杭白菊复合饮驱铅效果评价

目的了解杭白菊复合饮驱铅效果。方法采用小鼠铅负荷增高实验,建立中毒模型。测定各组血铅、骨铅、维生素C指标;另选择血铅高于2.40μmol/L接铅者60名,随机分为试验组与对照组,测定服用杭白菊复合饮前后血铅、尿铅指标。结果驱铅实验组小鼠血铅、骨铅均低于染毒组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。维生素C含量显著增高（P〈0.01）,杭白菊复合饮对小鼠血铅、骨铅的铅清除率分别为36.7%,33.4%;接铅者试食杭白菊复合饮服用15 d后与服用前比较血铅下降明显,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,服用30 d后下降更明显。服用15和30 d后血铅的铅清除率分别为42%,59%。服用15 d后尿铅平均值明显增高,是服用前的2倍,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。服用30 d后尿铅排出下降,但与试验前比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论杭白菊复合饮驱铅效果满意。     

急性四乙基铅中毒患者血铅和尿铅含量与中毒程度的关系

目的观察血铅和尿铅含量与急性四乙基铅中毒程度之间的关系。方法分别用微分电位溶出法测定31名四乙基铅接触者的血铅和尿铅并对其进行统计学分析。结果①重度中毒组血铅为(3.78±1.21)μmol/L,尿铅为(1.34±0.52)μmol/L;轻度中毒组血铅为(2.58±1.09)μmol/L,尿铅为(0.86±0.34)μmol/L。其结果与四乙基铅接触组比较,差异均有显著性(P<0.05);②血铅与尿铅测定结果呈正相关,相关系数为0.261 8。结论脱离接触四乙基铅早期测定血铅、尿铅水平可作为评判四乙基铅中毒轻重程度的一项参考指标。     

不同浓度铅接触者血铅水平对铅中毒诊断分级的价值

探讨铅接触工人血铅浓度与慢性铅中毒程度的关系。 [方法 ]对 12 7人 (男 112人 ,女 15人 )蓄电池厂工人的血铅及空气中铅浓度的剂量 反应关系进行研究。 [结果 ]血铅在不同铅接触浓度下呈明显的剂量 反应关系。进一步对血铅值分组分析 ,发现高浓度接触组血铅与铅中毒的诊断分级相一致 ,而低浓度接触组铅吸收病例血铅为 (2 2 5 5± 0 0 6 9) μmol/L ,轻度铅中毒病例血铅为 (2 16 0± 0 0 76 ) μmol/L ,两组比较无显著性差异。[结论 ]仅以血铅值来划分中毒程度欠妥 ,还应以现行国家慢性铅中毒诊断标准综合分析进行中毒分级。     

血锌原卟啉早期筛查铅作业人群职业健康损害意义探讨

目的 探讨血锌原卟啉(ZPP)作为铅作业工人的健康损害效应筛查指标的意义.方法 对某铅酸蓄电池厂478名铅作业工人(接触组)和112名上岗前工人(对照组)进行职业健康检查,包括测定ZPP、血铅(PbB)和血红蛋白(Hb),并进行职业卫生学调查和测定工作场所空气中铅烟、铅尘时间加权平均浓度(CTWA).结果 工作场所铅烟、铅尘检测点超标率分别为62.5％和37.5％.接触组工人PbB质量浓度中位数(M)为186.4 μg/L,ZPP浓度M为0.69μmoL/L,与对照组(分别为48.9 μg/L、0.58 μmol/L)比较,差异均有统计学意义(P ＜0.001).接触组Hb水平[(138.08±15.53) g/L]与对照组[(138.00±14.69) g/L]比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).选用ZPp≥1.57 μmol/L(本实验室正常参考值上限)作为指标确定进行诊断性驱铅试验的比率高于以PbB≥400μg/L作为指标的比率(P＜0.05),21名ZPP≥1.57 μmol/L人员经诊断性驱铅试验后慢性铅中毒和观察对象检出率为38.1％(8/21).结论 ZPP作为早期筛查铅作业人群职业健康损害指标有重要意义,建议将ZPP作为铅作业人群职业健康检查的必检项目.     

铅对作业工人甲状腺功能的影响

目的　了解铅对作业工人甲状腺功能的影响。方法　选择暴露于铅作业环境下的人群 ,了解工人作业工龄 ,采用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定其作业环境中铅浓度 ,用原子吸收光谱法测定作业工人血铅 (PbB)浓度 ,用血液锌原卟啉测定仪测定血锌原卟啉 (ZPP)浓度 ,用放射免疫分析法检测血清中促甲状腺素 (TSH)、三碘甲状腺原氨酸 (T3)、甲状腺素 (T4 )、游离T3(FT3)、游离T4 (FT4 ) 5项甲状腺功能指标。结果　血铅 >2 .88μmol/L时 ,T3[(1 .54± 0 .39)nmol/L]、FT3[(5 .50± 1 .2 6)pmol/L]含量明显低于血铅 (1 .92～ 2 .88) μmol/L组 [T3(1 .71± 0 .45)nmol/L、FT3(6 .1 2± 1 .64)pmol/L] ,差异有显著性(P <0 .0 5)。铅作业工龄长短对甲状腺激素 (TH)含量未见明显影响。结论　高浓度血铅可能抑制了T4 的脱碘 ;铅作业工龄对甲状腺功能未见明显影响     

δ-氨基乙酰丙酸脱水酶基因多态性对职业铅接触工人血铅和锌原卟啉的影响

[目的 ]研究δ 氨基乙酰丙酸脱水酶 (ALAD)基因多态性对职业铅接触工人血铅 (PbB)和锌原卟啉 (ZPP)的影响。 [方法 ]采集 170名上海市某蓄电池厂职业铅接触工人外周静脉血样 ,多聚酶链式反应 (PCR)和限制性内切酶 (MspⅠ )限制性片段长度多态性 (RFLP)方法进行ALAD基因分型分析 ,用PE 80 0型原子吸收分光光度计和ZPP 3 80 0型血液锌原卟啉测定仪分别测定PbB和ZPP含量 ,并分析其与基因型的关系。 [结果 ]①ALAD11纯合子基因型者有 15 4名 ,占90 5 9% ;ALAD12杂合子基因型者有 16名 ,占 9.41% ;未检出ALAD2 2纯合子基因型者 ;②ALAD1和ALAD2等位基因分布频率分别是 95 .2 9%和 4.71% ;③在同等外暴露条件下 ,ALAD12杂合子基因型组工人血铅水平 ( 1.0 4± 0 .48μmol/L)明显高于ALAD11纯合子基因型组工人血铅水平 ( 0 .78± 0 .3 4μmol/L) ,且差异有统计学意义 ;④ALAD12基因型工人锌原卟啉(ZPP)含量比ALAD11基因型者稍低 ,但差异没有统计学意义 ,前者为 ( 0 .42± 0 .2 4) μmol/L ,后者为 ( 0 .46± 0 .41) μmol/L。[结论 ]ALAD2等位基因频率与文献报道的亚洲人群的结果相近 ,符合Hardy Weinberg平衡 ,在同样职业铅暴露环境下 ,具有ALAD2等位基因的工人血铅水平增高 ,ALAD2等位基因可加重工人体内的铅     

牛磺酸对大鼠染铅所致贫血的疗效

[目的 ]探讨牛磺酸 (Tau)对大鼠染铅所致贫血的治疗作用。 [方法 ] 40只Wistar大鼠随机均分为 5组 :①空白对照组 ;②染铅组 :醋酸铅 40mg/(kg·d)连续灌胃 4周 ;③Tau治疗 1、2、3组 :与染铅组相同处理 4周后分别以 10 0、40 0、80 0mg/(kg·d)Tau灌胃 4周。实验第 8周末测定各组大鼠血红蛋白 (Hb)含量及红细胞 (RBC)数 ,并处死动物 ,颈动脉取血 ,测定血铅和血清丙二醛 (MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)水平。 [结果 ]①Tau 10 0mg/kg组和Tau 40 0mg/kg组大鼠Hb分别为 ( 13 1.98± 6.83 )g/L和 ( 13 6.2 5± 5 .97)g/L ,与染铅组大鼠Hb( 118.74± 5 .3 5 )g/L相比明显升高 ,差异有显著性(P <0 .0 1)。②Tau 10 0mg/kg、Tau 40 0mg/kg组大鼠RBC分别为 ( 4 .71± 0 .40 )× 10 12 /L和 ( 4 .89± 0 .44 )× 10 12 /L ,与染铅组大鼠RBC( 3 .5 3± 0 .19)× 10 12 /L相比明显升高 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。③Tau 10 0mg/kg、Tau 40 0mg/kg组大鼠血铅水平分别为 ( 2 .47± 0 .2 8) μmol/L、( 2 .3 4± 0 .48) μmol/L ,与染铅组大鼠血铅 ( 3 .5 4± 0 .75 ) μmol/L相比明显降低 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。④Tau 10 0mg/kg和 40 0mg/kg组大鼠血清MDA含量分别为 ( 4 .96± 0 .5 5 )nmol/ml和 ( 4 .45     

铅作业工人健康教育效果评价

目的　探讨铅作业工人健康教育模式 ,制定一套铅危害防治的健康教育方案。方法　采用自行设计的调查表及晨尿铅检查等方法对某蓄电池厂工人进行跟踪评价。结果　干预 2年后 ,工人对铅危害基本知识的掌握程度提高 ;干预前尿铅平均水平较高 [( 0 5 4± 0 13 ) μmol/L] ,最高者 2 76μmol/L ,超过正常参考值 7 14倍 ,3人被分别诊断为慢性轻、中度铅中毒 ;干预后尿铅水平显著下降 [( 0 2 8± 0 0 9) μmol/L] ,最高者为 0 45 μmol/L ,仅有 1例超标。 结论　提示健康教育对提高铅作业工人自我防护意识 ,养成良好的卫生习惯 ,减少铅危害的发生有着十分重要的意义。     

δ-氨基乙酰丙酸脱水酶基因多态性与血铅和锌原卟啉的关系

目的　探讨δ 氨基乙酰丙酸脱水酶 (ALAD)基因多态性与血铅和锌原卟啉之间的关系。方法　采样分析 370名严重铅污染区儿童的血铅、锌原卟啉和ALAD基因型。结果　ALAD1 2 / 2 2 基因型的血铅水平 (2 6 2 1± 0 5 6 1) μmol/L高于ALAD1 1基因型 (2 36 0± 0 5 96 ) μmol/L ;而锌原卟啉水平也增高 ,前者 (13 0 7± 9 38) μmol/L ,后者 (9 90± 6 30 ) μmol/L。 结论　在同样的高铅暴露条件下 ,ALAD1 2 / 2 2 基因型可影响儿童体内铅负荷水平以及铅所致血液毒性效应     

铅对甲状腺功能影响的研究

目的探讨铅对作业工人甲状腺功能的影响。方法选择暴露于铅环境下作业工人为对象 ,用原子吸收光谱法测定作业工人血铅(PbB)浓度、用血液锌原卟啉测定仪测定血锌原卟啉(ZPP)浓度 ,用放射免疫分析法检测血清中促甲状腺素(TSH)、碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)、甲状腺素(T4)、游离T3(FT3)、游离T4(FT4)5项甲状腺功能指标。结果血铅高浓度组(3.38～4.83μmol/L)T482.88±14.86nmol/L、T31.72±0.42nmol/L、FT34.61±0.91pmol/L ,含量显著低于对照组 (T495.66±15.69nmol/L、T35.12±0.94nmol/L、FT35.12±0.94pmol/L,P<0.05)。结论高浓度血铅可能抑制了T4 的合成及脱碘     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.     

Assessing occupational and environmental exposure

Exposure assessment is a poorly understood component of the science of epidemiology. The relationship between exposure to chemicals and ill-health outcomes is often calculated using crude exposure measures such as ever/never exposed or duration. When investigating subtle effects, exposures need to be characterized much more fully in terms of intensity, frequency, duration and route. While occupational exposures tend to be much greater than those experienced from the wider environment there is a need to remember that, for many chemicals, exposure can occur occupationally, environmentally and through consumer use of products containing the material of interest. Inhalation exposure has generally been the traditional focus for most epidemiological investigations but there is now growing awareness of the importance of the dermal and ingested routes of contact and internalization. Quantification of the exposure also needs to be related to a biological mechanism of action and exposure metrics need to be selected accordingly. Occupational exposures can generally be measured using simple well-validated techniques. Environmental exposures require much more sensitive instruments and are more difficult to assess. Exposure modelling, particularly for the environmental fate of chemicals has undergone many recent developments and Monte Carlo techniques can be used to characterize model uncertainty and variability. This approach to exposure assessment can now be used in the setting of the wider environment and will enable a far better understanding of the relationship between exposure and disease.     

Mercury toxicity due to the smelting of placer gold recovered by mercury amalgam

A 19-year-old man developed tremor in both hands and fatigue after starting work at a placer gold mine where he was exposed to mercury-gold amalgam. Examination revealed an intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesis and mild rigidity. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration reached a peak of 715 nmol/l (143 ug/l) shortly before the clinical examination, after which he was removed from working in the gold room [Mercury No. Adverse Effect Level: 250 nmol/l (50 ug/l)]. On review 7 weeks later his tremor had almost resolved and the dysdiadochokinesis and rigidity had gone. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration had fallen to 160 nmol/l (32 ug/l). The principal exposure to mercury was considered to be the smelting of retorted gold with previously unrecognized residual mercury in it. The peak air concentration of mercury vapour during gold smelting was 0.533 mg/m3 (Mercury Vapour ACGIH TLV: 0.05 mg/m3 TWA). Several engineering and procedural controls were instituted. This episode occurred at another mine site, unrelated to Mount Isa Mines Limited.     

How Adults with Acquired Brain Damage Perceive Computer Training as a Rehabilitation Tool: A Focus-group Study

The aim of this study was to explore and describe how adult outpatients with acquired brain damage and referred to occupational therapy perceive computer training with the RehaCom programs, in order to evaluate the method of treatment as a tool in the rehabilitation of persons with cognitive disorders. By using focus-group discussions as a qualitative method of research when analysing the result, five themes with corresponding categories emerged, describing a development of understanding and learning about capacities. Themes describing how the participants could apply strategies to overcome shortcomings in daily occupations and the therapeutic role of the occupational therapist were identified as well. The result shows that a computer training program such as RehaCom can be used as an educational tool, for example, to guide a person who is trying to adopt compensatory strategies to avoid overload by taking pauses. It was found that anything the participants learned was also applicable to occupational performance in daily life.