腹腔镜胆囊大部分切除术临床应用探讨

为探讨腹腔镜下胆囊大部分切除术在复杂腹腔镜胆囊切除术中应用价值，回顾分析近年来施行的280例腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC），其中31例为腹腔镜胆囊大部分切除的临床资料，对比两种术式的手术疗效及并发症。结果显示，31例均在腹腔镜下完成胆囊大部分切除术，无术后出血、黄疸及肝外胆管损伤,术后胆漏1例,经保守治疗治愈，随访1～28个月,未见与手术有关的并发症。但腹腔镜胆囊大部分切除术组术中出血、手术时间和平均住院时间均高于LC组（P＜0.05），两组术后并发症无差异。笔者认为在困难胆囊手术中,腹腔镜胆囊大部分切除术可简化手术,降低手术风险,降低腹腔镜胆囊切除手术中的中转率，与LC一样是安全的。     

腹腔镜手术治疗急性化脓性胆囊炎（附156例报告）

目的探讨腹腔镜手术治疗急性化脓性胆囊炎的可行性、安全性。方法对2005年1月～2008年5月156例急性化脓性胆囊炎行腹腔镜手术的临床资料进行回顾性分析。常规四孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术,对胆囊三角解剖不清者行胆囊造瘘或胆囊大部分切除术。结果156例均行腹腔镜手术,其中139例（89.1%）顺利完成腹腔镜胆囊切除术,6例（3.8%）行胆囊造瘘,11例（7.1%）行胆囊大部分切除术,无一例中转开腹。手术时间35～180min,平均75min。13例直接胆红素升高和（或）胆总管扩张术中胆道造影示9例胆总管结石,腹腔镜下切开取石,T管引流,术后2个月造影后拔管。156例术后随访3～6个月,无黄疸、腹痛、发热等并发症,无胆总管残留结石。结论腹腔镜手术治疗急性化脓性胆囊炎是一种安全、可行的治疗方法。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术56例临床分析

目的探讨腹腔镜下胆囊切除效果。方法回顾性分析2007年10月～2010年5月笔者所在科室行腹腔镜下胆囊切除的56例患者,总结并发症及术中情况。结果本研究56例行腹腔镜下胆囊切除术的患者中,术中中转开腹5例,51例完全靠腹腔镜下完成手术。2例术后胆囊床渗血严重,血性引流液24h〉200mL。1例患者术中腹壁戳口出血,1例胆总管被横断,1例术后出现黄疸和肝损害,再次手术探查发现钛夹夹闭了肝总管。结论腹腔镜下胆囊切除治疗效果较好,熟练掌握器械操作技术是减少术中术后并发症的重要条件。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后残余胆囊的腹腔镜再手术治疗体会

目的:探讨残余胆囊再次行腹腔镜切除术的可行性及手术技巧。方法:回顾分析2010年6月至2014年8月收集的18例病例,其中2例合并胆总管结石。患者均经历一次腹腔镜胆囊切除术,术后出现残余胆囊结石,并出现胆囊炎症状,再次行腹腔镜残余胆囊切除术(2例胆总管结石同时行胆总管切开取石术)。结果:18例均顺利行腹腔镜残余胆囊切除术,手术时间平均(55.3±0.6)min,术中出血量平均(35.5±0.3)ml,患者均于术后次日下床并进食低脂流食,术后恢复良好,患者术前主诉的症状均消失,平均住院(3.8±0.3)d,随访10例患者1~6个月,无胆漏、黄疸等并发症发生。结论:腹腔镜手术用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术后残余胆囊结石伴胆囊炎是安全、有效的治疗方法,值得推广应用。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术的治疗体会

目的评价腹腔镜胆囊切除术的优势及并发症。方法选取2008年10月～2010年11月接受腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗的患者58例。结果 58例患者完成腹腔镜胆囊切除术,1例术后胆管狭窄,1例再手术,1例钛夹夹闭不全致胆囊动脉出血,立即开腹止血;55例随访1～18个月,平均6个月,无胆管炎症状等相关并发症及结石再形成。结论经腹腔镜行胆囊切除具有手术时间短、痛苦轻、出血少、恢复快等特点,但也存在出血、胆瘘、胆管损伤、感染及邻近大脏器损伤等严重并发症,其机率高于开腹手术。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除治疗急性胆囊炎312例

目的总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性胆囊炎的经验。方法 2001年1月至2009年3月,对急性胆囊炎312例采用常规四孔法行腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗。结果 306例成功完成腹腔镜胆囊切除术;6例中转开腹,其中1例胆囊三角粘连致密,2例术中大出血,1例术中发现胆总管结石,1例胆囊十二指肠瘘,1例Mirizzi综合征。术中无胆管损伤,术后未发生腹腔出血、胆漏及膈下脓肿等并发症。312例术后随访3～24个月,平均12个月,无腹痛、黄疸等不适。结论腹腔镜手术治疗急性胆囊炎是安全可行的,关键是术者必须充分了解腹腔镜胆囊切除术操作要点和熟练掌握操作技术,并把握好中转开腹手术的指征。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊管的处理体会

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中胆囊管残端处理的经验。方法:回顾分析2010年3月至2015年3月为1 568例患者行LC的临床资料,其中术后胆囊管残端形成结石15例,9例为急性胆囊炎发作期手术,6例为胆囊管解剖变异。结果:4例在腹腔镜下完成手术,11例中转开腹。患者术后上腹部隐痛不适、肩胛间区疼痛、食欲不振等症状均缓解,术后无胆漏、胆道狭窄等并发症发生,术后随访3个月~4年,彩超及MRCP提示均未见胆囊管结石或胆总管结石。结论:LC术中处理胆囊管时胆囊管残端应尽量短,最好做到与胆总管切线位,以预防术中胆囊管残端残余结石及术后残端再发结石。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后并发症再次腹腔镜下处理

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（1aparoscopic cholecystectomy LC）并发症再次腹腔镜下处理的可行性。方法回顾分析我院2000年1月～2007年9月11例LC术后严重并发症再次腹腔镜下处理的临床资料。结果11例中并发症主要为出血、胆漏、胆管损伤和十二指肠球部损伤。11例均通过再次腹腔镜下处理成功并痊愈出院。结论Lc术后并发症再次腹腔镜下处理是可行的。     

基层医院腹腔镜胆囊切除术并发症回顾

目的通过基层医院腹腔镜胆囊切除术并发症的回顾，总结经验和教训。方法自1995年开始施行腹腔镜胆囊切除术至今共1620例，共发生并发症20余例，分别进行分析和总结。结果胆管损伤5例，术中发现修复3例，术后再手术2例；胆漏8例，再手术4例，死亡1例；大出血1例，十二指肠损伤1例，均再次手术。结论通过10年的实践，深感通过各种方法，降低手术并发症是基层医院开展腹腔镜胆囊切除术成功的关键。     

腹腔镜治疗胆囊颈部结石临床体会

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆囊颈部结石的处理方法。方法 2002年10月至2008年10月间,我们对286例胆囊颈部结石分别采用腹腔镜胆囊顺行切除、逆行切除和顺逆结合切除术治疗。结果手术均获成功,术后恢复顺利,无严重并发症出现。结论腹腔镜胆囊切除术中对不同情况的胆囊颈部结石采用不同的处理方法,可以有效避免术中胆管损伤等严重并发症。     

ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY FOLLOWING LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the preferred method of treatment for symptomatic choledocholithiasis. Since its introduction there has been an increase in postoperative diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The aim of this study was to assess the indications and results of ERCP following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Sixty-one patients had an ERCP following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Two broad groups were identified: Group 1 (35 patients) had filling defects (consistent with stones) noted on operative cholangiography, which were not successfully flushed or extracted at the time of laparoscopic cholecystectomy; Group 2 consisted of patients who developed problems following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Nine patients had post-laparoscopic cholecystectomy pain with abnormal liver function tests (LFT), four of whom had common bile duct (CBD) injuries and three had CBD stones. Eleven patients had post-laparoscopic cholecystectomy pain with a normal diameter common bile duct on ultrasound and normal LFT; only one had a CBD stone. Five patients with a persisting bile leak following laparoscopic cholecystectomy had an ERCP and endoscopic sphincterotomy. In three the leak ceased, while two required subsequent open surgery to drain bile collections and ligate the cystic duct. One patient presented with an episode of transient jaundice but had a normal ERCP. There were six post-ERCP complications; three patients had mild pancreatitis, two had a minor haemorrhage and one an asymptomatic duodenal perforation. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography post-laparoscopic cholecystectomy was most valuable for the management of retained stones and the diagnosis and management of post-laparoscopic cholecystectomy pain in association with abnormal LFT. The diagnostic yield was low (9%) when the LFT were normal.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后意外并发症的预防及处理

目的：分析腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy, LC）后意外并发症的发生原因,探讨其预防措施、经验及操作技巧。方法：回顾分析2002—2012年1180例LC患者的临床资料,其中9例发生术后意外并发症。结果：胆道术后综合征3例,胆囊结石落入胆总管继发胆总管结石并梗阻性黄疸1例,胆囊管残余结石1例,术后出血1例,胃壁损伤1例,急性肺栓塞1例,意外胆囊癌1例。结论：导致术后意外并发症的原因较多,术者必须谨慎、规范操作,适时中转开腹,以减少并发症的发生。     

完全经脐单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术的手术方法及技术改进

目的:探讨完全经脐单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术(1aparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)的手术方法及技术改进.方法:回顾分析在钟世镇院士提出的胆囊替代定位点理论指导下,开展完全经脐LC94例的手术方法及技术改进,并复习总结国內相关文献.结果:94例患者中1例因可疑胆囊癌中转开腹,3例因腹腔粘连、肥胖等因...     

Diagnostics and treatment of postcholecystectomy biliary complications

The study concerns early postoperative bile leak and obstructive jaundice syndrome after cholecystectomy. 4865 patients were included in the study. The initial cholecystectomy was performed through the traditional laparotomy (n=2122), minilaparotomic access (n=1024) and laparoscopic access (n=1710). Early biliary complications were registered in 135 (2,8%) patients, of whom 47 had bile leak and 88 develop obstructive jaundice. The external drainage bile leak was registered in 0,68%; bile leak trough the trained common bile duct had 0,17% and bile leak into the abdominal cavity had 0,12% of these patients. In 17 cases the bile leak was caused by the cystic duct stump insufficiency, 12 cases were caused by bile leak from the gall bladder bed. 73,5% of bile leak were caused by misdiagnosed choledocholithiasis and papilla Vateri stenosis. Obstructive jaundice in early postoperative period was determined by underdiagnosed bile ductal pathology in the majority of patients (84 patients of 88). The main diagnostic method of biliary complications was the retrograde cholangiopancreaticography with the efficacy of 99,2%. Endoscopic transpapillary operations were curative in 97% of cases. Complications after endoscopic manipulations developed in 3,3%, all of them were successfully conservatively treated.     

结肠镜引导下腹腔镜治疗结肠息肉32例

目的探讨结肠镜引导下腹腔镜下治疗结肠息肉的安全性和可行性。方法 2008年4月~2009年10月32例基底直径〉1.0 cm结肠镜下无法切除的结肠息肉在结肠镜引导下行腹腔镜下切除,其中21例广基息肉在结肠镜指导下腹腔镜切除并缝合修补肠管;11例腹腔镜辅助下小切口切除病变肠段。结果 32例均顺利完成手术,无中转开腹。手术时间平均70 min（40~150 min）,肠功能恢复时间平均28 h（20~30 h）。32例术后随访平均12个月（8~14个月）,未见复发。结论在结肠镜引导下腹腔镜切除结肠镜切除困难的结肠息肉,定位准确,切除彻底,是治疗结肠息肉有效、安全可行的方法。     

36例腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤的原因及处理

目的分析腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）胆管损伤的原因及影响因素,探讨其防治的措施。方法1998年1月-2007年2月,我院行LC 8600例,发生胆管损伤36例。术中发现31例,术后因黄疸、胆漏发现5例。肝总管无缺损横断20例,胆总管横断4例,肝总管游离横断缺损4例,肝总管钛夹不全夹闭3例,胆总管不全夹闭1例,胆囊管与肝总管交汇处撕裂损伤3例,电钩损伤胆总管1例。胆管对端吻合并置T管支撑引流24例,肝总管-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合4例,T管支撑引流4例,胆-肠Roux-en-Y吻合1例,拔除钛夹3例。结果1例胆管对端吻合后2个月后T管拔除,术后胆管狭窄,3个月后行胆-肠Roux-en-Y吻合术;2例因胆管空肠吻合口狭窄,于术后11个月再次行胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合。3例三次手术者随访2-3年,未出现胆管炎症状及结石再形成。1例术后反复发作胆管炎、黄疸、肝功损害,经多次住院抗炎、肝功支持治疗及加强预防,随访1年上述症状消失。余32例术后随访8-36个月,平均16个月,未出现任何不适,无胆管狭窄及其他并发症。结论术者对LC潜在危险性缺乏足够重视,盲目扩大手术适应证,手术操作粗糙、疏漏,经验不足,镜下不能正确判断Calot三角关系,器械使用不当,是发生胆管损伤的根本原因。严格掌握手术适应证,强化操作训练,把握中转开腹的时机,可减少胆管损伤的发生。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤的处理

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy，LC）中胆管损伤的处理。方法回顾分析我院1992年3月-2006年10月8876例LC中16例胆管损伤的临床资料，其中胆总管横行剪断4例，电灼伤3例，胆总管部分撕裂伤4例，钛夹误夹5例。胆管裂口修补，T管支撑引流6例；游离两断端，行端端吻合，T管支撑引流3例；胆管空肠Roux—en—Y吻合5例；去肽夹2例。结果1例胆总管横行剪断后行胆管端端吻合，置T管支撑引流3个月，T管拔除3～5个月后因胆管狭窄，再次行胆管空肠Roux—en—Y吻合，术后未出现因胆管狭窄所引起阻塞性黄疸。2例因胆管空肠吻合口狭窄，分别于术后9、11个月再次行胆管空肠Roux—en—Y吻合，再手术后随访2～4年，未出现胆管炎症状、结石再形成。1例胆管完全性夹闭后行胆管空肠Roux—en-Y吻合术后胆道感染，反复发作。余12例均一次性临床治愈，其中10例随访3～4年，未出现任何不适。结论胆管损伤是LC的主要并发症，早期预防和积极处理胆管损伤是防止多次胆道手术的重要举措。     

Mirizzi syndrome: experience in diagnosis and treatment of 25 cases

The objective of this study is to summarize the experience in diagnosis and treatment of Mirizzi syndrome (MS) and reduce the incidence of operative complications. Twenty-five cases of Mirizzi syndrome from January 2005 to January 2010 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 11 male patients and 14 female patients, ranging in ages from 26 to 80 years with a median age of 51.3. Preoperative radiological diagnosis was achieved in 10 patients: ultrasonography (n = 5) and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (n = 10). The others were diagnosed intraoperatively. Fifteen patients had Type I MS. Two were treated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy successfully. The laparoscopic procedure had to be converted to open procedure in one patient. Seven patients had open complete cholecystectomy, three had subtotal cholecystectomy, and two had removal of stones from the gall bladder and choledochostomy after cholecystostomy was performed, with secondary cholecystectomy 3 months later. Six patients had Type II MS. Five underwent cholecystectomy, common bile duct (CBD) repair, and T-tube insertion. One was managed with transection of CBD and Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy. Two patients with Type III MS underwent cholecystectomy, CBD repair, and T-tube insertion. Cholecystectomy and Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy was performed in the two patients with Type IV MS. All the patients recovered from the operation. The follow-up period ranged from 5 years to 5 months. One patient developed obstructive jaundice more than 2 years after the operation, and recovered after the secondary operation. The follow-up of others were uneventful. Preoperative diagnosis of MS is very difficult. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography is very helpful in preoperative diagnosis, and a high index of clinical suspicion is required to make a preoperative or intraoperative diagnosis, which can lead to correct operative strategy to manage Mirizzi syndrome.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤的因素及对策

目的:通过对腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscop ic cholecystectomy,LC)胆管损伤因素的探讨,找准其预防对策,减少胆管损伤率。方法:回顾性分析我院1992年10月~2004年8月实施的35 000例LC术中29例胆管损伤的因素。结果:胆总管损伤11例;汇合部分离性损伤6例;穿孔性胆管损伤9例;右侧副肝管损伤3例。29例全部治愈,27例随访1.5~11年,无严重并发症。结论:LC术中要警惕胆管损伤因素,仔细操作每一步,胆管损伤率可减少。     

A Rare Finding During a Common Procedure: Xanthogranulomatous Cholecystitis

Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis is a rare variant of chronic cholecystitis characterized by severe proliferative fibrosis and accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages in regions of destructive inflammation. Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis clinically and radiologically mimics early-stage gallbladder cancer, with wall thickening on computed tomography. The study included 14 xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis patients that were identified following retrospective analysis of the records of 1248 patients that underwent cholecystectomy between 2005 and 2011. Mean age of the 5 male and 9 female patients was 56.7 years. All 14 patients had gallbladder stones; 10 had a history of acute cholecystitis, 1 had cholangitis, and 2 presented with obstructive jaundice. A right-upper quadrant mass was palpable in 2 patients. All patients underwent cholecystectomy. Open surgery was planned and performed in 6 of the 14 patients, and laparoscopic cholecystectomy was planned in 8 patients, but was converted to open surgery in 1 case. In total, 1 patient developed wound infection, 1 patient had postoperative pneumonia, and 1 patient developed intraabdominal hematoma. None of the patients in the series died. Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis is difficult to diagnose, both preoperatively and intraoperatively, and definitive diagnosis depends exclusively on pathological examination. Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis should be a consideration in all difficult cholecystectomy cases.