 years ahead. Material and methods: As classical scenarios to demonstrate the changes which have revolutionized surgical treatment in urology, we have selected the management of urolithiasis, renal tumour, and localized prostate cancer. This was based on personal experience and a review of the recent literature on MIS in Urology on a MEDLINE/PUBMED research. For the outlook to the future, we have taken the expertise of two senior urologists, middle-aged experts, and upcoming junior fellows, respectively. Results: Management of urolithiasis has been revolutionized with the introduction of non-invasive extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) and minimally invasive endourology in the mid-eighties of the last century obviating open surgery. This trend has been continued with perfection and miniaturization of endourologic armamentarium rather than significantly improving ESWL. The main goal is now to get rid of the stone in one session rather in multiple non-invasive treatment sessions. Stone treatment 25 years from today will be individualized by genetic screening of stone formers, using improved ESWL-devices for small stones and transuretereal or percutaneous stone retrieval for larger and multiple stones. Management of renal tumours has also changed significantly over the last 25 years. In 1988, open radical nephrectomy was the only therapeutic option for renal masses. Nowadays, tumour size determines the choice of treatment. Tumours >4 cm are usually treated by laparoscopic nephrectomy, smaller tumours, however, can be treated either by open, laparoscopic or robot-assisted partial nephrectomy. For patients with high co-morbidity focal tumour ablation or even active surveillance represents a viable option. In 25 years, imaging of tumours will further support early diagnosis, but will also be able to determine the pathohistological pattern of the tumour to decide whether the patient requires removal, ablation or active surveillance. Management of localized prostate cancer underwent significant changes as well. 25 years ago open retropubic nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy was introduced as the optimal option for effective treatment of the cancer providing minimal side-effects. Basically, the same operation is performed today, but with robot-assisted laparoscopic techniques providing 7-DOF instruments, 3D-vision and tenfold magnification and enabling the surgeon to work in a sitting position at the console. In 25 years, prostate cancer may be managed in most cases by focal therapy and/or genetically targeting therapy. Only a few patients may still require robot-assisted removal of the entire gland. Discussion: There has been a dramatic change in the management of the most frequent urologic diseases almost completely replacing open surgery by minimally invasive techniques. This was promoted by technical realisation of physical principles (shock waves, optical resolution, master-slave system) used outside of medicine. The future of medicine may lie in translational approaches individualizing the management based on genetic information and focalizing the treatment by further improvement of imaging technology.     

MDCT angiography of living laparoscopic renal donors

Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy has become the accepted method of harvesting the kidney at many institutions because of multiple advantages over open donor nephrectomy. Spiral computed tomographic (CT) angiography provides accurate information of renal vascular anatomy and has become an accepted method of preoperative evaluation of potential laparoscopic renal donors. More recently, multidetector CT (MDCT) provides more detailed datasets compared with single-detector spiral CT and has been used for preoperative evaluation of laparoscopic donor nephrectomy to provide accurate anatomic information. MDCT (especially 16- and 64-slice MDCT) angiography has advantages over single-detector helical CT due to rapid scan time that allows coverage of a large volume of interest with higher spatial and temporal resolutions. In this article, we review the current status of MDCT angiography in the evaluation of laparoscopic renal donors and potential advantages of using this technology.