淫羊藿苷对环磷酰胺诱导生精障碍大鼠下丘脑垂体睾丸轴的影响

目的:探讨淫羊藿苷在环磷酰胺诱导的大鼠睾丸生精障碍动物模型中的作用,研究淫羊藿苷对下丘脑-垂体-睾丸轴的影响。方法:大鼠分为空白对照组、阴性对照组、模型组、淫羊藿苷治疗组;H-E染色观察睾丸组织结构变化,TUNEL检测睾丸生殖细胞凋亡,放射免疫法检测血清睾酮、卵泡刺激素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH),SABC免疫组织化学研究下丘脑正中隆起促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)神经纤维。结果:睾丸H-E染色切片观察显示模型组睾丸生精小管直径缩小,间距增宽,生精上皮变薄,生殖细胞数量减少,生精小管多未见精子形成,与空白对照组比较其生精小管结构变化显著;治疗组与模型组比较生精小管壁增厚,含有精子的生精小管明显增多。模型组与空白对照组比较,睾丸生精小管中生殖细胞凋亡显著增多;治疗组与模型组比较生精小管中生殖细胞凋亡数量明显减少。血清睾酮检测结果显示模型组与空白对照组比较血清睾酮明显降低;治疗组与模型组比较其血清睾酮明显增加;血清FSH、LH水平各组间无差异。与空白对照组比较,模型组正中隆起GnRH阳性纤维增多,染色深,光密度显著增高;治疗组与模型组比较其GnRH阳性纤维明显减少,染色浅。结论:淫羊藿苷具有改善睾丸生精小管结构、减少生殖细胞凋亡、促进精子发生和间质细胞分泌睾酮的功能,降低GnRH在正中隆起的蓄集。     

巴戟天对环磷酰胺诱导的大鼠睾丸生精功能的影响

目的:探讨巴戟天在环磷酰胺诱导的大鼠生精障碍动物模型中的作用,研究巴戟天对大鼠生精功能的影响。方法:检测大鼠的精子活力、精子密度、睾丸指数、附睾指数及组织结构变化;酶联免疫吸附法检测血清睾酮、卵泡刺激素(FSH)和黄体生成素(LH)含量。结果:与空白对照组相比,模型组睾丸指数、附睾指数、精子活力以及精子密度降低;治疗组相对模型组睾丸指数、附睾指数、精子活力、精子活动率均显著增高;H-E染色显示模型组生精小管直径缩小,间距增宽,生精上皮变薄,生殖细胞数量显著减少;治疗组与模型组比较生精小管壁增厚,含有精子的生精小管显著增多;模型组与空白对照组比较血清睾酮显著降低;治疗组与模型组比较其血清睾酮显著增加。结论:巴戟天对环磷酰胺诱导的生精障碍睾丸具有改善睾丸生精小管结构,促进精子发生和间质细胞分泌睾酮的功能。     

淫羊藿苷改善糖尿病大鼠睾丸病变及其对转化生长因子β1 和Ⅳ型胶原蛋白酶表达的影响

目的: 研究淫羊藿苷对糖尿病大鼠睾丸病变的改善,并初步讨论其可能的作用机制。方法: 采用链脲佐菌素(40 mg·kg^-1)尾静脉注射建立糖尿病大鼠模型。实验分为3组:正常组、模型组和淫羊藿苷组。淫羊藿苷组给予淫羊藿苷溶液80 mg·kg^-1·d^-1灌胃。12周末处死各组大鼠,测血清葡萄糖和睾酮含量,睾丸组织中特异性酶琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GT)及乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性; HE染色,置光镜下观察睾丸组织病理变化;免疫组化法测定转化生长因子β₁ (TGF-β₁)和Ⅳ型胶原蛋白酶的表达。结果: 与正常对照组比较,模型组血清葡萄糖水平上升和睾酮水平下降;睾丸组织特异性酶活性降低;病理学检测可见生精上皮层变薄,各级生精细胞减少;TGF-β₁和Ⅳ型胶原蛋白酶表达增加。淫羊藿苷组明显改善上述指标(P<0.01)。结论: 淫羊藿苷对糖尿病所致的睾丸损伤有明显的保护作用,其机制可能与促进睾酮释放、抑制睾丸Ⅳ型胶原蛋白酶及TGF-β₁表达有关。     

淫羊藿苷对糖尿病大鼠阴茎组织细胞凋亡及亚硝基谷胱甘肽还原酶表达的影响

目的:探讨淫羊藿苷对糖尿病大鼠阴茎组织细胞凋亡以及亚硝基谷胱甘肽还原酶(GSNOR)表达的影响.方法:采用链尿佐菌素(STZ)建立糖尿病大鼠模型.分为正常对照组、糖尿病模型组、糖尿病淫羊藿苷干预组(高、中、低剂量分别为30、70、100 mg·kg-1·d-1,灌胃,连用21 d).TUNEL法检测阴茎组织细胞凋亡,免疫印迹检测GSNOR表达.结果:淫羊藿苷高、中剂量组阴茎勃起组织细胞凋亡指数降低,与模型组比较差异有统计学意义.淫羊藿苷干预组阴茎组织GSNOR蛋白表达增加,中、高剂量组与模型组比较差异有统计学意义.结论:淫羊藿苷能抑制糖尿病大鼠阴茎组织细胞凋亡并上调GSNOR蛋白表达.     

模拟高原缺氧环境对大鼠生殖细胞凋亡的影响

目的观察模拟高原缺氧环境条件对雄性SD大鼠生殖细胞形态及凋亡的影响。方法随机将20只SD雄性大鼠分为两组,对照组置650m海拔高度饲养,低氧组置模拟6000m海拔高度低压氧舱饲养。饲养14天后脱颈处死大鼠,采集睾丸组织标本,HE染色观察睾丸组织形态学变化。采用TUNEL法检测高原缺氧大鼠生殖细胞凋亡的影响。结果与对照组比较,可见高原缺氧组大鼠睾丸组织生精小管间隙增宽,部分生精小管中初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精细胞减少,间质血管充血、扩张,部分生精小管内精细胞数量明显减少,初级、次级精母细胞变性、脱落、坏死。高原缺氧组睾丸内发生生殖细胞凋亡的生精小管数量[每100个生精小管中含有1、2、3及3个以上凋亡细胞的小管数分别为(6.80±1.40)、(3,20±0.38)、(2.80±0.60)个]均显著的高于常氧对照组[每100个生精小管中含有1、2、3及3个以上凋亡细胞的小管数分别为(3.70±0.69)、(1.40±0.56)、(0.60±0.48)个,P0.05]。结论高原低氧环境可能是通过诱发生殖细胞凋亡途径,导致大鼠睾丸生殖机能损伤。     

淫羊藿苷对精神分裂症模型大鼠认知及海马组织NRG1/ErbB信号通路的影响

背景:淫羊藿苷是补肾助阳中药淫羊藿的有效活性成分之一,除了可促进生殖系统功能外,还能明显改善精神分裂症,但其具体作用机制仍处于研究与探索阶段。目的:探究淫羊藿苷对精神分裂症大鼠认知功能的影响及机制。方法:采用随机数字表法将48只SD大鼠分4组,每组12只:正常组不造模;模型组、淫羊藿苷低、高剂量组通过腹腔注射N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体拮抗剂MK-801(1次/d)诱导精神分裂症模型,连续注射14 d。确认造模成功后,淫羊藿苷低、高剂量组分别灌胃给予25,50 mg/(kg·d)的淫羊藿苷,对照组、模型组灌胃生理盐水,连续给药28 d。给药结束后,进行行为学检测及海马组织尼氏染色和FJB染色、氧化应激水平、炎症因子水平、NRG1/ErbB4信号通路蛋白表达。结果与结论:(1)与模型组比较,给药两组刻板行为评分、自发活动总路程和逃避潜伏期明显减少(P <0.05),穿台次数明显增加(P <0.05);淫羊藿苷高剂量组刻板行为评分、逃避潜伏期(第3-5天)明显低于淫羊藿苷低剂量组(P <0.05);(2)与模型组比较,给药两组海马组织线粒体膜电位、超氧化物歧化酶活性升高(P...     

羊睾丸提取液对铅染毒小鼠睾丸生精细胞凋亡及超微结构的影响

目的:探讨羊睾丸提取液对铅染毒小鼠睾丸生精细胞凋亡及超微结构的影响.方法:雄性性成熟小鼠,随机分为对照组(蒸馏水灌胃),模型组(醋酸铅灌胃),给药组(醋酸铅灌胃+腹腔注射羊睾丸提取液),染毒2周.Tunel法观察睾丸生精细胞的凋亡,透射电镜观察生精细胞超微结构的变化. 结果:与对照组相比,模型组睾丸生精细胞凋亡指数明显增高,多数细胞胞质内出现空泡,核固缩,核膜结构模糊,线粒体数目减少、空泡化,溶酶体增多;与模型组相比,给药组睾丸生精细胞凋亡指数有所降低,细胞结构趋于正常,核膜结构清晰,线粒体数量增多.结论:羊睾丸提取液可抑制铅染毒小鼠睾丸生精细胞的凋亡,对精原细胞、精母细胞、精子细胞的超微结构具有显著的保护作用.     

环磷酰胺对大鼠睾丸和附睾的影响

目的探讨抗肿瘤药物所致大鼠睾丸和附睾损害,为寻找男性不育症中药治疗的研究提供理论依据。方法选用16只15周龄SD大鼠随机分为对照组和实验组,每组8只;实验组腹腔注射环磷酰胺20mg·kg-1·d-1,连续5d,用药2个月后,应用HE染色法研究大鼠睾丸、附睾远期组织学变化,用原位缺口末端标记法(TUNEL方法)检测生精细胞凋亡。结果实验组大鼠体重、睾丸和附睾重量均显著减轻(P<0.01),睾丸生精小管直径缩小、间距增宽、生精上皮变薄、生精细胞层次和数量减少、生精小管腔多未见精子形成,实验组睾丸生精小管直径、面积、生精上皮细胞数、均显著低于对照组(P<0.01);实验组生精细胞凋亡增多,与对照组比较,生精细胞显著凋亡(P<0.01);附睾管管腔内腔内精子稀少,含有大量脱落细胞,管壁变薄。结论环磷酰胺对大鼠睾丸、附睾远期损害明显,促进生精细胞凋亡。     

淫羊藿苷对ConA诱导的小鼠肝脏损伤保护机理的研究

目的:利用刀豆蛋白A(ConA)诱导建立小鼠肝炎模型,观察淫羊藿苷对该损伤模型保护作用的细胞免疫学和分子免疫学机制。方法:采用C57BL/6雄性小鼠,随机分为淫羊藿苷+ConA组、生理盐水+ConA组、淫羊藿苷+生理盐水组。小鼠尾静脉注射ConA,建立T细胞介导的免疫性肝脏损伤模型;采用转氨酶试剂盒测定各组小鼠血液中转氨酶含量;组织病理学观察实验小鼠肝脏组织和肝细胞坏死变化;采用ELISA试剂盒测定血清中炎性细胞因子IFN-γ、TNF-α含量;流式细胞术观察注射ConA后肝脏淋巴细胞的活化变化。结果:与ConA对照组相比,淫羊藿苷干预组小鼠血液中ALT和AST水平明显降低,P<0.01;IFN-γ、TNF-α含量明显降低,P<0.05;H&E染色可见淫羊藿苷干预组小鼠肝细胞核完整,未见炎性细胞的浸润,而ConA对照组小鼠肝细胞核固缩,部分核膜破裂,肝组织内有炎症细胞和红细胞浸润;流式细胞技术发现淫羊藿苷可明显延缓由ConA引起的肝脏NKT细胞的活化,减弱T细胞的浸润。结论:淫羊藿苷对ConA诱导的小鼠肝脏损伤有明显的保护作用,其机理可能与淫羊藿苷降低血液中IFN-γ、TNF-α表达及影响肝脏NKT细胞的活化有关。     

淫羊藿苷调节酸性微环境减轻绝经后老年骨质疏松性疼痛

背景：前期研究已证明，淫羊藿苷在促进骨形成和抑制骨吸收方面具有重要作用，但其对骨质疏松介导的骨痛产生的影响尚未见报道。目的：探讨淫羊藿苷减轻绝经后老年性骨质疏松性骨痛的可能机制。方法：(1)动物实验：将200只C57BL/6小鼠随机分为4组：假手术组、模型组、模型+淫羊藿苷组，模型+碳酸酐酶Ⅱ抑制剂组。除假手术组外，其余各组摘除小鼠卵巢建立绝经后骨质疏松模型。模型+淫羊藿苷组在造模后第2天灌胃淫羊藿苷，每2周进行1次疼痛行为学实验并取材，持续20周。microCT检测股骨骨量、苏木精-伊红染色及TRAP染色检测破骨细胞活性、免疫荧光染色检测神经元形态及相关离子通道表达。(2)细胞实验：提取小鼠骨髓来源的破骨细胞前体细胞，在体外使用RANKL/M-CSF体系诱导分化为破骨细胞并添加不同浓度淫羊藿苷(1,10μmol/L)干预。采用抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶染色检测破骨细胞分化，采用鬼笔环肽染色检测破骨细胞肌动蛋白环，采用骨板吸收实验检测破骨细胞噬骨功能，采用pH计检测体系pH值，采用Western Blot检测破骨细胞分化相关蛋白表达。此外，提取小鼠背根神经节来源神经细胞并用淫羊藿苷处理，采用C...     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.