膈神经与面神经吻合的解剖学研究

目的:探讨膈神经移位与面神经干吻合的解剖学基础。方法:解剖11具22侧成年尸体头颈部,观察并测量:①膈神经根与面神经总干腮腺区分叉处之间的距离;②膈神经干在颈部可利用长度;③面神经总干腮腺区分叉处游离至水平半规管下缘可利用长度,面神经总干腮腺区分叉处游离至水平半规管下缘较游离至茎乳孔处增加的面神经干可利用长度;④面神经总干腮腺区分叉处至水平半规管下方切断处膈神经干及面神经干神经移位后并列放置重合长度。结果:①膈神经根与面神经总干腮腺区分叉处之间的距离为(7.2±0.9)cm。②膈神经起点至锁骨下静脉上缘平面为(7.2±1.6)cm。③面神经总干腮腺区分叉处至水平半规管下方切断处的长度2.7~3.5 cm,较面神经干自茎乳孔下方切断增加1.0~1.5 cm。④神经移位后重合长度为0.4~1.8 cm。结论:在锁骨下静脉上缘平面切断20侧标本膈神经可与自乳突内切取的面神经干无张力吻合,两侧膈神经不能与自乳突内切取的面神经干无张力吻合。     

Neurohistological changes after facial nerve rerouting

The present study was devised to examine possible structural changes in the facial nerve after rerouting. Changes were studied in 20 adult guinea pigs using different stains for the different nerve structures. Animals were anesthetized and the facial nerve rerouted. The animals were then separated into two groups, an “early” group killed after 7 days and a “late” group after 15 days. The rerouted facial nerve was sectioned and stained to determine what structural changes had taken place. In both groups there were marked changes in the axons, Schwann cells and connective tissue elements, as well as a marked cellular infiltrate. Although these latter changes in the late group were slightly less than in the early group, the reticulin network was much thicker and there was greater disruption of the nerve bundles. These findings show that facial nerve rerouting causes significant structural changes that may persist for variable periods after surgery. Any attempts at facial rehabilitation clinically should be delayed to allow enough time for nerve function to recover. Received: 7 July 1997 / Accepted: 15 September 1997     

Validation of a patient-graded instrument for facial nerve paralysis: the FaCE scale

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a patient-based instrument to measure both facial impairment and disability, the Facial Clinimetric Evaluation (FaCE) Scale. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective instrument validation. METHODS: Eighty-six patients with a documented history of facial paralysis completed a preliminary, 51-item instrument (alpha FaCE Scale), as well as the previously developed Facial Disability Index (FDI) and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 Item Questionnaire (SF-36). Two weeks after completing these instruments, 76 patients again completed the alpha FaCE Scale. Forty-one of the patients were also evaluated using the House-Brackmann Grading System (HBGS) and the Facial Grading System (FGS). RESULTS: Exploratory principal component factor analysis grouped 15 FaCE Scale items into 6 impairment and disability categories (domains), forming the beta FaCE Scale. Overall, the test-retest reliability of the FaCE Scale was high (Spearman's correlation coefficient (r) = 0.88, P <.01), as were the reliability coefficients of the individual domains (r = 0.81-0.92, P <.01). The FaCE Scale domains showed appropriate correlation to global visual analogue scale questions posed on the original alpha FaCE Scale (r = 0.65-0.81, P <.01). Overall, the FaCE Scale showed significant correlation with HBGS and FGS scores (r = -0.55 and 0.57, respectively; P <.01). However, not all FaCE Scale domains correlated with the HBGS and FGS scores. CONCLUSIONS: A reliable and valid patient-based system to measure impairment and disability in facial paralysis has been developed. This system appears to be better than traditional, physician-graded scales for evaluating quality-of-life issues affected by facial disability.     

咬肌神经联合颞骨内面神经转位治疗听神经瘤术后面瘫

目的探讨咬肌神经联合颞骨内面神经转位手术,治疗听神经瘤术后完全性面瘫的临床效果和手术适应证。方法回顾分析北京中日友好医院耳鼻咽喉科 2018年1月—2019年1月收治的 10例听神经瘤术后伴有重度以上感音神经性聋的完全性面瘫患者。所有患者均行咬肌神经联合颞骨内面神经转位手术治疗。结果术后1年面神经功能评估,1例恢复到H B Ⅱ级,9例恢复到H B Ⅲ级,手术前后面瘫分级经t检验差异具有统计学意义（P<0.01）。4例出现自发性微笑,6例为社交性微笑,无明显手术并发证。结论咬肌神经联合颞骨内面神经转位手术,避免了耳大神经损伤,减少了神经吻合口,临床疗效显著,值得进一步深入研究。     

Quality of life after unilateral acoustic neuroma surgery via middle cranial fossa approach

Conclusions

Patients with acoustic neuroma experienced reduced quality of life (QOL) after surgery. Individual factors did not have a significant effect on QOL. In the future, QOL should be a basic factor in the outcome evaluation of different therapeutic regimens in the treatment of acoustic neuroma.

Objective

To measure the QOL of patients who underwent unilateral acoustic neuroma surgery via the middle cranial fossa approach.

Material and methods

The Short Form-36 (SF-36) Health Survey and a self-designed disease-specific questionnaire were used during follow-up examinations to assess health-related QOL. The pure-tone average was used to specify hearing ability. Facial nerve function was described using the House–Brackmann grading system. A total of 28 male and 14 female patients who underwent surgery between 1997 and 2001 were included in the study.

Results

Patients’ QOL scores revealed significant reductions in QOL in comparison to normative German QOL data. Gender, age, tumor size or location and clinical symptoms such as hearing loss and restricted facial nerve function did not have an effect on QOL. The SF-36 scales physical functioning, role functioning—physical, bodily pain, general health, social functioning and role functioning—emotional demonstrated significant QOL reductions.     

颞骨骨折性面瘫手术减压时机的实验研究

目的制作颞骨骨折性面瘫的动物模型,初步探讨大鼠面瘫的自然发展过程,了解不同手术减压时机面瘫的治疗效果及减压后面瘫的恢复变化过程。方法选用Wistar大鼠32只,制作颞骨骨折性面瘫动物模型。将完全面瘫的大鼠随机分成4组:对照组即不减压组,2周减压组,4周减压组,8周减压组。分别于以上不同的时间行面神经减压术,并于不同时间测定面神经刺激阈值,以观察面神经的恢复情况。结果对完全面瘫的大鼠于面瘫后1周行面神经阈值检查,对最大电流刺激(3mA)无反应。4组大鼠面神经刺激阈值的恢复速度相比,2周、4周减压组比不减压组及8周减压组快;2周减压组面神经的恢复速度比4周减压组快。结论通过血管钳钳夹大鼠的面神经骨管,可以造成颞骨骨折性面瘫的大鼠模型。面神经减压术在面神经受损后4周内进行,可缩短其面神经阈值的恢复时间;且减压时间越早,面神经的恢复速度越快。     

面神经减压术治疗周围性面瘫的临床分析

目的：探讨面神经减压术治疗周围性面瘫的效果和时机。方法：周围性面瘫患者57例,分别在2个月以内和2个月以后行面神经减压术,采用组间χ^2。检验进行疗效对比。结果：2个月以内组治愈率显著高于2个月以上组（P〈0．05）。结论：面神经减压术是治疗周围性面瘫的有效手段,早期行面神经减压术可明显提高治愈率。     

手术治疗周围性面瘫51例

目的：探讨周围性面瘫的治疗方法及影响其疗效的因素。方法：回顾性分析51例面神经麻痹患者住院治疗的临床资料。结果：随访42例。36例行面神经减压术,22例恢复至H—BⅠ～Ⅱ级;4例行面神经吻合术,2例恢复至Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,2例面神经移植术,均恢复至〉Ⅲ级。病程3个月以内与3个月以上组手术的疗效差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：及时精确地施行手术是治疗周围性面瘫的有效方法。     

周围性面瘫41例临床分析

目的 总结周围性面瘫的疗效及治疗体会.方法 回顾性分析我院2004年7月-2009年1月间41例周围性面瘫患者的临床资料,以House-Brackman(HB)分级法作为疗效评估标准.结果 41例患者中Bell面瘫14例,Hunt综合征11例,胆脂瘤型中耳炎致面瘫8例,外伤性面瘫4例,颞骨肿瘤致面瘫4例.治疗前面瘫HB分级Ⅱ级2例,Ⅲ级11例,Ⅳ级13例,Ⅴ级12例,Ⅵ级3例.22例行单纯药物治疗;19例行手术治疗:其中单纯行面神经减压术6例,病变切除+面神经减压术10例,病变切除+面神经移植术2例,病变切除+面神经垂直段切除术1例.治疗后随访8月～4年半,除2例患者面瘫无明显改善外,其他患者均有不同程度的恢复;6例经药物治疗无效的患者经面神经减压术后1例恢复至I级、3例恢复至Ⅱ级、2例恢复至Ⅲ级.结论 周围性面瘫经及时、恰当的药物或手术治疗,大多可获得满意疗效;对于保守治疗无效者,及时果断地行面神经减压术是有效的治疗手段.     

A quantitative study of nerve fibers in the human facial nerve

Summary The facial and intermediate nerves were quantitatively evaluated in seven patients who died from systemic malignancies not involving the facial nerve. In addition, five of the specimens were also qualitatively evaluated by measuring the total and axon diameters of the facial and intermediate nerve fibers. In two cases the facial nerve fibers were counted at five different levels. The total number of myelinated nerve fibers in the facial nerve varied from 7500 to 9370. The total number of myelinated nerve fibers in the intermediate nerve varied between 3120 and 5360. The peak diameter of the facial nerve axon was between 4 and 6 m, and was between 2 and 3 m in the intermediate nerve. When comparing nerve segments at different anatomical levels, the largest amount of nerve fibers was found at the level of the middle mastoid portion. However, this number did not reach the amount of nerve fibers counted in the internal acoustic meatus.Prof. H. Spoendlin died in November 1991 after a lengthy illness     

手术治疗面神经瘫痪病人27例

目的;探讨影响面神经瘫痪手术治疗效果的因素。方法：对２７例手术后病例进行疗效分析。结果：年龄小,手术早,进路合理,损伤轻及位置低的病例疗效满意;２１例术后疗效达Ｈｏｕｓｅ Ⅰ￣Ⅱ级（２１／２７）,余６例为≥Ⅲ级,结论：认为根据不同病因及损伤范围选择合适的径路,充分探量,避免遗漏,是提高疗效的关键。     

面神经超兴奋性的临床和实验研究

目的：研究面神经麻痹、面神经超兴奋性的临床表现、意义及产生机制。方法：应用神经兴奋性测试仪测试100名正常人面神经兴奋性阈值的范围,并与190例面神经麻痹患者的兴奋性测试结果对照。制作豚鼠面神经麻痹试验模型,应用诱发肌电图测试肌动电位,透射电镜观测神经纤维髓鞘的改变。比较超兴奋性组及非超兴奋性组的临床治愈天数。结果：正常人双侧面神经兴奋性阈值的范围为1.72～-1.57?mA,190例面神经麻痹中29例面神经呈超兴奋性。超兴奋性组临床治愈平均需（3.4±6.0）d,非超兴奋性组临床治愈平均需（42.6±11.2）d,两组差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。23只豚鼠中,8只面神经压迫后阈值比压迫前下降,呈超兴奋性,电镜下可见神经纤维髓鞘板层轻度开离。结论：面神经麻痹呈面神经超兴奋性者预后良好。呈现超兴奋性与髓鞘板层开离及与使神经兴奋性增强的离子浓度增加有关。     

舌下神经-面神经侧端吻合术治疗小脑脑桥角肿瘤术后面瘫

摘要：目的探讨舌下神经-面神经侧端吻合术治疗小脑脑桥角肿瘤术后面瘫的效果。方法6例小脑脑桥角肿瘤切除术后面瘫患者均行舌下神经-面神经侧端吻合术。所有患者术后每3个月随访1次,评估House Brackmann(H B)分级和舌下神经功能。结果术后1年H B III级2例,H B Ⅳ级3例, H B V级1例。静态面部张力4例患者在吻合术后6个月改善明显,1例患者在吻合术后 9个月改善,1例患者在吻合术后1年改善。所有患者均未出现术侧舌肌瘫痪萎缩,发音和吞咽功能均正常。结论舌下神经-面神经侧端吻合术可改善小脑脑桥角肿瘤切除术后面瘫患者的面部张力和面肌功能,借助神经监护可尽量减小对舌肌功能的影响。     

Pain, quality of life, and spinal accessory nerve status after neck dissection

OBJECTIVE: To assess quality of life (QOL) in patients with head and neck cancer who underwent neck dissection and to compare QOL scores for patients in whom the spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) was resected or preserved. SETTING AND DESIGN AND OUTCOMES MEASURES: Three hundred ninety-seven patients who had undergone treatment for head and neck cancer completed the University of Michigan Head and Neck Quality of Life (HNQOL) instrument, the Medical Outcomes Study SF-12 General Health Survey, and questions on "pain despite pain medications" and headaches. RESULTS: Of the 397 patients, 222 had no neck dissection, 46 had neck dissections resecting CN XI, and 129 had dissection sparing CN XI. Of the latter group, 68 patients had dissections sparing level V and 61 dissections included level V. Age, sex, primary site distribution, and T stage were not different between the groups. Patients who had neck dissections sparing CN XI had better scores on the HNQOL pain domain (P = .002), had less shoulder or neck pain (P = .003), and took pain medications less frequently (P = .0004) compared with patients who had neck dissections sacrificing CN XI. When CN XI was preserved, patients who had no level V dissection had better pain domain scores (P = .03) and eating domain scores (P = .007) on the HNQOL, had less shoulder or neck pain (P = .006), and had less physical problems (P = .03) than patients who had level V dissected. On multivariate analysis, pain-related QOL scores after neck dissection were significantly better (P < .01) if patients had dissections with preservation of CN XI and if level V was not dissected. CONCLUSION: Neck dissections sparing CN XI are associated with better pain scores on the HNQOL, less shoulder and neck pain, and less need for medications. When CN XI is spared, not dissecting level V of the neck is associated with better HNQOL pain scores, less shoulder or neck pain, and fewer physical problems.     

面神经管裂缺处面神经组织学观察

目的探讨先天性面神经管裂处神经外膜缺陷可能引起的病理学改变。方法采用光学显微镜对美国明尼苏达大学颞骨病理实验室１５２６具颞骨连续切片的面神经颞骨全程进行组织病理学观察。结果发现先天性面神经管裂者８８５耳，其中４８耳在管裂处神经外膜缺损，其中４０耳面神经从管裂处疝出，有１３耳在管裂处形成外生性面神经鞘瘤。３耳在管裂处面神经受炎性细胞浸润。而管裂处有神经外膜覆盖的８３７耳均未见此类病变。结论面神经管裂处神经外膜的缺损是此处面神经疝出、外生性神经鞘瘤形成和面神经易于受炎症浸润的组织解剖学原因。