拉米夫定联合胸腺肽治疗慢性乙型肝炎的疗效观察

目的 评价拉米夫定联合胸腺肽治疗慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)的近、远期疗效和安全性，探讨两者联合治疗的协同作用。方法 将207例HBV DNA及HBeAg阳性的CHB患者随机分为甲乙两组，甲组采用拉米夫定和胸腺肽联合治疗，乙组单用拉米夫定治疗。胸腺肽15mg口服，每日1次，疗程6个月。两组拉米夫定治疗均为100mg，每日1次，口服，其中甲组92例(92／124)、乙组70例(70／83)用药超过12个月。两组在治疗6个月、12个月时分别进行疗效评价，治疗结束后继续随访12个月。结果 治疗6个月时，甲乙两组ALT复常率分别为87．1％和74．7％，甲组显著高于乙组(P＜0．05)，但两组HBV DNA阴转率、HBeAg阴转率及HBeAg／抗—HBe血清转换率均无显著性差异(P＞0．05)。治疗12个月时，甲乙两组ALT复常率和HBV DNA阴转率无显著性差异(P＞0．05)，甲组HBeAg阴转率及HBeAg／抗-HBe血清转换率均显著高于乙组(P＜0．05)。随访结束时，甲组从量复常率、HBV DNA阴转率、HBeAg阴转率及HBeAg／抗—HBe血清转换率均显著高于乙组(P＜0．05)。结论 拉米夫定与胸腺肽联合治疗CHB，疗效明显优于单用拉米夫定，是CHB患者安全有效的治疗方法。     

替比夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎的疗效观察

目的观察替比夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎的疗效。方法 44例慢性乙型肝炎患者随机分成替比夫定治疗组20例和拉米夫定治疗组24例,观察1年的疗效。结果替比夫定组治疗后3月、6月和12月时ALT复常率分别为50%、65%和85%,HBV DNA阴转率分别为45%、65%和80%,HBeAg阴转率分别为15%、30%和45%,HBeAb阳转率分别为5%、20%和35%,而拉米夫定组ALT复常率则分别为33.3%、50%和66.7%,HBV DNA阴转率分别为37.5%、50%和62.5%,HBeAg阴转率分别为8.3%、16.7%和25%,HBeAb阳转率分别为0%、8.3%和20.8%(P0.05)。结论替比夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎有较好的抗病毒疗效,安全性良好。     

慢性乙型肝炎病毒基因分型经不同抗病毒治疗后疗效及预后影响因素

目的探讨乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)基因分型经不同抗病毒治疗后疗效.方法选择120例乙型肝炎肝硬化患者和120例慢性乙型肝炎(chronic viral hepatitis B,CHB)患者,乙型肝炎肝硬化患者采用恩替卡韦治疗,观察治疗效果和不同基因型疗效差异.CHB患者随机数字表法分为A、B、C、D 4组,每组30例,分别采用拉米夫定、恩替卡韦、拉米夫定联合阿德福韦酯、聚乙二醇干扰素?-2a治疗,4组均治疗96 wk.比较组间疗效差异.结果1 2 0例乙型肝炎肝硬化患者治疗后H B V DNA均表现出明显下降趋势,至治疗96 wk后,HBV DNA平均下降5.13拷贝/m L;至治疗96 wk后,HBV DNA阴转率、谷丙转氨酶(alanine transaminase,ALT)复常率分别达94.17%和76.67%;84例乙型肝炎e抗原(hepatitis B e antigen,HBe Ag)阳性患者H B e A g阴转率和血清H B e A g转换率分别达27.38%、22.62%;C型和B型患者抗病毒治疗后HBV DNA阴转率、ALT复常率、HBe Ag阴转率、血清HBe Ag转换率以及乙型肝炎表面抗原定量比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05).A、B、C、D 4组HBV DNA阴转率、ALT复常率、HBe Ag阴转率、血清HBe Ag转换率比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),其中C组HBV DNA阴转率、ALT复常率、HBe Ag阴转率、血清HBe Ag转换率最高且显著高于其他3组,A、B和D组3组间HBV DNA阴转率、ALT复常率、HBe Ag阴转率、血清HBe Ag转换率两两比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05).结论恩替卡韦治疗乙型肝炎肝硬化疗效显著,且不受基因型影响,不同抗病毒方案治疗CHB均能取得一定效果,以拉米夫定联合阿德福韦酯方案效果最优.     

阿德福韦酯治疗拉米夫定失效的慢性乙型肝炎的临床研究

目的 探讨阿德福韦酯治疗拉米夫定失效的慢性乙型肝炎的疗效及不良反应.方法 选择拉米夫定治疗失效的CHB患者234例,随机分为阿德福韦酯组186例和拉米夫定组48例.完成为期12月的治疗后,检测肝生化功能指标ALT、AST、TBil及血清HBV DNA、HBV-M水平的变化.结果 在治疗6个月时,阿德福韦酯组患者血清ALT复常率、HBV DNA阴转率分别为58.3%和25.3%,均显著高于拉米夫定组的20.0%和10.4%;在治疗12个月时,阿德福韦酯组患者血清ALT复常率、HBV DNA阴转率分别为76.5%和50.0%,亦显著高于拉米夫定组的16.7%和12.5%;而阿德福韦酯组治疗后HBeAg阴转率及HBeAg血清转换率与拉米夫定组比较差异无显著性;所有病例均未见严重不良反应.结论 阿德福韦酯治疗拉米夫定失效的慢性乙型肝炎的疗效肯定,安全性及耐受性良好.     

拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎患者3年疗效观察

目的初步探讨LAM长期治疗HBeAg阳性和HBeAg阴性的两组慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者生化学、病毒学指标的变化及临床转归的差异。方法对63例诊断为CHB的患者均给予拉米夫定100mg,每日一次,进行3年的随访观察,动态检测患者的HBV血清标志物,HBV DNA,ALT、AFP、YMDD变异、B超等指标。结果拉米夫定治疗HBeAg阳性和HBeAg阴性的CHB患者3年时,HBeAg阳性组ALT复常率、HBV DNA阴转率、肝细胞癌发生率及HBsAg阴转率分别为64.7%、64.7%、0%、0%;HBeAg阴性组ALT复常率、HBV DNA阴转率、肝细胞癌发生率及HBsAg阴转率分别为70.4%、77.8%、0%、0%。两组间ALT复常率、HBV DNA阴转率、肝细胞癌发生率及HBsAg阴转率两组差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);HBeAg阳性组YMDD变异率(43.3%)显著高于HBeAg阴性组(18.2%),x2=4.720,P0.05;HBeAg阴性组肝硬化患者(37.0%)显著高于HBeAg阳性组(5.9%),x2=3.866,P0.05。结论拉米夫定治疗HBeAg阳性CHB患者较HBeAg阴性患者更容易发生YMDD变异,HBeAg阴性CHB患者较HBeAg阳性患者更易发生肝硬化。     

病毒性肝炎炎症活动度与拉米夫定疗效的关系

为探讨慢性乙型肝炎炎症活动度与拉米夫定疗效的关系 ,本文观察 83例慢性乙型肝炎患者 ,按血清ALT水平分为ALT <2ULN、2～ 5ULN、>5ULN三组。所有病例给予拉米夫定每日 10 0mg,12月为一疗程。结果显示 :疗程结束后 ,ALT复常率为 6 5 0 6 % ,HBVDNA阴转率为 77 11% ,HBeAg阴转率为 5 5 5 5 % ,HBeAg/抗HBe血清转换率为 30 91% ,临床应答 85 5 4 %。ALT复常率、HBeAg阴转率、临床疗效与肝脏炎症活动度呈正相关 ,HBVDNA阴转率、HBeAg/抗HBe血清转换率与肝脏炎症活动度无关。慢性乙型肝炎炎症活动度愈高 ,拉米夫定疗效愈好     

拉米夫定联合赛若金治疗慢性乙型肝炎的近期疗效

目的;探讨拉米夫定(LMVD)联合赛若金(IFN-αlb)对慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者抗病毒疗效。方法:观察LMVD联合IFN-αlb组与单用LMVD或IFN-αlb组CHB患者ALT、HBeAg和HBV DNA变化。结果:各组患者ALT复常率相互比较无显著差异(P>0.05).联合组HBeAg阴转率显著高于两药单用组(P<0.01),HBV DNA阴转率显著高于IFN-αlb组(P<0.01)。结论:LMVD联合IFN-αlb治疗CHB患者在抗乙肝病毒(HBV)方面具有协同作用,能发挥各自优点和克服各自缺点。     

拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎的疗效影响因素

目的 探讨拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎患者的疗效影响因素,并初步评价基线特征、24周早期病毒学应答及治疗方案对疗效和病毒学突破(VB)发生率的影响.方法 对接受拉米夫定治疗的233例慢性乙型肝炎患者(其中90例治疗期间加用或换用阿德福韦酯)的专科门诊病历资料进行回顾性分析,采用聚合酶链反应法、酶联免疫吸附法分别检测HBV DNA水平与HBsAg、抗-HBs,HBeAg,抗-HBe水平.用SPSS17.0统计软件通过Kaplan-Meier法描述生存时间分布,并分析基线HBV DNA水平,HBeAg状态、ALT水平和疗效的关系.计量资料用t检验分析,计数资料用x2检验.结果 HBeAg阳性与HBeAg阴性患者HBV DNA阴转率分别为63.4%和84.6%,ALT复常率分别为83.8%和81.3%,VB发生率分别为31.0%和14.3%;60.6%的HBeAg阳性患者出现HBeAg阴转,28.9%出现HBeAg/抗-HBe血清学转换.HBeAg阳性患者中,与基线ALT<2.5×正常值上限(ULN)者比较,≥2.5×ULN者HBV DNA阴转率无明显变化(P>0.05),而HBeAg阴转率(66.7%与45.0%)和HBeAg血清学转换率(33.3%与17.5%)明显升高(P值均<0.05),VB发生率则明显下降(34.3%与50.0%,P<0.05),基线HBV DNA<1×106拷贝/ml者VB发生率为23.4%,与HBV DNA≥1×106拷贝/ml者的46.3%比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).HBeAg阳性患者24周有初始病毒学应答(IVR)者的HBV DNA阴转率(76.3%与45.5%)、HBeAg阴转率(72.4%与43.9%)和HBeAg血清学转换率(40.8%与12.1%)均明显高于无IVR者(P值均<0.01),VB发生率较低(28.9%与45.5%,P<0.05).出现VB后,与单一拉米夫定组比较,加药或换药组中HBeAg阳性者HBV DNA阴转率(40.6%与16.7%)、HBeAg血清学转换率(21.9%与0)较高,HBeAg阴转率(37.5%与41.7%)较低,ALT复常率无差别(均为75%);而HBeAg阴性患者的HBV DNA阴转率、ALT复常率较高.结论 拉米夫定抗病毒疗效确切,基线ALT≥2.5×ULN和(或)HBV DNA水平<1×106拷贝/ml的患者疗效较好,VB发生率较低,24周IVR对拉米夫定疗效有预测价值;出现VB后,加用或者换用阿德福韦酯比继续单用拉米夫定治疗的效果好.     

拉米夫定联合苦参素治疗慢性乙型肝炎60例分析

目的评价拉米夫定联合苦参素治疗慢性乙型肝炎的疗效.方法60例门诊慢性乙肝病人按就诊顺序随机分为联合治疗组(A组)和单用拉米夫定组(A组),每组30例.治疗结束后比较两组病人的ALT复常率、HBV DNA阴转率、HBV血清标志物的变化和综合疗效.结果治疗结束时两组的ALT复常率、HBV DNA阴转率均无显著差异(P＞0.05),联合治疗组的HBeAg血清转换率和完全应答率均显著高于单用LAM组(P<0.05).结论拉米夫定联合苦参素较单用拉米夫定可明显提高慢性乙型肝炎病人的抗病毒疗效.     

替比夫定治疗HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎早期病毒学应答对疗效的预测价值

目的评价替比夫定治疗HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎患者早期病毒学应答对疗效的影响。方法 82例HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎患者接受替比夫定治疗52周,观察4周、12周和24周病毒学应答与不应答患者52周的疗效。结果在治疗52周时,82例患者ALT复常率、HBV DNA转阴率、HBeAg阴转率和HBeAg血清转换率分别为95.1%、95.1%、56.1%和32.9%;在治疗4周时HBV DNA转阴45例,未转阴37例。两组52周HBV DNA转阴率、ALT复常率、HBeAg阴转率和HBeAg血清转换率分别为100.0%对89.2%(P<0.05)、100.0%对89.2%(P<0.05)、64.4%对45.9%和37.8%对27.0%;在治疗12周时HBV DNA转阴67例,未转阴15例。两组52周HBV DNA转阴率、ALT复常率、HBeAg阴转率和HBeAg血清转换率分别为100.0%对73.3%(P<0.05)、100.0%对73.3%(P<0.05)、67.2%对6.7%(P<0.05)和40.3%对0.0%(P<0.05);在治疗24周时HBV DNA转阴78例,未转阴4例。两组52周HBV DNA转阴率、ALT复常率、HBeAg阴转率和HBeAg血清转换率分别为98.7%对25.0%(P<0.05)、98.7%对25.0%(P<0.05)、59.0%对0.0%(P<0.05)和34.6%对0.0%。结论替比夫定治疗HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎患者早期病毒学应答对疗效有预测作用,早期对治疗应答的患者可以继续接受该治疗方案。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.