直流电场诱导神经干细胞桥接横断脊髓的实验研究

目的:探讨直流电场(direct current field,DC)诱导神经干细胞(neural stem cells,NSCs)桥接横断脊髓的作用。方法:将54只雌性成年SD大鼠随机分为脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)组、NSCs移植组、NSCs移植联合直流电场诱导组(DC+NSCs组),各组分7,14,28d三个时间点取材,HE染色观察神经纤维再生情况,透射电镜下观察脊髓白质内髓鞘结构变化,免疫荧光染色检测髓磷脂碱性蛋白(myelin basic protein,MBP)表达变化。结果:在光镜下,DC+NSCs组神经纤维较其他两组都多,排布均匀且走行较规则,部分纤维穿越损伤脊髓断端两侧。在电镜下,DC+NSCs组髓鞘松散程度明显减轻,部分髓鞘结构规整,排列有序,线粒体肿胀减轻,微管空泡样变较轻,可发现大量突触,薄髓的再生髓鞘明显增多。DC+NSCs组大鼠脊髓组织中可见直径大小不等的MBP阳性的圆形结构,MBP阳性表达最多,较其他两组有显著性差异(P0.01)。结论:直流电场诱导NSCs治疗SCI可以促进损伤处脱髓的轴突再髓鞘化和MBP的表达,促进神经纤维再生,从而起到桥接横断脊髓的作用。     

补阳还五汤对大鼠脊髓损伤后移植神经干细胞存活、增殖与迁移的影响

目的:探讨补阳还五汤(Buyang Huanwu Decoction,BYHWD)灌胃对脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)后移植胚胎神经干细胞(neural stem cells,NSCs)存活、增殖与迁移的影响。方法:将SD大鼠随机分为SCI组、NSCs移植组、NSCs移植联合补阳还五汤灌胃组。制作大鼠脊髓横断损伤模型,将BrdU标记NSCs细胞按浓度1×106/ml分别移植入移植组和联合组的脊髓横断处,损伤组用等量DMEM/F12完全培养基代替。术后联合组每天用BYHWD予以灌胃治疗1次,损伤组和移植组用生理盐水代替。各组在7、14、28 d后分别取材,用免疫荧光组织化学法检测移植在SCI处的NSCs存活、增殖和迁移情况。结果:损伤组未见BrdU标记阳性细胞;联合组各时间点BrdU标记阳性细胞数量均多于移植组各时间点,并有显著性统计学意义(P<0.05);联合组28 d时BrdU标记阳性细胞数量最多,与联合组7 d和14 d相比有显著性统计学意义(P<0.05);在联合组各时间点,BrdU标记阳性细胞向SCI处头尾端组织迁移的距离明显长于移植组各时间点。结论:脊髓横断损伤后,移植胚胎NSCs能够存活并增殖和迁移。补阳还五汤能够促进大鼠脊髓全横断损伤处移植的NSCs存活、增殖和迁移。     

Rolipram联合少突胶质前体细胞移植治疗大鼠脊髓损伤

背景:脊髓损伤轴突难以再生涉及到多方面原因,综合运用多种治疗方法应该更有效。目的:应用Rolipram联合少突胶质前体细胞移植治疗大鼠脊髓损伤,观察轴突再生和再髓鞘化的情况。方法:Wistar大鼠利用ALLEN法打击形成脊髓损伤模型。Rolipram治疗组和联合治疗组背部皮下埋置ALZET渗透性微泵内装Rolipram 200μL,每小时释放0.5μL,2mg/(kg·d),可持续14d,1周后局部注入0.0125μmol的双丁酸环腺苷酸;细胞移植组和联合治疗组移植少突胶质前体细胞,脊髓损伤组注入同等量的生理盐水,术后每周测定BBB运动评分,4周取材,冰冻切片,苏木精-伊红染色,免疫荧光染色。结果与结论:伤后4周Rolipram治疗组和联合治疗组BBB运动评分高于脊髓损伤组和细胞移植组;免疫荧光显示Rolipram治疗组和联合治疗组损伤局部NF200表达旺盛;细胞移植组和联合治疗组少突胶质前体细胞存活并表达髓鞘碱性蛋白,后者存活数量更多,并且有髓纤维增多。说明应用Rolipram提高环磷腺苷水平促进了大鼠脊髓损伤功能的恢复,联合少突胶质前体细胞移植可产生协同促进作用。     

丹曲林对急性脊髓损伤大鼠脊髓白质的保护作用

目的:探讨丹曲林(dantrolene,DA)对大鼠急性脊髓损伤后脊髓白质的保护作用。方法:采用钳夹法制作大鼠急性脊髓损伤模型(SCI)。将48只成年雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠体重280~310 g,随机分成3组,每组16只,假手术组(Sham组):只行椎板切除术;SCI组:术前1 d腹腔注射生理盐水;丹曲林处理组(DA组):术前1 d腹腔注射10 mg/kg丹曲林。SCI损伤后3、7、14、21、28 d利用BBB评分量表评估大鼠后肢运动功能恢复情况;术后24 h,利用抗NF200单克隆抗体的免疫荧光组织化学法标记轴突,观察各组轴突的形态和数量变化;Western Blot方法检测各组脊髓损伤部位的髓鞘碱性蛋白(Myelin basic protein,MBP)和环核苷酸磷酸二酯酶(2’,3’-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase,CNPase)的蛋白表达水平。结果:不同时间点SCI组大鼠的BBB评分显著低于Sham组,提示SCI模型制备成功。注射丹曲林后,不同时间点SCI动物的BBB评分明显升高(P0.05),提示丹曲林可促进大鼠后肢运动功能的恢复。NF200免疫荧光组织化学法显示:Sham组轴突长,排列有序、分布均匀;SCI后24 h,NF200+纤维断裂、数量减少、排列紊乱、部分甚至卷曲;给予丹曲林后,NF200+纤维数量显著增多且较长,排列较规则。Western Blot结果显示:SCI组CNPase,MBP蛋白的表达量较Sham组显著降低(P0.01),给予丹曲林后可明显升高两者的表达(P0.01)。结论:丹曲林对急性脊髓损伤大鼠白质具有一定的保护作用。     

坐骨神经预损伤对脊髓损伤后小鼠神经功能恢复的影响

目的研究坐骨神经预损伤对脊髓损伤后小鼠神经功能恢复的影响。方法以C57BL/6小鼠为研究对象,分为假手术组(对照组,Control),脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury, SCI)组和坐骨神经预损伤(sciatic nerve injury,SNI)组。假手术组仅移除小鼠T8-T10椎骨上棘暴露胸髓,SCI组移除小鼠T8-T10椎骨上棘暴露胸髓给予外力打击造成标准损伤,SNI组小鼠手术切断右腿坐骨神经,在预损伤7d后进行脊髓损伤。在恢复期(即脊髓损伤14d后),通过电生理实验检测运动神经传导功能,通过组织病理学检验检测组织缺损恢复、髓鞘再生及小胶质细胞的募集活化。结果电生理实验表明SNI组小鼠运动传导功能恢复明显强于SCI组;HE染色结果说明SNI组脊髓组织缺损恢复情况明显强于SNI组;以MBP为指标的免疫荧光结果显示SNI组髓鞘含量明显多于SCI组,髓鞘再生能力明显增强;以IBA-1为指标的免疫荧光结果显示SNI组小胶质细胞明显增多,坐骨神经预损伤明显增强了小胶质细胞的募集活化作用。结论坐骨神经预损伤处理可促进小鼠脊髓损伤后组织形态恢复、小胶质募集活化作用、髓鞘再生作用和神经传导功能的恢复。     

神经干细胞联合氯化锂对急性脊髓损伤修复的试验研究

目的:观察神经干细胞(neural stem cells,NSCs)移植联合应用氯化锂(lithium chloride,LiCl)对于大鼠急性脊髓损伤修复效果,并探讨二者相互作用.方法:利用MASCIS impactor(多中心急性脊髓损伤打击器)制作大鼠脊髓打击伤模型,随机分为NSCs组、NSCs+LiCl组、LiCl组及空白对照组,分期进行BBB后肢运动功能评分及组织学检查,评价及比较各组修复效果.结果:NSCs组与NSCs+LiCl组BBB评分较LiCl组与对照组在2周后各时段差别有意义(P<0.01);NSCs+LiCl组BBB评分在4周后明显高于NSCs组(P<0.01);组织学检查表明NSCs组与NSCs+LiCl组组织学改变与LiCl组与对照组有显著差别,但是NSCs+LiCl组相对于NSCs组可以更明显的促进神经元再生.结论:NSCs联合LiCl具有良好的脊髓损伤修复作用,二者协同作用明显.     

纤维蛋白胶支架搭载外胚间充质源雪旺细胞移植修复大鼠脊髓损伤

目的:观察外胚层间充质源的雪旺细胞在损伤脊髓中的迁移情况、组织相容性,评价纤维蛋白支架搭载该细胞移植治疗急性脊髓损伤的疗效。方法:(1)成年大鼠鼻中隔活体取出部分鼻黏膜制成细胞悬液,自然纯化并扩增鼻黏膜外胚层间充质干细胞(ectomesenchymal stem cells,EMSCs),用雪旺细胞诱导培养基将其诱导为雪旺细胞并用红色荧光进行标记。(2)建立脊髓针刺损伤模型并移植标记细胞,术后10 d,观察雪旺细胞在组织内的存活和迁移情况,并评价其组织相容性。(3)健康SD大鼠60只,制作脊髓横断模型,随机分为3组:单纯脊髓横断(SCI)组、纤维蛋白胶(Fibrin)移植组和细胞-支架(F-C)移植组,术后每周进行运动行为学评分。术后12周取出脊髓组织,采用免疫组织化学染色和Western Blot方法检测脊髓横断部位神经纤维重建和髓鞘再生情况,以及神经丝蛋白(NF-200)、生长相关蛋白-43(GAP-43)和髓鞘碱性蛋白(MBP)的表达变化。结果:(1)EMSCs来源的雪旺细胞体外分化扩增良好,免疫荧光结果显示其高表达S100、GFAP、P75、CNpase等表面标志蛋白。(2)移植进入体内的雪旺细胞存活良好并发生一定距离的迁移,且与脊髓内神经纤维有良好的相容性。(3)术后2周开始直至12周,F-C组较SCI组大鼠后肢运动功能有较明显恢复,差异有显著意义(P<0.05);Fibrin组亦有一定程度的恢复,但程度较轻;SCI组几乎没有恢复迹象。免疫组化染色结果显示:SCI组断端未见神经轴索通过,Fibrin组可见少量神经纤维通过,F-C组可见多量神经网络状结构。Western Blot检测结果显示:F-C组神经丝蛋白(NF-200)、生长相关蛋白-43(GAP-43)和髓鞘碱性蛋白(MBP)相对含量均高于Fibrin组和SCI组(P<0.05)。结论:外胚层间充质源雪旺细胞移植对于脊髓损伤后的组织学和功能学恢复有明显促进作用,纤维蛋白做为移植修复脊髓损伤的生物支架具有良好的应用前景。     

嗅鞘细胞移植促进脊髓损伤模型大鼠修复损伤区组织的超微结构特征

文题释义： 嗅鞘细胞：是一种嗅神经的支持细胞,它起源于嗅基底膜,分布在嗅球,嗅神经和嗅中枢。位于中枢和外周神经系统过渡区,具有降解抑制再生分子、分泌不同神经营养因子、促进神经轴突和髓鞘的再生、改善脊髓损伤后的微环境等重要作用。 超微结构：通过透射电子显微镜观察脊髓损伤后损伤部位神经元的细胞膜、细胞器(高尔基复合体,尼氏体,内质网、核糖体、神经微丝、微管)、细胞核(核仁、核周体);髓鞘,轴突,突触,胶质瘢痕等亚细胞水平的变化。 背景：嗅鞘细胞移植治疗脊髓损伤是目前的研究热点,其研究主要探讨脊髓损伤后微环境的影响,嗅鞘细胞移植对脊髓损伤后脊髓超微结构的影响未见报道。 目的：观察脊髓损伤后损伤部位神经细胞、轴突、髓鞘、突触和胶质瘢痕的超微结构以及嗅鞘细胞移植对大鼠损伤脊髓的保护和神经修复再生的影响。 方法：实验方案经西安交通大学医学部生物医学伦理委员会批准(批准号2018-2048)。将成年健康雌性SD大鼠20只随机分成3组：空白组(4只)仅仅切除T₁₀全部椎板及T₉, T₁₁部分椎板,未对脊髓作其他处理;DF12组(8只)切断脊髓,注射DF12培养液;嗅鞘细胞移植组(8只)切断脊髓,进行嗅鞘细胞移植。于脊髓损伤后1,7,28,56 d,对各组大鼠麻醉后取出脊髓,透射电镜观察脊髓损伤区神经细胞超微结构的变化。 结果与结论：①与空白组比较,DF12组大鼠脊髓损伤区神经元胞体内细胞器明显减少,轴突、髓鞘和突触的超微结构发生明显的变化;嗅鞘细胞移植组损伤区的神经元胞体内细胞器明显增加,核仁明显,促进轴突、髓鞘和突触的再生,且胶质瘢痕明显较少;②嗅鞘细胞移植组大鼠星形胶质细胞和毛细血管周细胞的反应比较轻微;③结果说明,脊髓损伤后嗅鞘细胞移植可有效地保护脊髓损伤区的神经组织,促进轴突、髓鞘和突触的再生,抑制神经胶质和周围细胞的增生反应,从而使损伤后微环境有利于神经元、轴突和突触再生。ORCID: 0000-0001-6049-2551(王国毓) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

督脉电针联合神经干细胞移植治疗脊髓全横断损伤后aggrecan的表达变化

目的:观察督脉电针联合神经干细胞( NSCs)移植治疗脊髓损伤对硫酸软骨素蛋白多糖aggrecan的表达影响.方法:成年SD大鼠随机分为脊髓损伤对照组、督脉电针组、NSCs移植组以及督脉电针联合NSCs移植组.建立成年大鼠第9～10胸椎段脊髓全横断模型.其中电针组和电针联合NSCs组于术后当天进行电针治疗.用免疫组织化...     

BYHWD对脊髓损伤大鼠脊髓组织Bcl-2和Bax表达的影响

目的:观察补阳还五汤(buyanghuanwu decoction,BYHWD)对脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)模型大鼠脊髓神经细胞凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、Bax及其mRNA表达的影响,初步探讨BYHWD抑制脊髓神经细胞凋亡的作用机制。方法:Wistar大鼠40只,随机分为四组:正常对照组、SCI模型组、BYHWD组和甲基强的松龙(MP)注射组,每组10只大鼠;后三组动物先建立SCI损伤模型,然后分别给予BYHWD组和MP组BYHWD和MP治疗。四组动物分别于术后1、7、14、21 d和28 d对大鼠后肢神经功能的恢复情况进行BBB(Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan)功能评分。第28 d处死各组大鼠,采用Real-time PCR法检测脊髓组织Bcl-2和Bax mRNA的表达情况,Western Blot法检测脊髓组织Bcl-2和Bax蛋白的表达情况。结果:大鼠麻醉清醒后,SCI组大鼠损伤平面以下完全瘫痪。BBB评分结果显示:术后第7 d~28 d,与正常对照组相比,SCI组BBB评分明显降低(P0.05);与SCI组相比,BYHWD处理组和MP处理组大鼠BBB评分明显增高(P0.05),但BYHWD处理组和MP处理组大鼠相比,BBB评分无明显差异(P0.05)。Real-time PCR和Western Blot结果显示:与正常对照组相比,SCI组Bax蛋白及mRNA的表达明显升高(P0.05),而Bcl-2蛋白及mRNA的表达则明显有所降低(P0.05)。与SCI组相比,BYHWD处理组和MP处理组大鼠脊髓组织Bax蛋白及mRNA表达明显降低(P0.05),而Bcl-2蛋白及mRNA表达则明显有所升高(P0.05)。但BYHWD处理组和MP处理组大鼠脊髓组织Bcl-2、Bax蛋白及mRNA表达之间无明显差异(P0.05)。结论:BYHWD可以改善SCI大鼠后肢的运动功能,通过下调Bax的表达,上调Bcl-2的表达,从而抑制SCI大鼠脊髓神经细胞的凋亡,发挥其保护作用。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.