医学生自杀倾向与性相关行为影响因素分析

目的了解医学生的自杀倾向发生状况,探讨自杀倾向与性相关行为的相互影响。方法采用分层整群随机抽样方法,问卷调查1466名1～5年级医学本科生的自杀、性相关行为等35项相关因素及行为现状,进行一般描述性分析和非条件Logistic回归分析。结果医学生自杀倾向发生率15.96%;不同年级间自杀倾向发生率有差别,高年级发生率高于低年级;独生子女的发生率高于非独生子女;多因素Logistic回归分析显示,自杀倾向与经常怨天尤人、被告知患性病、打架行为、看黄色书刊影像、异性性行为、自慰行为、使用违禁药品、通宵上网游戏、控制体重、睡眠异常、缺少锻炼、找心理医生等12项因素和性相关行为有联系,OR值分别为3.247,1.868,1.736,1.671,1.566,1.542,1.530,1.478,1.425,1.401,1.351,1.321。结论医学生自杀倾向发生率较高,性相关行为是自杀倾向的重要危险因素,自杀倾向与性相关行为相互影响,必须采取针对性措施对自杀倾向实施干预。     

医学院学生自杀意念及危险因素分析

目的 了解医学院学生自杀意念发生率.并分析自杀意念的危险因素.方法 应用Beck抑郁问卷、Beck焦虑量表、Beck无望感量表、青少年健康相关行为问卷、青少年生活事件量表、简易应对方式问卷、自杀态度问卷、人格诊断问卷(第4版),对华北某医学院1～3年级2 493名本科生进行现场调查,了解自杀意念发生率.采用单因索和多因素Logistic回归分析探索自杀意念的危险因素.结果 有5.56%的医学生报告最近1年内有自杀意念,性别差异无统计学意义;独生子女自杀意念报告率(7.24%)高于非独生子女(4.80%)(P＜0.05).多因素Logistic回归分析表明.自杀意念的主要危险因素有独生子女、抑郁、负性生活事件、消极应对方式、对自杀持肯定态度.结论 心理障碍和负性生活事件等是自杀意念的主要危险因素.应采取必要的预防措施对自杀意念进行早期干预.     

医学生吸烟与相关危险行为的Logistic回归分析

目的了解医学生的吸烟状况,探讨吸烟行为与其他危险行为的关系.方法采用分层整群抽样方法,问卷调查1 095名一～四年级医学本科生的吸烟行为和其他14项危险行为现状,进行一般描述性分析和Logistic回归分析.结果男生吸烟报告率高于女生,分别为38.5%和7.6%;来自农村学生的吸烟率高于城镇学生;吸烟行为在各年级、独生子女与非独生子女之间差异均无统计学意义;Logistic回归分析显示,男生吸烟行为与饮酒行为、喝醉酒、打架行为、参与过赌博4项危险行为有关系,OR值分别为6.05,2.06,2.02,1.96.结论医学生吸烟率较高,吸烟行为与其他危险行为关系密切.     

医学生自杀意念及其影响因素的研究

目的 分析医学生自杀意念的发生状况,探讨自杀意念的影响因素.方法 采用自制的调查表、自杀意念自评量表(SIOSS)及<社会支持评定量表>(sRSS),以随机整群抽样的方法对1 300名医学生进行调查,并进行一般描述性分析、单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析及方差分析.结果 医学生自杀意念的发生率为6.2%,进行过自杀的同学有43人,占3.6%.多因素的 Logistic回归模型分析显示与自杀意念发生有关的主要危险因素是:性格、是否易于攻击人、社会支持、家庭和睦程度、与他人的关系等.结论 自杀意念与其影响因素联系密切,应根据其影响因素予以积极干预,从而减少自杀行为的发生.     

大学生个性特征及应对压力与自杀意念的相关分析

目的了解大学生心理特征、遭遇压力、应对方式与自杀意念的关系。方法采用统一的调查表，以目的抽样的方法调查广州市某高校的大学生974名，通过单因素logistic回归和多因素的logistic回归模型筛选出自杀意念的影响因素。结果在974名大学生中，14．6％的男生、17．5％的女生有过自杀意念，二者之间无统计学差异。侨生中自杀意念的发生率（18．8％）高于中国内地生源（11．2％）。多因素的logistic回归模型分析揭示，“觉得自己总是不比别人好而自卑”（OR=4．072）、“遇到问题，不找人倾诉”（OR=2．263）、“较长时间陷入生活、学习、感情或经济压力”（OR=1．597）是自杀意念产生的危险因素；而通过体育运动放松心情（OR=0.519）是保护因素。结论引导和教育大学生树立正确的挫折观和人生态度，提高心理承受能力，防止自杀意念的产生。     

医学生自杀意念与抑郁的现况调查及影响因素分析

[目的]了解医学生自杀意念和抑郁的发生率及其影响园素.[方法]分层整群抽样方法抽取在校学生1510,采用自行编制的自杀意念调查表和Zung抑郁自评量表(SDS)调查医学生自杀意念及抑郁.[结果]医学生自杀意念、自杀计划、自杀未遂的发生率分别为14.7%、5.4%、5.3%,39.3%的学生有抑郁症状.多因素Logistic回归分析显示:家庭亲密度差、学习成绩差、向身边人表达过自杀想法、自杀次数多、抑郁是医学生自杀意念的危险因素;专业,家庭经济状况、心理素质、同学关系均差,向身边人表达过自杀想法,自杀意念持续时间长,有自杀意念、自杀计划,采取过自杀行动是抑郁的危险因素.[结论]医学生自杀意念与抑郁的发生率较高,向身边人表达过自杀想法、自杀次数多、抑郁是自杀意念的主要危险因素.     

医学生心理-社会因素与自杀意念的相关性研究

目的探讨安徽省某医学院校大学生自杀意念的发生率及其与生活事件、社会支持及心理健康的关系，为自杀意念的早期干预提供依据。方法采用分层整群抽样方法，应用一般情况调查表、Beck自杀意念调查表（BSSI）、症状自评量表（SCL-90）、青少年生活事件量表（ASLEC）和社会支持评定量表（SSRS），对安徽省某医学院校一～五年级2160名本科大学生进行调查，通过单因素和多因素分析，探讨自杀意念与生活事件、社会支持、心理健康之间的关系，结果大学生1周内自杀意念发生率为14．6％、女生、单亲家庭的医学生自杀意念的发生率较高Logistic回归分析显示，较低的客观支持、主观支持、对支持的利用率以及较高的负性生活事件应激量、不良人际关系、较高的抑郁、焦虑和精神症状是自杀意念的主要危险因素。结论医学生自杀意念的发生率较高高校教育者和相关部门应针对主要危险因素采取有效措施，力求把大学生自杀意念和自杀行为的发生降到最低。     

北京市两所医学院校大学一年级学生自杀意念形成的影响因素

目的 研究医学生的人格、健康危险行为对自杀意念的影响.方法 采用整群抽样方法,应用医学生健康危险行为问卷、人格诊断问卷(第四版)(PDQ-4),对北京市两所医学院校在校大学一年级1204名大学生进行调查,并进行logistic回归分析.结果 单因素分析选出12个具有统计学意义的因素,包括打架行为、严重伤害行为、被迫性行为、不安全性行为、吸烟、醉酒行为、孤独感、情绪不好、失眠、无望感、PDQ-4得分高、网络成瘾行为.logistic回归主效应模型显示男生自杀意念的主要可疑危险因素是失眠(OR=4.98)、严重伤害行为(OR=4.43)、不安全性行为(OR=2.63)、不良情绪(OR=2.32)、无望感(OR=1.98)和PDQ-4得分高(OR=1.09);女生自杀意念的主要可疑危险因素是打架行为(OR=7.10)、孤独感(OR=4.42)、被迫性行为(OR=4.19)和网络成瘾行为(OR=1.39).结论 医学生自杀意念的产生与多种因素有关,且存在明显的性别差异.     

福建某医科大学低年级学生自杀意念及其相关因素分析

目的 探讨医学生自杀态度、意念及行为间的相互作用,为采取自杀预防的健康教育措施提供帮助.方法 采用整群抽样方法抽取某医科大学一年级、三年级本科学生712人,应用自杀态度问卷以及自杀意念等自编问卷进行调查.结果 在有效的698份问卷中,16.5%的医学生在最近一年有过自杀的念头,9.0%的医学生曾想过具体的自杀方式,2.0%的学生曾经尝试过自杀(自杀未遂).Logistic回归分析揭示,自杀意念产生的主要危险因素是亲友有过自杀、对自杀行为性质的认识持理解、肯定或宽容态度.结论 医学生中自杀意念发生率较高,对医学生进行自杀预防和干预的健康教育工作是迫切需要的.     

医药院校大学生自杀意念及危险因素研究

目的 了解医药院校大学生自杀意念的出现率及其危险因素。方法 采用自制的调查表，以分层整群抽样方法调查某医药院校大学生2576名，通过logistic回归模型筛选出自杀意念的主要危险因素。结果 有13．5％的大学生出现自杀意念，27．2％有详细的自杀计划和方法。自杀意念的危险因素是对专业不满意，学习成绩差等。结论 大学生中自杀意念发生率较高，因此，根据大学生自杀意念的主要危险因素采取必要的预防措施是当前迫切需要解决的问题。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.