离断性肾盂成形术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻60例

目的总结离断性肾盂成形术治疗肾孟输尿管连接部梗阻（UPJO）的诊治体会。方法分析60例UPJO患者的临床资料。其中肾孟输尿管连接部狭窄40例,肾孟输尿管高位连接12例,迷走血管压迫5例,纤维条索压迫3例。均采用Anderson-Hynes术。结果术后随访6～36个月,分别行B超、静脉肾孟造影检查、MRI检查,有58例（96.7%）肾积水消失或明显减轻,1例（1.7%）无明显变化,1例（1.7%）肾积水加重。结论离断性肾孟成形术治疗UPJO疗效显著。     

后腹腔镜精准辅助小切口离断肾盂成形术治疗小儿肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻（附22例报告）

目的探讨后腹腔镜精准辅助小切口离断肾盂成形术治疗小儿肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻(UPJO)的手术技巧和临床价值。方法 22例小儿UPJO行后腹腔镜精准辅助小切口离断肾盂成形术。其中,男15例,女7例,年龄6个月~8岁,平均3.5岁;左侧13例,右侧7例,双侧肾积水2例。结果辅助小切口长度1.5~4.0 cm,平均2.6 cm,手术时间42~95 min,平均63 min,术中出血量5~30 ml,平均15 ml,术后住院时间5~12 d,平均6.6 d。围手术期尿漏1例,因术后护理不当夹闭导尿管导致,术后延长伤口引流管留置时间后治愈。术后随访3~24个月,复查B超及尿路造影(CTU)显示肾积水及肾功能均得到改善,尿常规正常。结论对于部分小儿UPJO,后腹腔镜精准辅助小切口离断肾盂成形术是一种微创、安全而有效的手术治疗方法。     

Management of congenital hydronephrosis with ureteropelvic junction obstruction: The Vienna AKH experience 1986–2001

One of the most common causes of congenital hydronephrosis is obstruction of the ureteropelvic junction. The obstruction can be detected with prenatal ultrasonography screening and treated before renal function is reduced; the obstruction may also resolve spontaneously. Currently, there is no test for predicting the outcome of this obstruction. Management guidelines for neonates with asymptomatic obstruction of the ureteropelvic junction are based on expert opinions, but not on evidence-based data. In our retrospective study, we evaluated management and outcome of 26 renal units in 23 infants (15 boys, 8 girls) with congenital obstruction of the ureteropelvic junction treated in our institution between 1986 and 2001. These infants had isolated hydronephrosis on prenatal and postnatal sonography, showed an obstructive curve pattern in the postnatal diuretic nephrogram and had at least one follow-up nephrogram during a follow-up period of at least 1.5 years. Of these renal units, 16 demonstrated normal function (Group I), five moderate function (Group II) and five severely reduced function (Group III). In group I, 6 of 12 primarily conservatively managed kidneys resolved spontaneously and remained normal in function. In group II, all infants were operated and 83% improved their kidney function. In group III, all infants were operated but none demonstrated relevant improvement. These data support the current expert opinion of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft P?diatrische Nephrologie (APN), that ureteropelvic junction obstruction in neonates with normal renal function can be managed primarily conservatively with close monitoring. In neonates with moderately--but not with severely--reduced renal function, early surgery is effective in the prevention of deterioration.     

后腹腔镜下离断肾盂成形术8例报告

目的探讨后腹腔镜下离断肾盂成形术的临床效果。方法采用后腹腔径路对8例确诊为肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻(UPJO)的患者行腹腔镜下离断肾盂成形术。结果8例手术均获成功,手术时间110~165 min,平均130 min;出血量30~90 ml,平均55 ml。术后住院7~15 d,平均10 d。术后有2例患者出现暂时性漏尿。术后随访3~6个月,肾积水较术前均有所好转,无再手术病例。结论后腹腔镜下离断肾盂成形术是治疗UPJO有效、安全、微创的治疗方法。     

超声显像对肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻的定位及病因诊断

目的评价超声显像对肾盂输尿管连接部（盂管口）梗阻的诊断价值。方法采取空腹饮水膀胱充盈法对７４例（８１侧）盂管口梗阻进行超声显像检查。结果最后确诊为盂管口结石３０例（３４侧）、狭窄２３例（２６侧）、肿瘤６例、周围肿瘤压迫４例、结核和肾门部囊肿压迫各３例、异位血管、输尿管瓣膜、迂曲等共５例。超声显像诊断盂管口梗阻位置的符合率为９６．３％（７８／８１）,诊断梗阻病因的符合率为８８．９％（７２／８１）。结论超声显像对盂管口梗阻的诊断具有重要价值,而对输尿管息肉、瓣膜、异位血管等诊断困难     

超声对肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻的定位及病因分析

目的评价超声对肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻的诊断价值。方法采用空腹饮水膀胱充盈法对68例肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻进行超声检查。结果最后确诊为肾盂输尿管连接部结石37例、狭窄19例、肿瘤5例、因周围肿瘤压迫3例、结核和肾门部囊肿压迫各2例。超声显像诊断肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻位置的符合率为97·1%,诊断梗阻病因的符合率为91·2%。结论超声显像对肾盂输尿管连接部的诊断具有重要价值。     

Hydronephrosis in children: Narrowing the differential diagnosis with ultrasound

Twenty patients with hydronephrosis in whom examination with ultrasound was helpful in defining the extent of dilation of the collecting system are presented. Thirteen patients had hydronephrosis due to obstruction at the ureteropelvic junction, six had obstruction of the ureterovesical junction from various causes, and one had massive bilateral vesicoureteral reflux. The diagnosis of high ureteral obstruction as opposed to obstruction or reflux at the ureterovesical junction was based on visualizing a dilated ureter in the latter two groups.     

经皮肾镜同期治疗肾盂旁囊肿合并肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄的临床观察

目的探讨经皮肾镜途径同期治疗肾盂旁囊肿合并肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄(UPJO)的安全性和可行性。方法选取单侧单发肾盂旁囊肿合并UPJO患者32例,其中并发同侧肾结石25例。合并结石者先行微创经皮途径钬激光碎石术后,经此通道行肾盂旁囊肿钬激光切开内引流术,UPJO行顺行高压球囊扩张术,术后留置海马管引流3~6个月。分析囊肿开窗内引流、狭窄高压扩张手术时间及术后住院时间。结果患者肾盂集合分离系数术前(55.93±5.85)与术后1个月(46.17±6.33)、3个月(40.47±6.06)、6个月(33.81±7.05)和9个月(28.95±7.92)相比有明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后6个月与9个月相比,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),随着时间的推移,积水分离系数减小。结论经皮微通道途径同期治疗肾盂旁囊肿合并UPJO,有效缓解临床症状,减低集合系统分离系数,疗效确切,行之安全有效。     

Twelve cases of hydronephrosis in utero diagnosed by ultrasonography.

Twelve examples of hydronephrosis in utero, seven of which were bilateral, were seen at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Unexpected findings on sonographic examination were: 1) two cases of transient hydronephrosis of moderate severity, persisting over several examinations, which disappeared spontaneously; 2) only two of six examples of ureteropelvic junction obstruction were detected by palpation by competent neonatologists at the time of delivery; 3) polyhydramnios in association with bilateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction was observed in one case and had been reported twice previously (two cases of the prune belly syndrome, however, were associated with oligohydramnios); 4) two examples of a mixed pattern of hydronephrosis and multicystic kidney were seen.     

腔内治疗小儿肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻的手术配合

目的探讨腔内技术治疗小儿肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻（UPJO）的手术配合方法。方法对2004年3月-2005年4月收治的22例小儿UPJO施行腔内治疗手术,并对配合过程进行总结分析。结果21例患儿腔内手术顺利,1例中转行开放手术,所有手术均在护士及时有效的手术配合护理下顺利完成。结论针对不同的腔内治疗手段采用灵活的手术配合,是保证小儿UPJO腔内治疗手术顺利完成的关键。     

影像学对肾盂输尿管交界处狭窄的诊断价值

目的探讨先天性肾盂输尿管交界处狭窄的影像学改变。方法选择符合标准的50例先天性肾盂输尿管交界处狭窄患者,分别行B超、泌尿系统平片(KUB)、静脉肾盂造影(IVP)及患侧逆行肾盂造影、CT平扫和增强扫描。结果肾盂输尿管交界区出现不同程度的狭窄,导致不同程度的梗阻及巨大肾盂积水,肾皮质变薄,肾盂扩大。结论综合分析影像学检查结果,运用程序,可采取先简后繁的原则,首选行B超检查,后行IVP检查及患侧逆行插管造影检查,有条件可以运用螺旋CT三维重建和MRI,均可达到目的。     

Work-up of urinary tract infection in infants and children

Urinary tract infection (UTI) in infants and children demands rapid differentiation between upper UTI (pyelonephritis) and lower UTI (cystitis) for prompt treatment to be initiated so that renal damage is minimized. This pictorial review presents a wide gamut of structural and functional abnormalities of the urinary tract that may predispose infants and children to UTI, including vesicoureteral reflux, upper urinary tract obstruction (ureteropelvic junction obstruction), lower urinary tract obstruction (primary megaureter, ureterovesical junction obstruction, posterior urethral valve, ectopic ureterocele with or without associated duplex collecting system), neurogenic problems (dysfunctional voiding), calculi, and parenchymal scars. Sonography (ultrasound [US]) is the imaging modality of choice for assessment of renal size, growth (serial sonograms), texture, and blood flow. Other modalities used to work-up UTI in the pediatric patient include fluoroscopic voiding cystourethrogram, nuclear voiding cystourethrogram, and nuclear renal scintigraphy (NRS). Excretory urography is no longer recommended in the routine evaluation of childhood UTI because information regarding anatomy and function (qualitative and quantitative) can be better assessed with US and NRS, respectively. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are primarily reserved for complex cases in which a definitive diagnosis cannot be made with routine imaging. Algorithms for work-up of UTI in various pediatric age groups are presented.     

Anderson-Hynes离断式肾盂成形术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄

目的:探讨肾盂输尿管连接部(UPJ)狭窄的手术治疗方法。方法:采用Anderson-Hynes离断式肾盂成形术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部(UPJ)狭窄36例。成人留置D-J管,患儿放外引流。结果:36例手术均获成功,肾盂积水好转,狭窄解除,吻合口通畅。随访6个月~2年,未出现吻合口再狭窄、肾积水加重等并发症。结论Anderson-Hynes离断式肾盂成形术是治疗肾盂输尿管连接部(UPJ)狭窄的首选术式。     

Duplex ultrasound evaluation of normal native kidneys and native kidneys with urinary tract obstruction

The average resistive indices of 15 native kidneys from 8 patients with no known renal dysfunction were determined with the Doppler waveform obtained from the interlobar arteries. The average resistive index for this group was .58; the highest value was .66. The interlobar arteries of four native kidneys with urinary tract obstruction as well as those of the contralateral unobstructed kidneys were evaluated by Duplex ultrasound. Unilateral urinary tract obstruction was due to a congenital ureteropelvic junction obstruction in one patient or an acutely obstructing calculus at the ureterovesical junction in three patients. The average resistive index of the four obstructed kidneys was .75 and the lowest value was .71. The average resistive index of the four contralateral unobstructed kidneys in these patients and the 15 kidneys from patients with no known renal abnormalities was .58, which was significantly different from the value for the obstructed kidneys (p less than .005). The resistive index from the interlobar arteries of normal native kidneys is reproducible as previously reported in renal transplants. Pathologic renal processes, such as urinary tract obstruction, may be characterized by abnormally high resistive indices.     

Clinical Utility of Routine Transthoracic Echocardiographic Studies After Uncomplicated Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation: A Prospective Multicenter Study

Unsuspected cardiac complications have been occasionally identified on postablation echocardiographic studies; however, the clinical utility of route echocardiographic studies following uncomplicated radiofrequency catheter ablation procedures has not been established. Two-dimensional/Doppler echocardiographic studies obtained preablation (within 3 months of the procedure) in 355 consecutive patients (180 males and 175 females, mean age 37 ± 21 years) were compared to postablation (within 24 hours of the procedure) studies obtained after a total of 387 uncomplicated RF catheter ablation procedures for AV node slow pathway (n = 120), accessory AV pathways (n = 214), and complete AV junction (n = 39). Postablation studies identified 6 new cases (1.5%) of new wall motion abnormalities, and 3 additional patients had septal wall motion abnormalities during ventricular pacing. LVEF remained unchanged from baseline (62 ± 10 vs 62 ± 11). A small pericardial effusion was detected after 11 procedures (2.8%), and there were 9 (2.3%), 21 (5.4%), and 20 (5.2%) new findings of mild (1 +) aortic, mitral, and tricuspid regurgitation, respectively; and no cases of significant valvular dysfunction in any patient. There were no new cases of cavity thrombus. There was no clear relationship between postablation echocardiographic findings and the type and approach to ablation, and no patient had any clinical sequelae possibly related to any of the new echocardiographic findings during a mean follow-up of 15 ± 6.0 months (range 1–26 months). Routine transthoracic echocardiographic studies after uncomplicated RF catheter ablation procedures identify occasional minor abnormalities that (1) may or may not be procedure related, (2) are of no apparent clinical consequence, and (3) thus appear to be of limited value.     

Utility of the resistance index ratio in differentiating obstructive from nonobstructive hydronephrosis in children.

PURPOSE: We assessed the utility of the resistance index ratio (RIR) in distinguishing between obstructive and nonobstructive upper urinary tract dilatation in children. METHODS: Twenty-three children (7 days-14 years old) with unilateral dilated collecting systems and a contralateral normal kidney were prospectively evaluated by duplex Doppler sonography. We measured the resistance index (RI) of the intrarenal arteries and calculated the RIR. Ninety-six normal kidneys in 48 controls were also evaluated. RESULTS: Twelve kidneys were proved to be obstructed at the ureteropelvic junction, and 11 were found by renal scintigraphy with furosemide and/or by surgery to have nonobstructive dilatation. The mean RIR differed significantly between the obstructed and dilated nonobstructed kidneys (1.16+/-0.04 versus 1.04+/-0.04, respectively; p < 0.01). After surgical correction of ureteropelvic junction obstruction, the obstructed kidneys showed significant drops in the RIR (1.18+/-0.03 to 1.07+/-0.03, p < 0.01). The RIR showed no statistically significant relationship with age (r = -0.268, p > 0.01); however, the RI declined with increasing age (r= -0.414, p < 0.01). An RIR cut-off value of > or = 1.10 provided a good discriminatory level, resulting in a sensitivity of 92%, a specificity of 97%, a positive predictive value of 85%, and a negative predictive value of 97%. CONCLUSIONS: An RIR cut-off value of > or = 1.10 appears to be an effective parameter for evaluation and follow-up of unilateral obstructive hydronephrosis in children.     

Seeding from hepatocellular carcinoma after percutaneous ablation: color Doppler ultrasound findings

Background We describe the clinical and color Doppler ultrasound findings in a series of cases of seeding from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) observed in patients treated with percutaneous ablation therapy (PAT) over a 15-year period. Methods We reviewed the clinical and imaging records of 12 patients with cirrhosis (nine men and three women, age range 51–82 years, mean age 63 years) that showed neoplastic seeding from HCC occurring after one or more PAT procedures. Five of 12 cases of seeding were observed as a complication of 1080 PAT procedures (0.46%) performed in 545 patients (0.96%) by two of the authors (L.T., G.F.) over a long period (15 years) at different institutions. The other seven patients had been treated with PAT procedures at other institutions and had come to our attention during post-treatment follow-up. Results The 12 patients who had seeding nodules had undergone the following PAT procedures: multisession conventional percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) without anesthesia (four patients), single-session PEI with general anesthesia (three patients), single-session PEI with general anesthesia plus multisession conventional PEI (four patients), and single-session PEI plus radiofrequency ablation (one patient). Seeding nodules ranged from 0.9 to 6.0 cm (mean 1.7 cm). Eleven of 12 seeding nodules appeared as hypervascular hypoechoic nodules with smooth and regular margins and multiple intralesional vascular signals. Conclusions Clinical and imaging findings of seeding from HCC should be recognized by physicians who perform follow-up ultrasound examinations of patients who are treated with PAT. Early diagnosis of seeding can be reliably made by scanning the abdominal wall with small probes in the area where the previous PAT has been performed. Hypoechoic hypervascular pattern of the seeding nodule allows definitive diagnosis.     

后腹腔镜肾盂成形术在肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻的应用

目的探讨后腹腔镜手术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻（ureteropeluic junction obstruction,UPJO）的手术技巧和临床效果。方法回顾性分析2006年7月2009年10月59例采用后腹腔镜手术治疗UPJO患者的临床资料。后腹腔镜下行UPJO周围压迫组织松解术18例,Y-V成形术25例,离断成形术16例。结果术后随访3～36个月。所有患者手术均顺利完成。静脉肾盂造影均提示造影剂通过良好,肾积水均得到明显改善。结论后腹腔镜治疗UPJO创伤小,患者术后痛苦小、恢复快、住院时间短、疗效显著,可作为UPJO治疗的首选治疗方法 。     

磁共振尿路成像在小儿尿路梗阻诊断中的应用

目的:探讨磁共振尿路成像(MRU)在小儿尿路梗阻诊断中的价值。方法:31例尿路梗阻患儿分别作静脉尿路造影(IVP)、腹部超声(BUS)和磁共振尿路成像(MRU)检查,对照手术结果,观察MRU尿路梗阻的表现。结果:31例尿路梗阻患儿中经MRU诊断为肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄24例,输尿管口囊肿3例,壁段狭窄2例,原发性巨输尿管症2例。诊断正确率100%。结论:MRU具有无创,诊断准确率高的优点,非常适合用于小儿尿路梗阻疾病的诊断。     

Ablation of large HCCs using a new saline-enhanced expandable radiofrequency device

PurposeEvaluation of a new device designed to achieve large volumes of necrosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) nodules by application of radiofrequency ablation (RFA).Materials and Methods29 consecutive patients with 31 HCC nodules ≥3 cm in diameter (range 3–7.5 cm; mean diameter 5.5 cm) underwent ultrasound (US) guided percutaneous RFA using an expandable electrode with 7 active arrays and saline injection designed to create tissue ablation in areas of up to 7 cm (Starburst XLi-enhanced RFA device). Treatment was performed in general anesthesia (6 patients) or deep sedation (23 patients). Treatment efficacy was assessed by three-phase contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) and bimonthly US follow-up.ResultsOne to three electrode insertions (mean number 1.6) were performed in each patient. CT showed complete necrosis in 23/31 HCC nodules (74%) in 22 patients. Follow-up of these 22 patients ranged from 2 to 15 months (mean time 8.3 months). In 6/22 patients (28%) intrahepatic recurrence occurred within 5–10 months (mean time 8.3 months). Major complications were post-ablation syndrome in 7/29 (24%), peritoneal effusion in 4/29 (14%), pleural effusion in 2/29 (7%) and transient obstructive jaundice in 1/29 (3.4%) patients. One patient died 6 months after treatment because of tumor progression.ConclusionsIn the treatment of large HCC nodules, Starburst XLi-enhanced is an effective and safe device.