Role of minimally invasive surgery for adult spinal deformity in preventing complications

With the aging population, there is a rising prevalence of degenerative spinal deformity and need of surgical care for these patients. Surgical treatment for adult spinal deformity (ASD) is often fraught with a high rate of complications. Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has for the past decade been adopted by spine surgeons to treat ASD in the hopes of reducing access-related morbidity and perioperative complications. The benefits of MIS approach in general and recent development of MIS techniques to avoid long-term complications such as pseudoarthrosis or proximal junctional kyphosis are reviewed.     

Retracted: Microwave ablation with cooled‐tip electrode for liver cancer: An analysis of 160 cases

Summary

Alongside conservative therapy regimes, an increasing number of surgical procedures is now available for spinal treatment. With the growing number of endoscopic techniques, the spinal surgeon has more procedures from which to choose, Endoscopic techniques are less invasive on the patient and results show a reduced rate of postoperative risks, e.g. post-diskectomy (failed back) syndrome and comorbidity. Endoscopic techniques are used for treatment of a variety of disorders of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine, especially spinal disk protrusions. These techniques are also integrated in a number of spinal surgery procedures, such as thoracoscopic, laparoscopic and retroperitoneal procedures, spinal fusion operations, fracture treatment and tumour extraction. Although there is room for technical improvement and the addition of navigation systems has just begun, the preliminary results are very promising and justify the increased technical requirements and extensive training.     

Minimally invasive procedures on the lumbar spine

Degenerative disease of the lumbar spine is a common and increasingly prevalent condition that is often implicated as the primary reason for chronic low back pain and the leading cause of disability in the western world. Surgical management of lumbar degenerative disease has historically been approached by way of open surgical procedures aimed at decompressing and/or stabilizing the lumbar spine. Advances in technology andsurgical instrumentation have led to minimally invasive surgical techniques being developed and increasingly used in the treatment of lumbar degenerative disease. Compared to the traditional open spine surgery, minimally invasive techniques require smaller incisions and decrease approach-related morbidity by avoiding muscle crush injury by self-retaining retractors, preventing the disruption of tendon attachment sites of important muscles at the spinous processes, using known anatomic neurovascular and muscle planes, and minimizing collateral soft-tissue injury by limiting the width of the surgical corridor. The theoretical benefits of minimally invasive surgery over traditional open surgery include reduced blood loss, decreased postoperative pain and narcotics use, shorter hospital length of stay, faster recover and quicker return to work and normal activity. This paper describes the different minimally invasive techniques that are currently available for the treatment of degenerative disease of the lumbar spine.     

数字化医学技术与脊柱外科的临床应用

背景：随着现代科学技术尤其是计算机技术和医学技术的迅猛发展,现代脊柱外科进入了一个崭新的时代,呈现出数字化、个性化、显微化、精确化和人工智能化的发展趋势。 目的：探讨数字化技术在脊柱外科中的应用研究进展。 方法：义乖检索词为“脊椎（spine）：腰椎（1umbar）;颈椎（cervical）;数字化（digitization）;脊柱外科（spinaIsurgery）;数‘弘骨科学（digitalorthopedics）;订限元模型（thefiniteelementmodel）：计算机辅助设计（computerassisteddesign,CAD）;微创技术（minimallyinvasivetechnology）;二维重建（threedimensionsreconstruction,3D）：CT：磁八振成像（MRI）：计锋机仿真（computeremulation）;内窥镜（endoscope）：椎间柱（intervertebraldisc）：绛戍内窥镜激光椎间鼎切除术（percutaneousendoscopiclaser-assisteddiscectomy,PELD）”,对有限元、计算机导航技术、微创技术以及医学影像在脊柱外科中的应用文献进行深入分忻,探讨数字化脊柱外科手术的特点,临床效果以及安全性。结果与结论：数字化医学在有限元模型、计算机导航技术、微创技术、医学影像等领域研究进展的基础上,建立独特的脊柱外科新方法,并将其广泛应用于临床骨科。有限元模型最大的优势在于町以反映集体内部的应力变化情况,有限元分析应用于医学生物力学后,取得了很_人的进步与发展。计算机导航技术的：【作原理是利用数字化影像信息通过媒介体输入计算机工作站,经运算处理后重建三维模型影像,通过相关软件,在此影像基础上进行术前计划并模拟进程,通过高解像度的显示屏从各个方位观察到当前的手术入路以及各种参数,完成微创手术。微创脊柱外科采用微小切口或穿刺通道,运用特殊的器械或装置在影像仪器监视下或导航技术的引导下进行于术。医学影像分析作为信息科学技术为基础的交叉学科研究,对脊柱外科的临床诊断和观察具有参考价值。数字化医学高效率、高精度、二维立体地了解疾病的分布、形态、结构,最大程度减少手术创伤,在脊柱外科应用中的前景广阔。     

Minimally invasive surgical techniques for the treatment of lumbar disc disease

The goal of minimally invasive surgery in the treatment of lumbar discopathy is to achieve outcomes comparable to those of conventional surgery, with minimal risk of perioperative iatrogenic injury. Over the last two decades we have observed remarkable progress in the development of new surgical techniques: chemonucleolysis, transcutaneous discoidectomy, laser discoidectomy, intradiscal thermoablation, and other minimally invasive techniques. Laparoscopy, originally used in general surgery, has made its appearance in lumbar spinal surgery, and has found application in discoidectomy and anterior fixation. The further development of optics, imaging techniques, and new surgical instruments especially designed for minimally invasive spinal surgery are opening the way to completely new methods of treatment.     

Minimally invasive valve surgery: different techniques and approaches

Less invasive approaches to cardiac surgical procedures are being developed in an effort to decrease patient morbidity and enhance postoperative recovery in comparison with conventional methods. Although full median sternotomy has been the standard surgical approach to the heart for more than 30 years, minimally invasive techniques using limited incisions are rapidly gaining acceptance. Potential advantages of a small skin incision include less trauma and tissue injury, leading to a less painful and quicker overall recovery, as well as shorter hospital stays for patients. Decreasing the size of the skin incision for minimally invasive valve surgery to significantly less than the cardiac size requires specific access to the valve to be repaired or replaced. Thus, various minimally invasive techniques and approaches have been described for aortic and mitral valve surgery [111]. This article will review the different minimally invasive techniques and approaches, as well as early results and outcomes for aortic and mitral valve surgery.     

Current and future of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction techniques

In recent years, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction has generally yielded favorable outcomes. However, ACL reconstruction has not provided satisfactory results in terms of the rate of returning to sports and prevention of osteoarthritis (OA) progression. In this paper, we outline current techniques for ACL reconstruction such as graft materials, double-bundle or single-bundle reconstruction, femoral tunnel drilling, all-inside technique, graft fixation, preservation of remnant, anterolateral ligament reconstruction, ACL repair, revision surgery, treatment for ACL injury with OA and problems, and discuss expected future trends. To enable many more orthopedic surgeons to achieve excellent ACL reconstruction outcomes with less invasive surgery, further studies aimed at improving surgical techniques are warranted. Further development of biological augmentation and robotic surgery technologies for ACL reconstruction is also required.     

Best Practices for Minimally Invasive Procedures

Techniques and instrumentation for minimally invasive surgical procedures originated in gynecologic surgery, but the benefits of surgery with small incisions or no incisions at all have prompted the expansion of these techniques into numerous specialties. Technologies such as robotic assistance, single-incision laparoscopic surgery, natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery, and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery have led to the continued expansion of minimally invasive surgery into new specialties. With this expansion, perioperative nurses and other members of the surgical team are required to continue to learn about new technology and instrumentation, as well as the techniques and challenges involved in using new technology, to help ensure the safety of their patients. This article explores the development of minimally invasive procedures and offers suggestions for increasing patient safety.     

A multimedia electronic patient record (ePR) system for image-assisted minimally invasive spinal surgery

Purpose

This paper presents the concept of bridging the gap between diagnostic images and image-assisted surgical treatment through the development of a one-stop multimedia electronic patient record (ePR) system that manages and distributes the real-time multimodality imaging and informatics data that assists the surgeon during all clinical phases of the operation from planning Intra-Op to post-care follow-up. We present the concept of this multimedia ePR for surgery by first focusing on image-assisted minimally invasive spinal surgery as a clinical application.

Methods

Three clinical phases of minimally invasive spinal surgery workflow in Pre-Op, Intra-Op, and Post-Op are discussed. The ePR architecture was developed based on the three-phased workflow, which includes the Pre-Op, Intra-Op, and Post-Op modules and four components comprising of the input integration unit, fault-tolerant gateway server, fault-tolerant ePR server, and the visualization and display. A prototype was built and deployed to a minimally invasive spinal surgery clinical site with user training and support for daily use.

Summary

A step-by-step approach was introduced to develop a multimedia ePR system for imaging-assisted minimally invasive spinal surgery that includes images, clinical forms, waveforms, and textual data for planning the surgery, two real-time imaging techniques (digital fluoroscopic, DF) and endoscope video images (Endo), and more than half a dozen live vital signs of the patient during surgery. Clinical implementation experiences and challenges were also discussed.     

微创技术治疗腰椎管狭窄症的研究进展

对于间歇性跛行、神经根性疼痛症状明显以及影像学诊断明确的腰椎管狭窄患者,手术减压是有效且可以使患者长期受益的治疗措施。近年来,随着脊柱微创外科技术的不断发展,微创减压治疗腰椎管狭窄症的方法也在进步。与传统手术相比,微创减压手术有创伤小、恢复快等优势,但也存在其局限性。本文总结了微创技术治疗腰椎管狭窄症的现状与进展。     

Minimally invasive surgery

During the last 10 years, minimally invasive surgery has influenced the techniques used in every specialty of surgical medicine. This development has not only led to the replacement of conventional procedures with minimally invasive ones, but has also stimulated surgeons to reevaluate conventional approaches with regard to perioperative parameters such as pain medication. However, two major drawbacks have emerged with the introduction of this new technique: firstly, the prolonged learning curve for most surgeons, in comparison with the learning process in open surgery; and secondly, increased costs due to investment in the equipment required and the use of disposable instruments, as well as longer operating times. In the various health-care systems around the world, these increased costs are not always compensated for by shorter hospital stays. This review focuses on major areas of indication for minimally invasive surgery in the gastrointestinal tract. These include functional disorders of the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract, obesity surgery, minimally invasive techniques in gastric and hepatobiliary surgery and in other solid organs, and laparoscopic colorectal surgery. The shortening of the hospitalization period has led to increasing use of outpatient laparoscopic surgery, and many centers specializing in day-care surgery are using these techniques. The frontiers are being pushed even further, as the size of the instruments is reduced to achieve better cosmetic results. Clinical research has also focused on the topic of expanding the indications for minimally invasive approaches in the elderly and in high-risk patients, to take advantage of the shorter hospital stays and reduced surgical trauma that are possible. A considerable amount of basic research has been carried out on the stress response during and after minimally invasive procedures, and an improved immune response with the minimally invasive approach has been observed, leading to better results after extensive oncological procedures. Robotic surgery and telesurgery involve new computer-aided methods that allow greater precision in surgical technique, as well as offering an opportunity to supply surgical skill and expertise remotely, over long distances. Minimally invasive surgical techniques are thus now fully established in routine use, and the indications are continuing to expand.     

An innovative trainer for surgical procedures using animal organs

Since 1990, almost 3000 surgeons have absolved the training course for minimally invasive surgery in our training center. A phantom trainer using animal organs has been used as a training device. Based on this experience, we have developed an innovative trainer for surgical procedures using animal organs. The form of this trainer was copied from a human body with gas insufflation; abdominal organs from the slaughterhouse can be integrated into this trainer. Surgeons can repeat operations such as laparoscopic cholecystectomy, appendectomy, fundoplication, colon resection and transanal endoscopic microsurgery in a realistic way and acquire a training effect in a short time.     

胸腰段微创椎弓根钉置入的应用解剖

背景:椎弓根螺钉技术已经广泛运用于各种脊柱外科手术,其一般采用经典的背部正中线手术路入,但近年来发现该手术路入会引起一些并发症。目的:为棘突顶端定位法微创胸腰段椎弓根螺钉内固定技术提供解剖学基础。方法:选用5具甲醛固定的正常人胸腰段标本,在放大10倍的解剖显微镜下对胸腰段脊柱后部结构进行逐层解剖,重点观测脊神经后支及其分支、脊柱节段动静脉的后支的来源、走行以及分布规律。结果与结论:节段动脉主要分为肋间动脉,前支和后支。其后支在椎间孔的上外方绕向后下方,走行于脊神经的下方和下位脊椎上关节突的外方,分为内外两支穿行于腰部深层肌肉。节段静脉后支与同名动脉伴行。微创椎弓根螺钉内固定时,入钉点的安全范围在5mm左右,连接棒经入钉点内侧置入为佳。说明棘突顶端定位法下的经皮椎弓根螺钉技术由于近似于垂直操作且无侧向牵拉,且从椎弓根中心点(入钉点)内侧插入已预弯的连接棒,损伤脊神经后支和血管的机会较少,是微创脊柱外科手术的一种重要技术手段。     

Current experiences with robotic surgery at Severance Hospital,Yonsei University in Korea

We started performing laparoscopic cholecystectomies in 1991. Since that time, many surgeons have been trained in laparoscopic and minimally invasive surgery, and laparoscopic surgery has been used in numerous procedures, with patients benefitting as a result. We performed the first automated surgery in Korea using Automated Endoscopic System for Optimal Positioning in June 1996. Inspired by Inbae Yoon and assisted by his generous donation, our hospital started the IB Yoon Multi‐Specialty Endoscopic Research & Training Center in 1998. Subsequently in March 2005, we started the Severance Robotic and Minimally Invasive Surgery Center. The establishment of these centers has enabled us to widen the use of laparoscopic surgery and to teach many surgeons the principles of and the techniques involved in laparoscopic and robotic surgery. We performed our first robotic surgery using the da Vinci Surgical System in July 2005. In the 4 years since introducing the da Vinci Surgical System, we have successfully performed more than 2600 robotic surgical procedures. As the collaboration between medicine and robotic engineering produces more technically advanced results, we hopefully can develop our own version of the robotic system in the near future.     

一日病房脊柱微创手术患者围手术期的心理护理

目的 探讨一日病房脊柱微创手术患者围手术期心理护理的具体模式.方法 总结584例一日病房脊柱微创手术患者的围手术期心理护理特点,实施有效心理护理措施.结果 本组患者在局麻下积极配合手术治疗,认可手术效果,接受手术后回家修养.结论 优质的围手术期心理护理可以有效地促进手术患者的手术安全.能帮助患者树立信心,提高其参与手术的积极性,提高疗效,增加患者的满意度.     

Identifying and overcoming the potential barriers to the adoption of natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery

Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) is an emerging innovative approach to performing minimally invasive surgical procedures. In its full potential, the concept of incisionless surgery will have mass appeal to patients. However, the barriers to adopting NOTES will have to be overcome before widespread acceptance of these techniques can occur. These potential barriers include infection, visceral leakage, difficulties in tissue manipulation, and increased cost. The history of surgical innovation has continuously overcome similar problems in other settings, and all of these potential obstacles are likely solvable. Training surgeons will be an additional barrier that will need to be overcome, but this obstacle will need to be approached differently than when laparoscopy was introduced, as standards are higher today for privileging and credentialing in most hospitals than 20 years ago. Alternative technologies that were not adopted prior to the introduction of NOTES may now appear more viable making the competitive environment more complex. Increased funding for comparative effectiveness studies and training for competency in innovation will also need original solutions, but are clearly in our patients' best interest.     

Minimally invasive surgical options in pediatric heart surgery

Surgery for congenital heart disease has changed considerably during the last decade. Improved surgical results in patients with simple congenital heart disease and new interventional cardiology procedures have stimulated the surgeon to adopt minimally invasive techniques with the aim of reducing the patient's surgical insult and obtaining good functional and cosmetic results. As a consequence, new surgical techniques and special equipment for minimally invasive heart procedures have been developed and refined in recent years. This article reports on our institutional protocols for minimally invasive surgery in children and adults with congenital heart disease.     

微创手术治疗结直肠癌的进展

纵观外科学发展历程，外科医师一直致力于寻找对患者创伤更小的手术方式，并希望获得更佳的手术效果以及临床预后。随着医疗技术的发展和相关临床研究成果的发现，结直肠癌的治疗方式也发生着变化，微创手术在结直肠癌治疗领域取得了很大的进步。从传统开腹到腹腔镜手术，再到机器人操作系统的应用，在安全及有效的根本原则下结直肠癌外科手术设备和器械越来越科技化、精准化，操作更灵活舒适，适用范围也越来越广；从经腹手术到经自然腔道内镜手术及经自然腔道标本取出手术，结直肠癌外科手术方式也正由"微创"向"无创"演变。     

The overview of robot surgery

Surgical operations have developed in the method which skillful surgeon's hands and eyes are used. However, to realize a new surgical therapy in the 21st century, it is necessary to use various advanced technologies; surgical robots, three dimensional medical images, computer graphics, computer simulation technology and others. Three dimensional medical image for surgical operation provides surgeons with advanced vision. Surgical robots provide surgeons with advanced hand, but it is not a machine to do the same action of a surgeon using scissors or a scalpel. The advanced vision and hands available to surgeons are creating new surgical fields which are minimally invasive surgery, non-invasive surgery, virtual reality micro-surgery, tele-surgery, fetus surgery, neuro-informatics surgery and others in the 21st century.     

Minimally invasive heart valve surgery: already established in clinical routine?

Cardiac valve replacement with the need for open heart surgery still has the highest morbidity and mortality rates among routine cardiac surgery, with the exception of aortic aneurysm repair and surgery for congenital heart defects. Reducing invasiveness is a desirable goal, and different strategies and approaches have been used to achieve this with valve repair or replacement less invasive. Despite the good results reported with minimally invasive techniques, time on extracorporal circulation is always longer compared with the conventional procedures. Since these techniques do not reduce real invasiveness but rather improve the cosmetic results, minimal-access surgery would be a better nomenclature. With the exception of patients at a high risk for sternal infections or redo heart operations, a reduction in postoperative morbidity by the avoidance of a median sternotomy is not yet definitely proven. Meanwhile, most surgeons comply with the demand for minimally invasive surgery posed by patients by reducing the length of the incision in aortic valve replacement and by using a right anterolateral approach with a limited incision for mitral valve operations. However, the use of endoscopic or robotic devices is limited to a few centers, and has not yet found its way into clinical routine. Nonetheless, minimally invasive or minimal-access surgery is now established in many centers, and patients should always be informed of these techniques. When this information is provided objectively and patient selection is carried out accurately, these alternative approaches can help to improve postoperative convalescence.