甲胎蛋白低浓度阳性肝细胞癌424例的诊断分析

目的：探讨在有肝实质占位病变（space occuping lesion，SOL）时甲胎蛋白（AFP）低浓度阳性（AFP21-200цg/L）肝细胞癌（HCC）患者的临床诊断。方法：应用随机对照临床试验的方法对1993年1月至2001年6月经手术和病理学证实的2878例肝SOL进行临床流行病学分析。结果；HCC组和非HCC组AFP的敏感性是69.9%(1650/2362)和8.9%(46/516)，特异性是91.1%(470/516)和30.1%(712/2362)，阳性预测值是97.3%(1650/1696)和2.7%(46/1696)，P值均小于0.01。结论：（1）在有肝SOL存在时，AFP低浓度升高也有重要诊断价值，并不需要等待AFP大于200或500цg/L才能诊断HCC；（2）提出低甲胎蛋白浓度HCC的概念有利于在AFP较低浓度时作出HCC的早期诊断，可减少18?P21-200Цg/L HCC患者的漏诊；（3）用AFP大于20цg/L结合B型超声、CT等联合诊断，提高了单一诊断手段的敏感性和特异性。     

甲胎蛋白异质体3含量对早期肝癌的预后价值

目的 探讨甲胎蛋白异质体3(lentil lectin-reactive alpha-fetoprotein-L3,AFP-L3)的含量对早期肝癌的预后价值.方法 97例早期肝癌患者根据术前AFP和AFP-13的含量分为:(1)AFP阳性、AFP-L3阴性组(29例):AFP＞20 μg/L & AFP-13＜15%;(2)AFP-L3、AFP均低含量组(16例):15%≤AFP-L3≤50% & 20 μg/L≤AFP≤200 μg/L;(3)AFP-L3、AFP均高含量组(13例):AFP-L3＞50% & AFP＞200 μg/L;(4)AFP-L3高含量、AFP低含量组(24例):AFP-13＞50%& 20 μg/L≤AFP≤200 μg/L;(5)AFP-L3低含量、AFP高含量组(15例):15%≤AFP-L3≤50% & AFP＞200 μg/L.对各组患者的肿瘤分化程度、术后1、2、3年生存率和无瘤生存率进行分析.结果 AFP-13阴性患者的肿瘤分化程度、术后3年生存率和无瘤牛存率明显优于AFP-L3阳性患者(χ2=21.051,10.043,4.450,6.977,25.566,P＜0.05).AFP-L3高含量组患者的肿瘤分化程度、术后1、2、3年生存率和无瘤生存率明显低于低含量组(χ2=7.938,3.488,9.085,P＜0.05).结论 AFP-L3含量的增高提示肿瘤恶性程度高,预后不良,尤其是AFP水平低时.手术前后检测AFP-L3含量对于患者预后的评价具有指导意义.     

肝细胞癌微转移检测的临床意义及研究进展

微转移一般指非血液系统恶性肿瘤在发生过程中播散并存活于血循环、骨髓、淋巴系统等组织器官的微小肿瘤细胞灶 ,常无任何临床表现 ,常规检查方法如CT、MRI、普通病理检查等都难以发现[1] 。近年来随着免疫学和分子生物学技术的发展和应用 ,使肿瘤的微转移检测成为可能并成为目前研究热点之一。微转移检测被认为可以早期预警肿瘤的转移复发 ,进而为选择合理的辅助治疗方案提供依据 ,最终达到改善肿瘤患者预后的目的。我们着重探讨了肝细胞癌微转移检测的临床应用和研究进展情况。一、肝细胞癌微转移检测技术1.PCR技术 :PCR能快速扩增肿…     

肝细胞癌患者肝移植术后甲胎蛋白的变化与肿瘤复发

目的探讨肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)患者肝移植术后的血清甲胎蛋白 (α-fetoprotein,AFP)变化与肝癌复发的关系。方法回顾性分析我院67例HCC患者肝移植手术前后的AFP动态变化与肝癌复发的关系。根据肝移植术前血清AFP水平,将患者分成3组,分别为A 组(术前血清AFP≤20 ng／ml)、B组(20 ng／ml<术前血清AFP≤400 ng/ml)和C组(术前血清AFP> 400 ng／ml),根据术后AFP的下降程度,将B组和C组患者分成3个亚组,即血清AFP在术后2周内降至≤20 ng/ml(BCl组)、术后2周后至2个月内降至≤20 ng／ml(BC2组)和2个月内未降至≤20 ng/ml(BC3组)。结果 67例肝癌受体移植后平均随访时间为13．2个月,总体复发率为35．8％ (24／67),平均复发时间为(7．2±0．7)个月,常见的复发转移部位依次为肺、肝、骨骼和淋巴结等;C 组患者移植术后复发率为52．8％,显著高于A、B两组(C组比A组,x2=6．759,P=0．009;C组比B 组,x2=4．550,P=0．033),A组和B组复发率无明显差异(x2=0．435,P=0．510);BC1组和BC2组术前AFP水平无明显差异,BC3组术前AFP明显高于BC1组和BC2组,BC3组患者术后复发率高达 67．9％,明显高于BC1组的33．3％和BC2组的22．2%,BC1组和Bc2组复发率未见明显差异。结论术前AFP水平>400 ng／ml的HCC肝移植患者术后复发率明显上升;术后AFP水平未能在 2个月内降至正常水平者复发率显著升高;移植后AFP的动态变化对预测HCC复发有重要价值。     

抗人甲胎蛋白异质体单克隆抗体放射免疫检测原发性肝癌的临床研究

为了探讨抗人小扁豆凝集素结合型甲胎蛋白异质体单克隆抗体（ＡＦＰ－Ｒ－ＬＣＡＭｃＡｂ）对甲胎蛋白阳性肝癌细胞的特异性及亲和力，作者经周围静脉应用放射性核素１３１Ｉ标记的ＡＦＰ－Ｒ－ＬＣＡ－ＭｃＡｂ对原发性肝癌及肝炎后肝硬变患者进行了放免显像研究。结果显示：１３１Ｉ标记的ＡＦＰ－Ｒ－ＬＣＡＭｃＡｂ能选择性地在６例甲胎蛋白阳性肝癌患者肿瘤组织内积聚，而６例甲胎蛋白阴性肝癌患者及４例肝炎后肝硬变患者肿瘤区及肝内均无放射性积聚。作者认为ＡＦＰ－Ｒ－ＬＣＡＭｃＡｂ对甲胎蛋白阳性原发性肝癌细胞具较强的特异性亲和力，有希望成为肝癌放免检测及治疗的理想载体。     

外周血甲胎蛋白mRNA和黑色素瘤抗原-1 mRNA联合表达与肝细胞癌术后复发转移的关系

目的 探讨外周血甲胎蛋白（AFP）mRNA和黑色素瘤抗原-1（MAGE-1）mRNA联合表达在早期发现肝细胞癌患者术后复发或转移的意义。方法 应用巢式逆转录聚合酶链反应技术分别在术前、术后1周和2个月检测142例行根治性切除的肝细胞癌患者外周血中AFPmRNA和MAGE-1mRNA的表达，随访时间从术后至22个月，中位随访时间为15．5个月。结果 外周血中MAGE-1mRNA和／或AFPmRNA的阳性率和肿瘤的病理分期呈正相关：肿瘤病期越晚，外周血中肝癌细胞的检出率越高（χ^2=17．873，P〈0．01）。AFPmRNA和Mage-1mRNA阳性率均与癌结节数目、门静脉癌栓、肝内、外转移等临床参数显著相关（χ^2=11．510，χ^2=15、149，χ^2=11．653，χ^2=6．805，均P〈0.01），而与肝癌分化程度、肿瘤直径等无相关性（χ^2=1．513，χ^2=1．343，均P〉0．05）。术后55例患者出现复发或转移，其中38例患者外周血MAGE-1mRNA和／或AFPmRNA持续阳性，14例由术前阴性转为阳性。而62例由术前阳性转为术后阴性者，随访中未见复发或转移。术后外周血AFPmRNA和／或MAGE-1mRNA阳性组中，有88．1％（52／59）的患者出现复发或转移，而阴性组中复发或转移者仅占3．6％（3／83），两组比较，差异有统计学意义（χ^22=103．817，P=0．000）。结论 联合检测外周血MAGE-1和AFPmRNA的表达可能早期发现肝细胞癌术后复发或转移，可以作为评估预后的指标。     

异常凝血酶原酶免疫测定法作为肝癌标志物的研究

新近越来越多的临床研究资料表明,异常凝血酶原对原发性肝细胞癌(HCC)具有相当的诊断意义。本文采用酶免疫测定法检测1026例各种良恶性疾病患者血浆异常凝血酶原,进一步探讨异常凝血酶原作为 HCC 标志物的应用价值。     

PIVKA-Ⅱ生物学作用及其在肝细胞癌诊断和预后判断中的价值

肝细胞癌(HCC)是常见的消化道恶性肿瘤,肿瘤标志物对于HCC的早期诊断及治疗预后的判断具有重要意义。异常凝血酶原(PIVKA-Ⅱ)由于其在诊断HCC方面的高特异性和敏感性,以及对肝癌细胞增殖、侵袭和转移的影响,近年来开始被用于HCC的早期诊断和治疗的监测及预后判断。本文综述近年PIVKA-Ⅱ生物学机制及其用于HCC诊...     

肝细胞癌肝内微转移的研究

目的 探讨肝细胞癌肝内微转移分布的规律。方法 选择无临床肝内转移且无门静脉主干或一级分支内瘤栓、切缘充分的单发肝细胞癌切除标本43例为研究对象。用立体定位全取材切片和黑色素瘤抗原（MAGE）及甲胎蛋白（AFP）抗体免疫组化染色技术寻找肝内的微转移。结果 58．7％（25／43）的患者肝内微转移阳性，59．3％（179／302）的转移灶为门静脉内的微瘤栓。微转移距原发灶的最远距离可达4．7cm，P95为2．5cm。单因素分析显示，微转移的发生与血清AFP水平、原发瘤直径、包膜完整性和Edmondson分级相关（χ^2或t值分别为11．50，2．465，12．17和16．59，P〈0．05）。多因素分析显示，原发瘤直径和包膜完整性是独立影响因素（Wald值为7．903和3．858，P〈0．05）。在HE染色微转移阴性的切片中AFP染色阳性率为9．3％，MAGE为7．0％，至少有一项阳性者为14．0％。结论 （1）肝细胞癌肝内转移是较为普遍的现象，大部分位于原发瘤附近，主要形式为门静脉内的微瘤栓。（2）无临床转移的单发肝癌的理想手术切缘应为2．5cm，并应根据肿瘤的生物学特性进行调整。（3）AFP和MAGE免疫组化染色有利于肝内微转移的检出。     

肝细胞癌组织中AFP状态及相关关系研究

肝细胞癌组织中ＡＦＰ状态及相关关系研究刘戈，常家聪，宋海屏，王光升，王瑞祥肝细胞癌（ＨＣＣ）仍是我国常见的恶性肿瘤，血清ＡＦＰ的测定是对ＨＣＣ的诊断、监测复发及评估疗效的主要手段，但易受到各种因素的干扰。作者采用免疫组化法直接测定ＨＣＣ组织中ＡＦＰ，...     

多项肿瘤标志物联合检测对肝癌早期诊断的作用

目的 探讨多项肿瘤标志物联合检测在原发性肝癌中的诊断价值及建立判别方程.方法 采用蛋白芯片技术,检测2003年11月至2006年4月大坪医院收治的98例原发性肝癌患者(肝癌组)、67例良性肝病患者(肝病组)、46例健康体检者(对照组)血清中的12项肿瘤标志物,并在肝癌组与肝病组患者之间建立判别方程.采用方差分析和X2检验对检测结果进行分析.结果 肝癌组中87例患者肿瘤标志物呈阳性表达(89%),肝病组中有13例呈阳性表达(19%),对照组中有2例呈阳性表达(4%).3组中的AFP、CEA、铁蛋白、CA19-9和CA125检测结果比较,差异有统计学意义(F=59.530,40.472,31.708,75.897,153.066,P<0.05).联合检测这5项指标,肝癌临床诊断符合率提高为89%,明显高于单项AFP检测的64%(X2=16.362,P<0.05).所建判别方程的判断准确率为90%.结论 多项肿瘤标志物联合检测优于单独AFP检测,可用于对肝癌高危人群的筛查及原发性肝癌的早期诊断.     

肿瘤标志物联合检测在胰腺癌诊断和疗效评价中的作用

目的：探讨CA199、CA242、CA125、CEA和OPN联合检测对胰腺癌诊断和疗效评价的临床价值。方法检测41胰腺癌患者术前及术后1个月和40例健康体检者外周血清中肿瘤标志物CA199、CA242、CA125、CEA和OPN的水平,比较胰腺癌组术前和术后的变化。并计算肿瘤标志物诊断胰腺癌的敏感性、特异性及准确性。结果胰腺癌组各肿瘤标志物测定值及阳性率明显高于正常对照组,术前测定值明显高于术后,差异有统计学意义,P均〈0．05。标志物联合检测的敏感性和诊断准确性均比单项检测高,其中单项以CA199敏感性最高。结论CA199、CA242、CA125、CEA和OPN联合检测对胰腺癌的诊断、疗效观察及复发预测是较理想的指标,具有重要的临床意义。     

Relationship between pathologic prognostic factors and abnormal levels of des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin and alpha-fetoprotein in hepatocellular carcinoma.

The relationship between pathologic prognostic factors and abnormal levels of des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin and alpha-fetoprotein was investigated in 42 patients with resectable hepatocellular carcinoma. The frequencies of macroscopic massive type, intrahepatic metastasis, and portal vein tumor thrombus were significantly higher in patients with positive des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin (p less than 0.05) but not with alpha-fetoprotein. Other histologic factors in tumorous and nontumorous tissues were not significantly different irrespective of the positivity of these markers. In patients with tumors not more than 6 cm in diameter, the frequency of intrahepatic metastasis was positively correlated with the positivity of des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin (p less than 0.05) and inversely with that of alpha-fetoprotein (p less than 0.05). Furthermore, intrahepatic metastasis was most frequently observed in patients with positive des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin and negative alpha-fetoprotein (eight of nine) and least frequently in cases with negative des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin and positive alpha-fetoprotein (one of eight). These findings indicated that both des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin and alpha-fetoprotein might be useful markers for the prediction of intrahepatic spread of hepatocellular carcinoma.     

多种肿瘤标志物检测在胆管癌诊断中的临床意义

目的 回顾性分析多种肿瘤标志物检测在胆管癌早期诊断中的意义.方法 选择近3年在西南医院全军肝胆外科研究所住院手术并经病理证实为胆管癌的患者165例,胆结石癌变患者25例.选择同期手术的胆结石患者36例和胆管狭窄患者46例作为对照组.回顾性分析其多种肿瘤标志物癌胚抗原(CEA)、CA125、CA153、CA242、CA19-9、甲胎蛋白(AFP)和铁蛋白(Ferritin)在各组中的升高情况及其与影像学检查结果的关系.结果 CA19-9在胆管癌的诊断中具有很高的敏感度和特异度(83.6％和96.3％),而CA242尽管在胆管癌中的敏感度和特异度不高,但其在胆结石癌变组中也有很高的敏感度(88％).多种肿瘤标志物联合使用能明显提高胆管癌的诊断敏感度和特异度,尤其是对胆结石癌变组的检测.与影像学检查相比,多种肿瘤标志物对胆结石早期癌变的敏感度远高于影像学检查.结论 多种肿瘤标志物在胆管癌早期诊断中具有重要的临床应用价值.尽管在肿瘤确诊方面,多种肿瘤标志物无法与影像学检查相比拟,但在胆结石早期癌变的诊断中,多种肿瘤标志物检测的价值却要明显优于影像学检查.     

微球加碘化油栓塞治疗肝癌疗效的临床对照研究

目的 观察微球联合碘化油栓塞化疗治疗肝细胞癌的临床效果.方法 将101例原发性肝癌（HCC）患者随机分为单纯碘化油栓塞组（单纯组,n=44）和微球加碘化油联合栓塞组（联合组,n=57）,比较两组患者介入治疗后肿瘤缩小率、肝功能损害程度及术后不同时段的累计生存率.结果 联合组平均治疗（3.11±1.06）次,少于单纯组（4.25±1.42）次,差异有统计学意义（t=-4.45,P=0.001）;两组术后6、12、24个月肿瘤缩小总有效率分别为71.9％、75.0％、70.4％和72.1％、64.9％、57.9％,联合组12、24个月瘤体缩小率高于单纯组,差异有统计学意义（P＜ 0.05）.6、12个月时联合组肝功能损害程度明显高于单纯组,差异有统计学意义（P＜ 0.05）;联合组发热、肝区疼痛的发生率均高于单纯组,差异有统计学意义（P=0.039,χ^2=6.381,P=0.009）;联合组和单纯组6、12、24个月生存率分别为98.25％、84.21％、47.37％和97.73％、86.36％、54.55％,经Log-rank检验,两种治疗方法生存率差异无统计学意义（χ^2=1.736,P=0.188）.结论 PVA微球＋碘化油联合栓塞治疗HCC效果好,但造成肝功能损害较严重,应注意栓塞剂的用量及肝功能的保护.     

Assessment of tumor markers CA 19-9, CEA,CA 125, and CA 242 for the early diagnosis and prognosis prediction of gallbladder cancer

BACKGROUNDGallbladder cancer (GBC) is one of the leading and aggressive cancers in this region of India. It is very difficult to diagnose in the early stage, as it lacks typical early signs and symptoms; thus, the diagnosis is often in the advanced stage, which ultimately leads to a poor 5-year survival outcome. Tumor markers including carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA 125, CA 242, and alpha fetoprotein are used as indicators in the diagnosis and prognosis of GBC.AIMTo compare tumor marker levels between GBC and benign GB diseases (GBDs) and to assess the combined use of tumor markers to increase the diagnostic accuracy for GBC.METHODSPatients of either sex aged ≥ 18 years, with suspected GBC (GB polyp, irregular thick GB wall, GB mass, porcelain GB) on the basis of radiological imaging were included in this study. GB wall thickness using ultrasonography and tumor markers CEA, CA 125, CA 19-9, and CA 242 in all patients were recorded. All cases after surgical intervention were divided into two groups, GBC and benign GBD, according to histopathological examination findings. The cases were followed up and clinical findings, radiological findings, and levels of tumor markers were assessed.RESULTSA total of 200 patients were included in this study, of whom 80 patients had GBC and 120 patients had benign GBD. The median (interquartile range) age was 52.0 (41.0-60.0) years and the majority of patients (132, 66.0%) were women. Tumor markers including CA 19-9, CA 125, CEA, and CA 242 were significantly elevated in patients with GBC (P < 0.001). There was a significant reduction in tumor markers at 3 and 6 mo from baseline (P < 0.001). The mean survival of patients with normal and elevated levels of tumor markers CA 125, CA 19-9, and CEA was comparable; however lymph node metastasis and CA 242 expression level were independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONSerum levels of tumor markers including CA 19-9, CA 125, CEA, and CA 242 were significantly associated with GBC. However, no significant association was observed between the presence of elevated levels of any tumor marker with respect to survival. Tumor marker assessment during follow-up may represent a treatment response.     

肿瘤标志物CA19-9、CA242、CEA和CA125联合检测在胰腺癌诊断中的意义

目的 探讨肿瘤标志物CA19-9、CA242、CEA和CA125单项检测和联合检测对胰腺癌患者的临床诊断价值.方法 检测48例胰腺癌患者以及48例健康体检者外周血清中四种肿瘤标志物的水平,并对结果进行分析.结果 胰腺癌患者血清中CA19-9、CA242、CEA与CA125的含量显著高于正常时照组,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).单项检测时CA19-9、CA242、CEA与CA125的敏感性分别为79.2%、54.2%、50.0%和35.4%.特异性分别为87.5%、89.6%、79.2%和70.8%.联合检测时敏感性为93.8%,特异性为100%.结论 CA19-9、CA242、CEA与CA125联合检测敏感性和特异性都明显高于单项检测.联合检测较单项血清标志物检测能提高胰腺癌的诊断率.     

Ezrin和AQP3在皮肤鳞状细胞癌中表达的研究

目的：检测Ezrin和AQP3在皮肤鳞状细胞癌（SCC）中的表达。方法：应用免疫组化SP法检测Ezrin和AQP3的表达水平。结果：Ezrin和AQP3在SCC中的表达显著高于正常皮肤且在SCC不同分化组织中存在差异。Ezrin和AQP3的表达呈正相关（r=0.573,P〈0.05）。结论：Ezrin和AQP3的高表达可能在SCC的发生发展中起重要作用,并与其恶性程度相关。     

Molecular markers of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: promising signs in need of prospective evaluation

BACKGROUND: The aim of this article is to review recent developments in the biological understanding of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. METHODS AND RESULTS: We describe the markers according to their function and their prognostic or predictive roles. Some associations can be found between molecular markers and invasiveness, aggressiveness, degree of differentiation, and tumor stage, but only a few clinical studies have shown an impact on prognosis. In addition, despite an increasing number of articles relating to this topic, the small number of patients included in the studies reported reduces the clinical implications of these results. Few studies applied a more comprehensive molecular analysis approach, such as DNA microarrays or differential expression profiling by polymerase chain reaction, to identify a combination of markers that could be more informative than a single molecular marker. CONCLUSION: Some progress has been made with respect to molecular markers and head and neck cancers. Translational and prospective, hypothesis-driven research must proceed with sufficient rigor to facilitate the clinical applicability of such results.     

Serum tumor markers in chronic kidney disease: as clinical tool in diagnosis,treatment and prognosis of cancers

Cancer is singled out as the biggest cause of death in the world, predicted to reach 13.1 million cancer-related deaths by the year 2030. Although there are no specific tumor markers used in cancer screening, some markers can be used to assist in making a diagnosis and determining a prognosis. They can be used to follow in cases where the diagnosis is cancer through monitoring of the disease recurrence and/or evaluating the response to therapy. These markers are not specific as the number increases in multiple cases of cancer. Some markers are positive in a single type of cancer; others are detectable in more than one type. An ideal tumor marker should be highly sensitive, specific, and reliable with high prognostic value. Other characteristics of an ideal tumor marker are organ specificity and correlation of it with tumor stages. However, none of the tumor markers reported to date has all these characteristics. Influence of different stages of chronic kidney function on serum tumor markers is variable. Furthermore, hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and kidney transplantation affect on tumor markers differently. Sometimes, no study has been found in the literature review. Combined serum tumor markers may also be valuable. This literature review points the role of serum tumor markers in screening, diagnosis, and follow-up of cancer patients in chronic kidney disease patients and renal allograft recipients. In addition, impact of chronic kidney disease and kidney transplantation on different serum tumor markers is briefly explored.