小脑扁桃体延髓沟的显微解剖及其临床应用价值

目的介绍一种经小脑扁桃体延髓沟入路切除枕骨大孔区、小脑扁桃体延髓沟内、Luschka孔区及第四脑室内肿瘤的方法。方法在熟悉小脑延髓沟显微解剖结构的基础上,临床上经此沟入路切除肿瘤7例。并对3例典型病例举例说明。结果小脑扁桃体延髓沟的显微解剖结构可以分为小脑扁桃体间隙和蚓垂扁桃体间隙两个部分。此沟的底由脉络膜、下髓帆和侧孔壁组成,也是第四脑室的顶。后壁由小脑扁桃体、枕大池组成,外侧壁有第Ⅸ、Ⅹ、Ⅺ、Ⅻ对颅神经,内含小脑后下动脉及其分支和小脑延髓静脉。可分3种方式打开此沟的底,进入第四脑室。2例枕大孔区肿瘤突出于此沟内完全切除;其中1例小脑半球毛细胞型胶质瘤经此入路全切除。4例髓母细胞瘤中2例经此沟底打开第四脑室全切除肿瘤,2例近全切除,1例第四脑室内室管膜瘤经此沟底打开第四脑室全切除肿瘤。结论后正中开颅、经小脑扁桃体延髓沟入路可以获得一个良好的手术野,为切除位于此沟内肿瘤、枕大孔区肿瘤、Luschka孔区肿瘤以及第四脑室内肿瘤提供了一个新的途径,还可以避免因切开小脑蚓部和切除小脑扁桃而产生的并发症。     

经小脑延髓裂入路行第四脑室手术的显微解剖研究

目的 探讨经小脑延髓裂入路到达第四脑室的解剖研究，及在不切开下蚓部的情况下如何分离此裂隙以获得最佳的手术视野。方法 应用显微外科解剖技术，对经甲醛固定、颈内动脉系统彩色乳胶灌注的10具成人尸头标本，在手术显做镜下解剖分离小脑延髓裂，观察第四脑室顶部、底部及外侧隐窝等，切开脉络膜等暴露第四脑室各区域。结果 小脑延髓裂充分暴露后，可以不切开下蚓部，即可获得第四脑室各壁的良好术野。开放小脑延髓裂可依据第四脑室壁的位置及需要暴露的程度分为3种方式：广泛型(导水管型)、外侧壁型及外侧隐窝型。结论 经小脑延髓裂入路可通过正常的解剖间隙到达第四脑室以及脑干，且术野充分，可减少手术的损伤及术后并发症。因广泛型可以最大程度显露第四脑室底部及各区域，因此可以作为该入路的标准方式。     

小脑延髓池的显微外科解剖研究

目的研究小脑延髓池的显微外科解剖特征,探讨其临床意义.方法选择经10%福尔马林固定成人头颈标本15例,显微镜下(5～25倍)模拟枕下极外侧入路、颈-乳突入路和耳前颞下窝入路的手术操作,分别自后、侧和前方显露小脑延髓池内结构,详细观测其神经血管结构的形态特征.结果小脑延髓池位于延髓外侧,上至桥延沟,下达枕骨大孔,侧方沿枕骨形成蛛网膜袖套进入颈静脉孔和舌下神经管.舌咽神经、迷走神经和副神经的根丝自上而下起自橄榄体背侧、延髓和脊髓的后外侧沟,根丝逐级汇合后分别进入舌咽神经道和迷走神经道.椎动脉于小脑延髓池的下端入颅后经该池行向前上内进入延髓前池.小脑下后动脉(PICA)可分为延髓前段、延髓侧段、扁桃体延髓段、脉络膜扁桃体段和皮质段.主要的静脉有小脑延髓裂内静脉、延髓静脉、小脑岩面下组静脉和岩下桥静脉.结论小脑绒球和Luschka孔脉络丛复合体及颈静脉孔硬膜返折可作为辨认舌咽神经脑池段的解剖标志,深刻认识小脑延髓池的蛛网膜界限对手术处理累及小脑延髓池的不同性质病变,保护重要神经功能意义重大.     

经小脑延髓裂夹闭小脑后下动脉远端动脉瘤

目的探讨经小脑延髓裂入路手术夹闭小脑后下动脉远端动脉瘤的优点及显微手术技巧。方法 23例手术夹闭小脑后下动脉远端动脉瘤均经后颅窝正中开颅,经小脑延髓裂入路,显微镜下夹闭小脑后下动脉远端动脉瘤。结果 23例患者,共33枚动脉瘤,完全夹闭31枚,2枚切除,夹闭率94.9%。无一例手术死亡。结论经小脑延髓裂入路夹闭小脑后下动脉远端动脉瘤,不需切开小脑下蚓部,可有效的清除第四脑室血肿,降低脑压。使血管神经显示更加清楚,不损伤任何小脑组织,能最大限度地减少牵拉血管及神经组织,减少动脉瘤的术中破裂,使手术更安全。术后患者不良反应小。     

关于第四脑室肿瘤手术入路的选择

第四脑室结构复杂,该部位肿瘤的切除有三种手术入路:小脑下蚓部入路、正中孔或扁桃体蚓垂间沟入路、小脑延髓裂入路.其中小脑下蚓部入路为传统的切除第四脑室肿瘤的手术入路,具有入路短的优点,缺点是第四脑室部分区域暴露不理想;正中孔或扁桃体蚓垂间沟入路为现代神经内镜技术应用于切除第四脑室肿瘤的手术入路,是今后微创神经外科治疗第四脑室肿瘤的一大发展方向;小脑延髓裂入路利用小脑延髓裂这一天然间隙,能较充分地暴露第四脑室,但对于上界高于中脑导水管开口的第四脑室肿瘤,单纯的该手术入路切除困难.应根据第四脑室肿瘤具体生长位置、特点选择合理的手术入路.     

经小脑延髓脉络膜裂入路暴露脑干的动物模型的实验研究

利用小脑和延髓背侧之间的“自然裂隙”-小脑延髓脉络膜裂（cerebellomedullochoroidal fissure，CMCF），在不切开小脑蚓部的情况下，显微操作微创暴露四脑室／脑干背侧，为脑干的实验研究提供一个可复制、创伤小、暴露好的动物模型。同时，探讨经小脑延髓脉络膜裂（transcerebellomedul lochoroidal fissure，TCMCF）入路暴露四脑室及脑干背侧的优势和显微手术技巧，进一步验证该手术入路的临床使用价值。     

枕下正中经小脑延髓裂锁孔入路的显微解剖研究

目的通过枕下正中经小脑延髓裂锁孔入路对第四脑室及其周围结构进行显微解剖观察,为临床应用提供解剖学依据。方法在10具(共20侧)成人尸头标本上模拟枕下正中经小脑延髓裂锁孔入路,使用显微镜对第四脑室及其周围组织结构进行解剖、观察和相关数据测定。结果 (1)枕下正中经小脑延髓裂锁孔入路可暴露第四脑室底、外侧隐窝、中脑导水管开口和脑干侧方等。(2)该入路可暴露的第四脑室底长度(37.73±0.77)mm,宽度(17.12±0.52)mm,面积(319.70±14.25)mm~2。(3)10具尸头共发现小脑后下动脉(PICA)19侧,PICA缺如1侧。同一标本双侧PICA直径差异较大,PICA下袢位置的变异也较大。结论 (1)枕下正中经小脑延髓裂锁孔入路对第四脑室的暴露范围与常规小脑延髓裂入路相仿,但存在显露角度受限、深部结构视野不佳等不足。(2)PICA与小脑延髓裂关系密切,且PICA走行分布复杂多变,术中应仔细辨认,避免误伤。     

小脑延髓裂入路在第四脑室和脑干背侧肿瘤手术中的临床应用

目的探讨枕下后正中-经小脑延髓裂入路显微手术切除第四脑室和脑干背侧肿瘤的手术方法、手术技巧,及其疗效。方法回顾性分析2006年1月~2015年12月采用小脑延髓裂入路手术治疗的106例第四脑室和脑干背侧肿瘤患者的临床资料。其中83例患者采用双侧小脑延髓裂入路,23例明显偏侧的第四脑室区、脑干肿瘤或小型肿瘤患者经单侧小脑延髓裂入路。结果肿瘤全切除者97例,次全切除者9例;全切除率达91.5%,次全切除率8.5%。术后并发脑积水1例,经脑室-腹腔分流术后治愈;无症状性颅内积气13例,皮下积液2例,吞咽障碍、一过性复视、短暂性消化道出血和呼吸障碍各1例,均经保守治疗后痊愈。术后无出现共济失调、平衡障碍和小脑性缄默综合征、脑脊液漏、颅内出血和感染等并发症,无死亡病例。结论经小脑延髓裂入路显微手术切除第四脑室和脑干背侧的肿瘤是一种微创、安全、有效,且显露充分、方便实用的手术方法。熟练的显微外科技术有助于提高手术的疗效。     

小脑后下动脉动脉瘤的显微手术治疗

目的探讨小脑后下动脉动脉瘤显微手术的方法及其效果。方法回顾性分析我院从2008年1月至2013年8月显微手术夹闭的31例小脑后下动脉动脉瘤患者的临床资料,动脉瘤位于延髓前段9例、延髓侧段6例、扁桃体延髓段5例、终末扁桃体段7例、扁桃体上端区域4例;术前Hunt-Hess分级Ⅰ级10例,Ⅱ级14例,Ⅲ级7例;采用远外侧入路15例、乳突后枕骨下入路7例、枕骨后正中入路9例。结果术后6个月,运用改良Rankin量表（mRS）评分评估患者预后,mRS评分0分20例,1分5例,2分3例,4分1例（Hunt-Hess分级Ⅱ级）,6分2例（1例死于肿瘤感染,1例死于）。结论小脑后下动脉动脉瘤破裂常表现脑干周围蛛网膜下腔出血,或仅表现为第四脑室出血;小脑后下动脉常有变异,CT血管造影不易发现动脉瘤;受小脑后下动脉动脉瘤的位置和解剖变异的影响,手术入路应给予个性化考虑。     

中间帆及其相关膜性结构的显微解剖学研究

目的 研究中间帆及其相关膜性结构的解剖学特点.方法 在手术显微镜下观察15具尸头中间帆的构成、与周边膜性结构的关系及其相关的脑池情况.结果 脉络膜由两层软膜在脉络裂附近融合而成,该膜在第三脑室上部分离为上下两层,构成中间帆,上层脉络膜由胼胝体压部的软膜延续而来,下层脉络膜为松果体上隐窝的一部分.中间帆内所含腔隙形成中间帆池,池内包含大脑内静脉及脉络膜后内侧动脉,后方与胼周池交通.结论 探讨中间帆及其周边结构的解剖,有助于第三脑室后部病变手术入路的选择与操作.     

Localization of the precentral gyrus in the computed tomogram and its clinical application

Summary In 30 patients the anatomical configurations of the precentral and central sulcus and gyrus were examined by computed tomography and could be determined with great accuracy. The distances between the coronal suture and the central and precentral fissure, and the angle between the longitudinal fissure and the central fissure were measured. These data are used in the precise localization for a surgical approach to a mass lesion.     

便携式视频显微镜经大脑纵裂胼胝体前段入路至蝶鞍的解剖研究

目的应用便携式视频显微镜进行经大脑纵裂胼胝体前段入路至蝶鞍的解剖研究。方法新鲜和灌注固定的成人尸头标本各5例,在便携式视频显微镜下,经大脑纵裂胼胝体前段入路解剖并观察鸡冠至蝶鞍。结果便携式视频显微镜经大脑纵裂胼胝体前段入路能够清楚、逼真地暴露蝶鞍的解剖结构。结论应用便携式视频显微镜经大脑纵裂胼胝体前段入路能够完成蝶鞍的显微解剖研究。     

Neurosurgical access to cortical areas in the lateral fissure of primates

In this report, a method is presented for gaining direct access to cortical areas within the lateral fissure of primates for neuroanatomical tracer injections and electrode array implantation. Compared to areas on the surface of the brain, the anatomical and physiological properties of areas within the fissure are poorly understood. Typically, access to these areas is indirectly achieved by ablating or passing through intervening areas. To enable direct experimental access, a neurosurgical technique was developed in primates whereby the banks of the lateral fissure were retracted with sparing of the vascular network and intervening areas. In some animals, anatomical tracers were directly injected into target fields without contamination of other areas. In others, multichannel electrode arrays were implanted into target areas for chronic recording of neural activity. Since, these techniques could be adapted for exploration of areas within other sulci, the approach represents an important advance in efforts to elucidate the functional organization of the primate cerebral cortex.     

Sylvian fissure morphology and asymmetry in men and women: bilateral differences in relation to handedness in men.

The anatomy of the sylvian fissure in the human brain was studied to develop reliable criteria for anatomical landmarks of the posterior part of the fissure for use in its definition and measurement; to quantify right-left asymmetries in segments of the sylvian fissure; to assess whether any anatomical features are associated with hand preference (selected as one index of hemispheric functional asymmetry); and whether structure-function relationships are similar in men and women. A sample of 67 brain specimens (24 men and 43 women, mean age = 53 years) was studied postmortem (with the aid of dissection) from people who had been tested before death for detailed hand preference. Sylvian fissure anatomy in the human brain is very variable and no agreement exists as to the point of its posterior termination. The posterior ascending ramus, originating at the posterior bifurcation of the fissure, was found to be the continuation of the main limb of the sylvian fissure. Three segments of the sylvian fissure were defined and measured: anterior, horizontal, and vertical. The anterior segment showed no asymmetry; the horizontal segment was twice as large on the left side as on the right; and the vertical segment twice as large on the right. The two asymmetries counterbalanced each other, and overall asymmetry in the posterior region (horizontal plus vertical) was minimal. The basic asymmetry is in the position at which the fissure turns up, resulting in the different extent and position of the surrounding right and left parietal and temporal gyri and associated cytoarchitectonic regions. The possible embryological course of the asymmetry is discussed. Handedness correlated with anatomy of the sylvian fissure in men. In contrast to general expectation, hand preference was associated with a bilateral feature of morphology, and not with less asymmetry in non-right-handers. Men having consistent-right-hand preference had longer horizontal segments in both hemispheres compared to men not having consistent-right-hand preference. The direction and magnitude of asymmetry did not differ between the two male hand-preference groups. Since hand preference is an index of other motor and perceptual functions which are asymmetrically represented in the two hemispheres in gyri surrounding the sylvian fissure, it is suggested that anatomy of the sylvian fissure is related to functional asymmetries in men. A sex difference in structure-function relationship was observed. No association was found between hand preference and sylvian fissure anatomy in women.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

The morphometric characteristics of the sagittal fissure as the basis for a surgical approach in callosotomy

Macro-microscopic tomography of the sagittal fissure of the brain has been studied on 10 dead bodies, morphometric studies were performed in 10 healthy subjects (40 NMR-tomograms and 40 cerebral angiograms). The findings made it possible to divide the fissure into three zones and single out basic anatomical structures in each zone. Morphological and morphometrical data obtained provided validation of the approach to the corpus callosum and microsurgical callosotomy.     

The antero-medial triangle: the risk for cranial nerves ischemia at the cavernous sinus lateral wall. Anatomic cadaveric study

OBJECTIVE: Vascular damage in the cavernous sinus can cause ischemic injury to the cranial nerves. An appropriate anatomical knowledge of the blood supply to the cranial nerves can help to reduce the morbidity associated with cavernous sinus surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three formalin-fixed and six adult cadaveric fresh heads, with common carotid arteries injected, were used for anatomical dissection in this study. A fronto-temporal craniotomy was performed and the cavernous sinus was explored according to the Dolenc technique. With microsurgical dissection and photographic documentation, we demonstrate the anatomy of the superior orbital fissure artery in the antero-medial triangle. RESULTS: The 12 explored cavernous sinuses demonstrated the presence of two principal branches directly from the intracavernous internal carotid artery that supply the cranial nerves: the infero-lateral trunk and the meningohypophyseal trunk. The artery of the Superior Orbital Fissure (SOF), originated more often from the infero-lateral trunk, and vascularized the III, IV, VI, and VI, and ophtalmic division of the trigeminal nerve (TGN VI) at their entry in the fissure. CONCLUSION: In this study we demonstrate that the superior orbital fissure artery is a branch from the infero-lateral trunk which runs immediately under the reticularis layer at the level of the anteromedial triangle in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus. The blood supply to all cranial nerves in the SOF is at risk to injury when the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus is transgressed at the anteromedial triangle since the SOF-artery runs superficially at this level.     

翼腭窝的显微和断层解剖研究及应用

目的 研究翼腭窝区解剖特点,为经上颌颅底手术入路提供解剖资料.方法 在10个甲醛固定成人头颅标本上,显微镜下观察翼腭窝内神经血管的解剖毗邻关系.利用冷冻铣切技术,获得横断、冠状及矢状位0.1 mm层面,在断面上连续追踪、观察翼腭窝的解剖结构.结果 翼腭窝内有上颌神经、翼管神经、蝶腭神经节及上颌动脉等重要结构,其内容物分为血管层和神经层.翼腭窝的解剖标志有圆孔、蝶腭孔及翼突,圆孔至翼管前口的距离为(0.872±0.242) cm,翼管至蝶腭孔的距离为(0.946±0.262) cm.圆孔位于眶上裂的外下方,圆孔至眶上裂距离为(0.846±0.264) cm.结论 冷冻铣切技术获得的断面清晰地显示了翼腭窝的解剖关系;显微和断层解剖方法相结合,阐明了翼腭窝区神经与血管分层的解剖特点,圆孔、蝶腭孔、翼突及翼管外孔可作为该区域的定位解剖标志.     

Superior divisional third cranial nerve paresis: clinical and anatomical observations of 2 unique cases

BACKGROUND: Within the midbrain, the third nerve nucleus is composed of a complex of subnuclei. The fascicular portion of the nerve courses through the red nucleus and exists in the midbrain just medial to the cerebral peduncle. The cisternal portion of the nerve is a single structure that divides into a superior branch and an inferior branch in the region of the cavernous sinus and superior orbital fissure. OBJECTIVE: To describe 2 patients with superior divisional third cranial nerve paresis resulting from a lesion involving the cisternal portion of the nerve prior to its anatomical bifurcation. PATIENTS: Case 1 was a 77-year-old man with a superior divisional third nerve palsy as the presenting manifestation of a posterior communicating artery aneurysm. Case 2 was a 41-year-old woman who developed a superior divisional third nerve palsy following anterior temporal lobectomy for epilepsy. RESULTS: In both cases, the presumed location of the lesion was the cisternal portion of the third cranial nerve. CONCLUSIONS: Although the anatomical division of the third cranial nerve occurs in the region of the anterior cavernous sinus or superior orbital fissure, there is a topographical arrangement of the motor fibers within the cisternal portion of the nerve. The clinical evaluation of a patient with a third cranial nerve paresis requires an understanding of the regional neuroanatomy and topographical organization of the nerve.