影响重庆市海洛因成瘾者美沙酮维持治疗保持和脱失因素研究

目的:了解影响重庆市海洛因成瘾者社区美沙酮维持治疗保持和脱失的主要因素。方法:于2008年8月-2009年1月,调查重庆市社区美沙酮维持治疗门诊点参加美沙酮维持治疗的成瘾者300例,分析其社会人口学、药物滥用情况、美沙酮维持治疗情况,比较脱失者与维持者之间的差异。结果:研究对象在文化程度、吸毒年限、参加社区美沙酮维持治疗的时间和与毒友来往程度等方面对维持治疗保持和脱失有影响(P<0.05)。结论:针对影响美沙酮维持治疗的主要因素对参与治疗者开展相应的干预服务,以提高维持治疗的保持率。     

Predictors for Dropping-Out From Methadone Maintenance Therapy Programs Among Heroin Users in Southern Taiwan

This study examined the methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) retention rates of heroin users in Taiwan and the predictors for dropout in the 18-month period after starting MMT. We consecutively recruited 368 intravenous heroin users receiving MMT in 2007–2008 and applied Cox proportional hazards regression analysis to determine the predictive effect of pre- and in-treatment variables on early discontinuation of MMT. The retention rate at 18 months was 32.3%. High heroin expenses, more severe harm caused by heroin use, perceived lower family support, and lower methadone dosage at 3 months after starting MMT increased the risk of dropout in the follow-up period.     

117例美沙酮维持治疗情况分析

目的:了解美沙酮维持治疗的有效性及依从性。方法:采用自拟调查问卷对部分坚持治疗,且愿意回答问题的患者进行美沙酮维持治疗情况调查;对脱失情况进行描述性分析。结果:2005年6月-2006年6月共接受美沙酮维持治疗患者117例,其中脱失38例,占32.5%。脱失原因主要有:因吸食海洛因或违法犯罪等被公安强制戒毒或劳教、判刑等处理,占81.6%;累计超过15d未来门诊服药,被取消资格,占15.8%。67例坚持治疗者接受了问卷调查。调查结果显示,服药后100%的人恢复了正常生活;92.5%有复吸海洛因的欲望,但37.3%没有复吸行为发生;71.6%认为维持治疗的最佳剂量是40-59mg.d-1;62.7%认为应根据治疗者目前经济状况确定治疗价位。结论:美沙酮维持治疗效果明确,但仍存在一些问题;复吸和违法犯罪是主要的脱失原因。采取切实有效的干预措施有利于延长治疗时间,提高治疗效果。     

492例美沙酮维持治疗情况分析

目的:观察美沙酮维持治疗(methadone maintenance treatment,MMT)中药物剂量的使用和参加MMT治疗者的依从性。方法:对本门诊2006年9月28日-2007年3月8日累计收治的492例阿片类成瘾者的病历资料、治疗中药物剂量的使用、合并用药以及尿检抽查结果、脱失病例进行分析。结果:所有治疗者均符合MMT的收治条件。美沙酮平均首次用药的剂量是25.67mg±s10.22mg,维持阶段的适宜剂量是45.71mg±s21.76mg。治疗中有合并用药病例占调查总数的64.3%(270/420),合并用药以海洛因、镇静催眠药为主。治疗中脱失110例,脱失率占累计收治人数的22.4%。本文在用药前通过观察治疗者的瞳孔大小调整美沙酮剂量,避免了过量用药或用药不足,缩短了治疗周期,提高了治疗的安全性。结论:MMT适宜在医疗机构开展,维持剂量的使用应个体化。参加治疗者在治疗期间合并用药,偷吸毒品是影响MMT依从性、导致脱失的主要原因。     

长春市美沙酮维持治疗情况分析

目的：了解长春市美沙酮维持治疗门诊患者的治疗情况、入组来源及脱失原因,期望研究结果能为美沙酮维持治疗工作提供可借鉴的依据。方法：对本门诊2006年9月-2009年4月累计收治的患者共计215名进行调查。结果：共调查215例,其中男191例,女24例,男女比例为7．96：1。年龄范围22—56（37．64±s8．12）a,其中30—49a年龄段最多,占54．3％;初中（60．50／0）与高中（27．4％）文化者占多数;待业或无业者达83．7％;未婚／离异55．8％和已婚者42．3％所占比例接近;美沙酮维持治疗者的平均治疗剂量为46．32±s20．13mg。患者的入组治疗来源主要为公安部门介绍和毒友介绍,分别占14．14％和78．60％。病患脱失的主要因素有偷吸毒品被抓占（28．1％）,刑事案件（15．5％）,躯体疾病（17．36％）,自称戒断（17．36％）和其它（18．56％）。结论：美沙酮维持治疗剂量应个体化。病人的入组来源及保持情况同公安部门关系较大,提高门诊的入组率,减少脱失率,发挥门诊作用,应加强政策法规宣传和公安部门支持。     

Predictors of early dropout in methadone maintenance treatment program in Yunnan province,China

Introduction and Aim. The aim of this study is to identify the predictors of early dropout of patients in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) clinics in Yunnan province, China. Methods. A cohort study was conducted on 218 patients starting treatment in five MMT clinics between 1 March 2008 and 31 August, with follow up to 28 February 2009. Patients were interviewed using a semistructured questionnaire covering socio‐demographic characteristics and drug abuse history. Attendance at clinic and daily dose were abstracted from the clinic records. The mean average daily dose per patient in each period was compared across three periods, 0–1, >1–3 and >3–6 months, using analysis of variance and random‐intercept mixed linear regression modelling. Cox regression model with time‐varying average daily dose within each period was performed to identify factors predicting dropout in the MMT program. Results. Cumulative probability of retention at 1, 3 and 6 months was 94%, 75% and 57%, respectively. There was no relationship between dose and probability of dropout in periods 1 and 2. However, after 3 months higher average daily dose (>60 mg) was associated with lower probability of dropout. Dropout was more likely among the Han ethnic group [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.86, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.65–3.26], in those who had to spend over 30 min to visit the clinic (HR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.07–2.49) and in those living with other drug users (HR = 2.71, 95% CI: 1.55–4.74). Discussion and Conclusion. Patients' early dropout was related to ethnicity, clinic accessibility, living with drug users and methadone dose. A higher methadone dose as appropriate for maintenance treatment is recommended.[Che Y, Assanangkornchai S, Mcneil E, Chongsuvivatwong V, Li J, Geater A, You J. Predictors of early dropout in methadone maintenance treatment program in Yunnan province, China. Drug Alcohol Rev 2010]     

社区海洛因依赖者美沙酮维持治疗的效果评估

目的:探讨美沙酮维持治疗在中国实施的可行性和有效性。方法:对海洛因依赖者开展美沙酮维持治疗试验性项目并定期开展小组心理干预、个别心理咨询和相关的支持活动。项目实施1a后,采用自制问卷对美沙酮维持治疗前后的效果进行评估,并将结果与37名社区海洛因依赖者进行比较。结果:美沙酮维持治疗后,维持者自我报告使用海洛因的比例由治疗前的100·0%下降为64·4%,其中,每天使用3次以上海洛因者由维持治疗前的50·0%降为0;对照组为43·2%。维持者的总违法犯罪率与维持治疗前和对照组比较,分别下降了4·6%和15·3%。维持者以注射方式吸毒的比例显著低于项目开展前和对照组(P<0·01),而从不使用安全套的比例明显少于项目前和对照组(P<0·01)。结论:在我国的海洛因依赖者中开展美沙酮维持治疗对于减少非法毒品的使用,降低违法犯罪率和减少感染艾滋病的高危行为是有效的。     

影响美沙酮维持治疗依从性及相关因素的定性研究

目的:了解北京市社区美沙酮维持治疗(methadone maintenance treatment,MMT)脱失和保持的影响因素。方法:根据课题设计,于2007年12月-2008年9月,在北京市社区药物维持治疗门诊选择29名服药人员,对每位服药人员单独进行深入访谈,归纳总结服药人员脱失和保持的影响因素。结果:脱失的主要影响因素是:服药人员对美沙酮药物本身或/和MMT普遍存在不正确认知、服药期间偷吸毒品、缺乏必要的社会心理干预、个别服药人员缴费困难、存在服药不够便利的问题和公安部门的配合仍需提高等;有利于保持的因素是:家人支持、给药剂量合适、门诊工作人员的服务态度积极等。结论:加大MMT政策和相关知识的宣传力度,对MMT服药人员积极开展社会心理干预活动,针对北京市美沙酮维持治疗的薄弱环节采取有针对性的防治措施,降低脱失率。     

美沙酮维持治疗海洛因成瘾者的便秘调查分析

目的:了解海洛因成瘾者在美沙酮维持治疗(methadone maintenance treatment,MMT)期间发生的便秘现状,分析其可能的影响因素。方法:采用自制的美沙酮不良反应/事件调查表,由经过统一培训的调查员对调查对象以不记名方式进行面对面询问,同时查阅其门诊记录、病案等档案。结果:(1)共调查海洛因成瘾者381人,MMT维持期便秘发生率为63.26%。(2)Spearman等级相关分析同样显示便秘的发生与MMT维持期剂量相关(P<0.05),即美沙酮维持治疗剂量越大,上述不良反应的程度越严重。(3)Logistic多因素分析结果:较严重便秘相关的危险因素有HIV感染(OR=2.572)和MMT维持剂量(OR=1.770),而年龄(OR=0.489)和MMT用药时间(OR=0.315)是其保护因素。结论:海洛因成瘾者在MMT维持期的便秘症状较为多见,其发生主要与维持期美沙酮的剂量、用药时间、HIV感染及年龄有关。     

Patterns of Abstinence or Continued Drug Use Among Methadone Maintenance Patients and Their Relation to Treatment Retention

The efficacy and effectiveness of methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) in the medical management of opioid addiction has been well-established, but treatment outcomes are compromised by the continued use of licit and illicit drugs during MMT. The present study examined the relationship between in-treatment illicit drug use and retention and dropout of 604 MMT patients in Washington, D.C. Sixty-eight percent of patients did not test positive for an unprescribed drug during the study period. Of patients who tested positive for an illicit drug during the baseline period, 55% tested positive for cocaine, 44% for opiates, 23% for THC, 20% for benzodiazepines, 7% for PCP, and 4% for amphetamines. Those testing positive were three times more likely to leave treatment than those who did not test positive. Testing positive for one drug doubled the rate of attrition; testing positive for multiple drugs quadrupled the risk of attrition. Non-prescribed opioid or benzodiazepine use was a predictor of MMT dropout, but prescribed opioid or benzodiazepine use was not. Continued illicit drug use poses significant risk for subsequent premature termination of MMT. Assertive clinical management of continued illicit drug use could provide mechanisms to enhance MMT retention and long-term recovery outcomes.     

美沙酮维持治疗150例海洛因依赖者对海洛因渴求度的变化及影响因素分析

目的:了解哈密市美沙酮治疗对药物成瘾者海洛因渴求度的控制情况,探讨美沙酮维持治疗患者接受治疗6个月后对海洛因渴求程度的改变情况以及影响渴求改变的可能因素。方法:采用《海洛因渴求问卷》分别在患者入组治疗时和治疗6个月后随访调查,分析美沙酮维持治疗前后患者对海洛因等毒品的渴求程度以及影响渴求程度改变的因素。结獉果獉:MMT患者治疗6个月后的海洛因渴求水平比基线时普遍下降,除"自我控制"外其他各因子得分差异均有统计学意义。150例MMT患者中有70例患者在治疗6个月后渴求总分得到改善,改善率为46.7%。结论:美沙酮维持治疗能够减少海洛因成瘾者对海洛因的渴求感,患者吸毒年限、文化程度和是否戒过毒是影响渴求的主要因素。     

贵州美沙酮维持治疗受治者间隔服药特点的观察

目的:了解贵州省8家美沙酮维持治疗(MMT)门诊的受治者间隔服药特点。方法:采用队列研究设计,从2006年6月到2007年6月,对1003名贵州省8家MMT门诊受治者进行服药情况调查。结果:有87.1%、74.9%、60.6%和50.3%受治者分别有过连续3d、7d、15d和30d间隔不到门诊服药情况。结论:MMT受治者间隔服药现象十分普遍。     

兰州市美沙酮维持治疗患者脱失原因分析

目的:了解美沙酮维持治疗门诊患者脱失的原因.方法:对2007年1月-2009年12月间在兰州市七里河区疾病预防控制中心美沙酮维持治疗门诊退出治疗者1024例进行随访,并统计分析.结果:在累计参加治疗的1684例中,脱失1024例,占60.8％.脱失的原因可归纳为8种因素:(1)维持治疗期间偷吸毒品被抓,286例,占27.9％;(2)发生刑事案件被逮捕,70例,占6.8％;(3)因经济困难无力支付每天10元的治疗费用,27例,占2.6％;(4)治疗期间死亡,8例,占0.8％;(5)自称自然戒断毒品,86例,占8.4％;(6)生病、药物副反应或怀孕退出,178例,占17.4％;(7)家庭变故(离婚等),105例,占10.3％;(8)外地居住、外出工作或原因不明确,264例,占25.8％.结论:维持治疗中患者脱失的原因客观存在,但采用相应对策可以降低脱失率,提高维持治疗率.     

美沙酮维持治疗患者脱失的原因分析

目的:了解美沙酮维持治疗门诊患者脱失的原因。方法:对2005年9月-2006年5月间在柳州市疾病预防控制中心美沙酮维持治疗门诊退出治疗的220例进行随访,并统计分析。结果:在参加治疗的457例中,脱失220例,占48.1%。脱失的原因可归纳为6种因素:(1)维持治疗期间偷吸毒品被抓,73例,占33.2%;(2)发生刑事案件被逮捕,12例,占5.4%;(3)因经济困难无力支付治疗费用12例,占5.4%;(4)治疗期间因艾滋病等疾病并发死亡,6例,占2.7%;(5)自称自然戒断毒品,32例,占14.5%;(6)综合因素,85例,占38.6%。结论:维持治疗中患者脱失的原因客观存在,但采用相应对策可以降低脱失率,提高维持治疗率。     

美沙酮维持治疗对海洛因依赖者生存质量影响的研究

目的:评价参加美沙酮维持治疗的海洛因成瘾者的生存质量状况,分析影响其生存质量的主要因素。方法:采用《药物成瘾者生存质量评定量表》(QOL-DA量表)对接受美沙酮维持治疗者治疗前后生存质量进行评价。结果:204名海洛因成瘾者在参加美沙酮维持治疗6个月后,其生存质量得以改善者占93.1%。治疗后的躯体功能、心理功能、戒断症状及社会功能四个领域的生存质量评分均明显优于治疗前,前后比较有极显著性差异(t=14.77、14.69、16.79、9.85,P<0.001);性别、文化程度和就业状况是影响治疗后生存质量改善程度的重要因素(t=4.15、2.93、-2.627,P<0.01)。结论:美沙酮维持治疗能全面提高海洛因治疗者的生存质量;要进一步巩固治疗效果,需采取积极措施加大社会支持力度。     

分阶段综合个体心理干预对 MMT 受治者效果分析

目的：研究分阶段综合个体心理干预在美沙酮维持治疗中的效果。方法：将100例海洛因依赖者分为美沙酮个体心理干预组（研究组）和美沙酮维持治疗组（对照组）,比较组间治疗保持率、治疗12个月后抑郁自评量表、焦虑自评量表、家庭支持量表的差异。结果：分阶段综合个体心理干预技术能够提高美沙酮维持治疗受治者治疗保持率,治疗12个月后两组对比抑郁、焦虑、家庭支持量表评分均值有统计学差异（P〈0.05）。结论：个体心理干预能通过坚定海洛因成瘾者的戒毒愿望与信心,改善不良情绪,使患者在家庭关系方面都得到改善,帮助海洛因成瘾者彻底戒毒,真正回归社会。     

The Working Addict

Abstract

The initiation of the first methadone maintenance treatment program (MMT) in Macao was founded in collaboration between MMT clinics in the USA and Israel. All patients admitted into treatment between October 2005 and October 2008 were prospectively followed through March 2010. Of the 163 patients, 81% were male, the mean age on admission was 39.5 (sd = 10.2). Seventy-three percent (n = 119) were hepatitis C sera positive, and 4.9% (n = 8) were HIV sera positive. One-year treatment retention rate was 59.5%, with 52.6% of the 95 patients who stayed in treatment having an opiate-negative urine test at the 10-month evaluation. Four and a half years of follow-up showed mean long-term retention (Kaplan Meier analyses) of 2.2 years. Higher methadone dose (≥80mg/day) and hepatitis C sera positive status were predictors for longer treatment retention. This study describes an effective model of MMT that supports the expansion of addiction treatment in other countries.     

Gender Differences in Heroin Addiction and Treatment: Results from the VEdeTTE Cohort

Background: Gender differences strongly affect heroin addiction, from risk factors to patterns of consumption, access to treatments, and outcomes. Objectives: To investigate gender differences in the VEdeTTE cohort of heroin addicts. Methods: VEdeTTE is a cohort of 10,454 heroin users enrolled between 1998 and 2001 in 115 public drug treatment centres in Italy. Clinical and personal information were collected at intake through a structured interview. Treatments were recorded using a standardized form. Gender differences were explored with regard to characteristics at intake, treatments, and retention in methadone maintenance and therapeutic community. Cox Proportional models were carried out to identify risk factors for treatment abandon. Results: Compared with men, at their first access to treatment women with drug addiction were younger, more frequently married, legally separated, divorced or widow, unemployed though better educated, HIV+; more frequently they lived with their partner and sons. They reported a higher use of sedatives, but a lower use of alcohol; more frequently they had psychiatric comorbidity, including depression, self-injuries, and suicide attempts. Psychotherapy was more frequently prescribed to women, pharmacological treatments to men. Methadone maintenance was less frequently abandoned by women. Drug abuse severity factors predicted abandon of methadone among women. High methadone doses and the combination with psychotherapy improved treatment retention in both genders. Low education level and severity factors among women and young age among men predicted abandon of therapeutic community. Conclusions: Gender differences in the VEdeTTE cohort suggest the need of a gender sensitive approach to improve treatment outcomes among heroin addicts.     

美沙酮维持治疗180天的效果评价

目的:对贵州省8家美沙酮维持治疗(MMT)门诊的受治者180 d的治疗效果进行评价。方法:采用队列研究设计。2006年6月-2007年3月,在贵州省8家MMT门诊,选择自愿参加调查、新接受社区MMT的海洛因成瘾者1003名,用第5版成瘾严重性指数量表中文版(ASI-C),通过面对面访谈的方式,测量受治者进入MMT时的成瘾严重性指数作为基线资料,对治疗满180 d的受治者进行随访调查,评价治疗效果。结果:受治者经过180 d的MMT,ASI-C的7项维度评分,除酒精成瘾维度外,其他6项维度的评分明显低于基线评分(P<0.01),MMT受治者的海洛因成瘾、教育就业、家庭社会、违法犯罪和精神心理状态明显改善。结论:自愿接受美沙酮维持治疗可减少海洛因成瘾者毒品使用、改善身心健康、促进就业和减少违法犯罪行为。     

不同HIV感染状况的海洛因成瘾者的美沙酮维持治疗效果

目的:探讨不同HIV感染状况的海洛因成瘾者的美沙酮维持治疗效果,为针对性干预措施提供依据。方法:收集湖南省前两批开诊的7个美沙酮门诊中接受治疗的HIV+和HIV-海洛因成瘾者的一般情况以及日常治疗信息,分析不同感染状况患者治疗时间、治疗维持率及治疗效果。结果:(1)随访1 a发现,HIV+患者6、12个月的维护治疗率分别是79.7%和59.3%;HIV-患者6、12个月的维持治疗率分别为70.5%和47.7%;两组患者两时点的维持率差异有统计学意义。(2)HIV+患者治疗后"工作"改善不明显,与家人关系改善明显。(3)治疗6个月后两组患者高危行为明显减少,但在性行为安全套使用上HIV+患者改善不如HIV-患者显著。结论:HIV+患者较HIV-患者倾向于更长时间维持在MMT治疗中,动员更多的符合条件的HIV+海洛因成瘾者接受MMT治疗具有重要意义。