非特异性输尿管炎的临床诊疗分析

目的:探讨非特异性输尿管炎的诊断和治疗方法。方法:回顾性分析1975年5月～2010年6月间我院收治的25例非特异性输尿管炎患者的资料。结果:25例患者中,男14例,女11例。年龄21～76岁,平均49岁。临床表现:腰部胀痛占72%(18/25),无痛性肉眼血尿占12%(3/25),发热占8%(2/25),体检发现占8%(2/25)。病程1～3年,平均16个月。病变位于输尿管上段3例,中段10例,下段12例。行B超、IVU、MRU、逆行肾盂造影、CT、输尿管镜、放射性核素肾动态显像检查的病例分别为25、24、17、16、13、8、6例。手术治疗19例,行输尿管镜置入双J管6例。病理检查均证实为非特异性输尿管炎。术后患者症状消失,随访24例,9个月～5年,平均34个月,肾积水消失9例,减轻14例,无变化1例,无癌变及复发者。结论:非特异性输尿管炎临床表现以腰部胀痛为主,诊断方法主要是影像学和输尿管镜检查,确诊依靠病理检查。输尿管部分切除吻合术治疗效果良好。     

腹腔镜输尿管吻合术

目的 探讨腹腔镜输尿管吻合术治疗输尿管梗阻性疾病的可行性及临床体会。方法本组9例，男4例，女5例；年龄34～64岁，平均49岁；左侧5例，右侧4例；其中输尿管上段结石伴大息肉形成2例、腔静脉后输尿管1例、输尿管上段息肉1例、输尿管中段肿瘤(对侧为无功能肾)1例、输尿管中段狭窄1例、输尿管上段结石术后输尿管狭窄1例，输尿管中段结石伴输尿管狭窄1例，妇科巨大子宫肌瘤术后输尿管下段结扎梗阻1例。B超检查均有患侧肾输尿管扩张、积水，其中重度肾积水6例、中度肾积水3例。手术采用经腹腔路径腹腔镜下打开侧腹膜、探查输尿管、切除病变输尿管并用5-0可吸收线间断缝合输尿管切口作输尿管吻合。结果9例手术均成功，手术时间80～170min，平均116min。术中出血80～200ml，平均147ml，无输血。术后引流管均无明显漏尿，1个月拔除双J管。平均随访14个月，8例IVU、经腹超声(BUS)复查患肾分泌功能改善，7例显影良好，1例肾显影延迟改逆行尿路造影(RGU)检查，患肾积水明显减轻，其中中度肾积水2例、轻度肾积水4例、无肾积水2例。输尿管无狭窄。1例输尿管肿瘤者病理报告为输尿管鳞癌，切缘阴性，但于术后13个月肿瘤复发而再次行肾造瘘术。结论腹腔镜输尿管吻合术是治疗输尿管疾病的微创方法，具有实用价值。     

一期微创手术治疗肾肿物合并输尿管结石

目的探讨一期微创手术治疗肾肿物合并输尿管结石的安全性和可行性。方法回顾性分析2011年3月～2018年5月同期治疗肾肿物合并结石11例资料。肾肿物左侧7例,右侧4例,5例肾囊肿长径4. 2～5. 8 cm,平均4. 9cm,6例肾实性肿瘤长径1. 7～4. 1 cm,平均2. 4 cm。输尿管结石9例与肾肿物同侧,2例为对侧。先行输尿管镜碎石取石术,再行后腹腔镜肾囊肿开窗或肾部分切除术。结果 5例肾囊肿行输尿管镜碎石取石+后腹腔镜肾囊肿开窗术,手术时间72～226 min,平均122. 8 min,出血量5～10 ml,无输血,术后住院时间4～7 d,平均4. 8 d,未见明显并发症,病理均为肾囊肿; 6例肾实性肿瘤行输尿管镜碎石取石+后腹腔镜肾部分切除术,手术时间158～314 min,平均220. 3 min,出血量20～100 ml,中位数20 ml,无输血,术后住院时间6～11 d,平均7. 7 d,未见明显并发症,病理均为肾透明细胞癌。结论对于肾肿物合并输尿管结石,可以考虑行输尿管镜碎石取石术,根据肿物性质同期行后腹腔镜肾囊肿开窗或肾部分切除术,安全有效。     

后腹腔镜肾盂输尿管切开取石术(附81例报告)

目的　评价后腹腔镜肾盂输尿管切开取石术治疗肾盂及输尿管中上段结石的应用价值。　方法　施行后腹腔镜肾盂输尿管切开取石术 81例 88侧。男 5 1例 ,女 30例。年龄 12～ 6 5岁 ,平均 36岁。结石直径 0 .8～ 3.0cm。左侧 4 1例 ,右侧 33例 ,双侧 7例。其中肾盂结石 11例 ,输尿管上段结石 6 8例 ,中段 2例。 3例为输尿管阴性结石。 2 1例曾行体外冲击波碎石术 (ESWL)或经输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术 (URL)或两者联合治疗 ;1例曾行经皮肾镜取石术 (MPCNL)、1例行URL致输尿管穿孔 ,中转腹腔镜手术。　结果　结石均一次取净。手术时间 30～ 2 10min ,平均 6 5min ;术中出血量 10～ 6 0ml,平均 2 5ml。 30例合并其他泌尿系疾病者术中一并施行后腹腔镜手术治疗。术后住院时间 4～ 10d。 6 0例获随访 1～ 16个月 ,无结石复发。　结论　后腹腔镜肾盂输尿管切开取石术可成为较大、质硬、阴性、慢性嵌顿性肾盂输尿管上段结石 ,尤其在孤立肾时的一线治疗 ;可作为ESWL和腔内治疗失败的补救治疗措施 ;并可同期行腹腔镜手术治疗并发疾病。     

孤立肾输尿管癌的腔内治疗（附6例报告）

目的探讨孤立肾输尿管癌腔内治疗的疗效。方法 2006年2月～2010年4月6例术前经彩超、IVP、膀胱镜及逆行肾盂造影、尿脱落细胞、CT、MRI、输尿管镜等检查诊断为输尿管癌,经输尿管镜及肾镜切除肿瘤及周围1 cm正常组织,术后均留置双J管4～6周。结果无中转开放手术,无副损伤;手术时间20～30 min,平均25 min;处理肿瘤时间控制在20 min内。6例随访6～12个月,平均9个月：1例下段肿瘤术后7个月原位复发,再次经输尿管镜下切除,术后病理仍为移行细胞癌,病理分级G1级;1例下段及上段肿瘤术后4个月复发,部位为中段,再次经输尿管镜下切除,术后病理为移行细胞癌,病理分级G2级;4例术后3个月复查输尿管镜见输尿管黏膜光滑,形态正常,肾积水全部消失,多次尿脱落细胞学检查为阴性,术后6个月,1年IVP、MR水成像检查提示未发现异常,且无肾积水。结论孤立肾患者早期原发输尿管癌的腔内治疗手术时间短,并发症少,效果较好,值得推荐。     

腔镜治疗输尿管末端结石并无功能肾（附9例报道）

目的：探讨腔镜治疗输尿管末端结石并无功能肾的处理策略。方法：输尿管末端结石并无功能肾9例,术前影像学及尿细胞学检查均未发现肿瘤改变。先以膀胱电切镜经尿道行膀胱袖状切除术,再在B超引导下,经皮细针穿刺抽吸部分肾积水,约1000-2500ml,增大后腹腔空间,行后腹腔镜下肾输尿管全切术,最后在下腹部取4～6cm小切口,将肾、输尿管全长及末端结石完整取出。结果：9例患者手术顺利,手术时间150-270min,平均（190．5±23．7）min;估计出血量30-90ml,平均（54．2±13．6）ml;术后7～10天拆线出院。随访6个月～3年,无肿瘤等并发症发生。术后输尿管末端病理检查示：6例慢性炎症;2例慢性炎症并上皮细胞不典型增生;1例输尿管原位癌。结论：输尿管末端结石长期慢性炎性刺激,导致尿路上皮细胞异常增生与癌变。对输尿管末端结石合并无功能肾患者,视同输尿管癌,后腹腔镜联合膀胱电切镜行肾输尿管全长与膀胱袖状切除术,达到微创效果。     

泌尿系子宫内膜异位症临床诊治特点分析

目的 探讨泌尿系子宫内膜异位症的临床诊治特点.方法 女性泌尿系子宫内膜异位症患者10例.平均年龄39(28～49)岁.病史6个月～3年.膀胱子宫内膜异位症4例,临床表现为月经期尿路刺激症、下腹部坠痛不适感,其中伴肉眼血尿1例.B超、CT检查提示膀胱占位病变直径2.0～3.5 cm.输尿管子宫内膜异位症6例,左侧4例,右侧2例.临床表现为腰腹部不适4例,间断无痛性肉眼血尿1例,查体B超偶然发现肾积水1例.B超检查肾盂分离2.0～4.5 cm,输尿管中上段扩张1.0～2.0 cm,其中1例输尿管下端占位伴肾重度积水;CT检查输尿管下段狭窄5例,长度2.0～3.0 cm;输尿管下段占位病变1例.结果 10例均行手术治疗.膀胱部分切除4例,其中同时切除双卵巢、子宫1例;输尿管部分切除输尿管膀胱吻合术3例,输尿管端端吻合术2例,肾输尿管全长切除1例.术后病理诊断均为子宫内膜异位症.术后9例服用17α-乙炔睾丸酮200 mg,2次/d,持续6～12个月.10例患者随访12～60个月,8例恢复良好;2例输尿管子宫内膜异位症患者术后18、24个月复发,予内置输尿管支架管,分别口服17α-乙炔睾丸酮及注射戈舍瑞林治疗3个月后症状缓解.结论 泌尿系子宫内膜异位症多无特异性表现,术前确诊困难,手术切除病灶效果好,辅助药物治疗可预防复发.     

泌尿系子宫内膜异位症临床诊治特点分析

目的 探讨泌尿系子宫内膜异位症的临床诊治特点.方法 女性泌尿系子宫内膜异位症患者10例.平均年龄39(28～49)岁.病史6个月～3年.膀胱子宫内膜异位症4例,临床表现为月经期尿路刺激症、下腹部坠痛不适感,其中伴肉眼血尿1例.B超、CT检查提示膀胱占位病变直径2.0～3.5 cm.输尿管子宫内膜异位症6例,左侧4例,右侧2例.临床表现为腰腹部不适4例,间断无痛性肉眼血尿1例,查体B超偶然发现肾积水1例.B超检查肾盂分离2.0～4.5 cm,输尿管中上段扩张1.0～2.0 cm,其中1例输尿管下端占位伴肾重度积水;CT检查输尿管下段狭窄5例,长度2.0～3.0 cm;输尿管下段占位病变1例.结果 10例均行手术治疗.膀胱部分切除4例,其中同时切除双卵巢、子宫1例;输尿管部分切除输尿管膀胱吻合术3例,输尿管端端吻合术2例,肾输尿管全长切除1例.术后病理诊断均为子宫内膜异位症.术后9例服用17α-乙炔睾丸酮200 mg,2次/d,持续6～12个月.10例患者随访12～60个月,8例恢复良好;2例输尿管子宫内膜异位症患者术后18、24个月复发,予内置输尿管支架管,分别口服17α-乙炔睾丸酮及注射戈舍瑞林治疗3个月后症状缓解.结论 泌尿系子宫内膜异位症多无特异性表现,术前确诊困难,手术切除病灶效果好,辅助药物治疗可预防复发.     

泌尿系子宫内膜异位症临床诊治特点分析

目的 探讨泌尿系子宫内膜异位症的临床诊治特点.方法 女性泌尿系子宫内膜异位症患者10例.平均年龄39(28～49)岁.病史6个月～3年.膀胱子宫内膜异位症4例,临床表现为月经期尿路刺激症、下腹部坠痛不适感,其中伴肉眼血尿1例.B超、CT检查提示膀胱占位病变直径2.0～3.5 cm.输尿管子宫内膜异位症6例,左侧4例,右侧2例.临床表现为腰腹部不适4例,间断无痛性肉眼血尿1例,查体B超偶然发现肾积水1例.B超检查肾盂分离2.0～4.5 cm,输尿管中上段扩张1.0～2.0 cm,其中1例输尿管下端占位伴肾重度积水;CT检查输尿管下段狭窄5例,长度2.0～3.0 cm;输尿管下段占位病变1例.结果 10例均行手术治疗.膀胱部分切除4例,其中同时切除双卵巢、子宫1例;输尿管部分切除输尿管膀胱吻合术3例,输尿管端端吻合术2例,肾输尿管全长切除1例.术后病理诊断均为子宫内膜异位症.术后9例服用17α-乙炔睾丸酮200 mg,2次/d,持续6～12个月.10例患者随访12～60个月,8例恢复良好;2例输尿管子宫内膜异位症患者术后18、24个月复发,予内置输尿管支架管,分别口服17α-乙炔睾丸酮及注射戈舍瑞林治疗3个月后症状缓解.结论 泌尿系子宫内膜异位症多无特异性表现,术前确诊困难,手术切除病灶效果好,辅助药物治疗可预防复发.     

手助腹腔镜肾输尿管及膀胱袖套状切除术(附9例报告)

目的：探讨手助腹腔镜肾输尿管及膀胱袖套状切除术的手术技术。方法：采用手助腹腔镜对9例肾盂及输尿管肿瘤患者行肾输尿管及膀胱袖套状切除术,其中肾盂癌5例,输尿管癌4例;男7例,女2例;年龄45～68岁,平均53．5岁。结果：9例手术均成功实施,术后病理检查证实为移行细胞癌。手术时问为150～210min,平均190min,出血量50～200ml,平均150ml。术后恢复快,7～21天后出院,无明显并发症。对所有患者随访2～24个月,无肿瘤复发。结论：采用手助腹腔镜肾输尿管及膀胱袖套状切除术治疗肾盂及输尿管肿瘤具有手术时间短、安全、出血少、损伤小、患者术后恢复快、痛苦小、并发症少等优点。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.