影响心肺复苏后存活率的相关因素探讨

目的:探讨影响心肺复苏(CPR)自主循环恢复(ROSC)后存活率的相关因素。方法:回顾并统计分析我院2001年1月至2004年12月在急诊科或院外发生心跳呼吸骤停,经急诊科CPR成功ROSC并在急诊科观察,维持6h以上后收入我院ICU病房进一步治疗年龄大于15岁患者的资料。结果:总43例,存活出院11例,存活率25.58%;ROSC间期、瞳孔情况、自主呼吸恢复情况、复苏后MODS与ROSC后的预后有着显著统计学意义(P<0.01);心跳呼吸骤停发生地点、复苏后高血糖、低血压与ROSC后的预后有统计学意义(P<0.05);性别、年龄与ROSC后的预后关系不大(P>0.05)。结论:CPR后ROSC患者的病死率仍高,影响预后的因素包括心跳呼吸骤停发生地点、ROSC间期、瞳孔情况、自主呼吸恢复情况、复苏后多脏器功能不全、高血糖、低血压。     

心肺复苏后的护理观察

心肺复苏术后，自身循环恢复只是复杂的治疗过程的开始，虽然经过心肺复苏，心脏骤停患者开始恢复心跳和自身循环，然而，只有一部分病人能够最终存活、出院，多数患者（80％）在恢复自身循环后数小时或数天内死亡。近期1／3病人因血流动力学不稳定或再次出现心脏停搏在到达医院前死亡。因此，积极有效的术后护理观察对患者预后有重要意义。     

蓝仕威克担架式复苏机在院前急救中的应用研究

据不完全统计,大约70％的心搏呼吸骤停发生在院外,心搏呼吸骤停后,在最短的时间内给予患者正确有效的复苏就有可能从死亡线上挽救生命。现场心肺复苏是急救医学最困难、最具代表水平的综合技术之一。也最能体现“时间就是生命”,因此院前心肺脑复苏的成功率对患者生存率的影响是直接的、关键的,甚至是决定性的。     

心肺复苏的质量对复苏后炎症反应的影响

目的 评价临床上常见的不标准心肺复苏(N-CPR)和2005年国际CPR指南推荐的标准心肺复苏(S-CPR)对心脏停搏(CA)猪复苏后炎症反应的影响.方法 18头猪被随机均分成两组,经麻醉、插管、机械通气后,应用程控刺激方法制备心室纤颤(VF)模型.S-CPR组应用2005年指南推荐的CPR方式;N-CPR组模拟临床上经常出现的低质量CPR方式.VF 4 min后开始进行CPR,CPR 9 min后进行电除颤及高级生命支持,自主循环恢复(ROSC)后进行各项指标观察.24 h仍存活的猪经处死后取脑、心、肝、肾组织,应用免疫组化法检测核转录因子-kB(NF-kB)的表达.实验期间连续监测CPR后3、6和9 min的血流动力学变化,并抽取基础状态、CPR 9 rain、ROSC 4 h的静脉血,测定血清肿瘤坏死因子-a(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)的浓度.结果 与N-CPR组比较,S-CPR组ROSC率(22.2%比88.9%)及24 h存活率(22.2%比88.9%)明显提高(P均＜0.05);CPR后3、6和9 min心排血量(CO)和平均动脉压(MAP)也均显著升高(P均＜0.01);并且CPR后9 min和ROSC 4 h血清促炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β]水平和各组织NF-kB表达程度均降低.结论 高质量的CPR后不仅能提高CA猪的生存率,也明显改善CPR后的炎症反应.     

1例Q-T间期延长综合征致心脏骤停成功复苏的急救护理

Q-T间期延长综合征发作尖端扭转室速(TDP)、室颤是导致患者死亡的主要原因。抢救用物的充分准备,密切观察病情变化,监测心率、心律和血压的变化,尤其是及时发现心电图的异常,并进行积极的电复律是抢救成功的关键;早期头部放置冰帽、大动脉冷敷及保持亚低温状态以保护脑细胞,是提高患者生活质量的重要保证。     

心肺复苏的误区探讨

心脏骤停威胁人们的生命健康,且近年随着心脑血管疾病增加其发病率逐渐攀升,心肺复苏(cardiopulmonaryresuscitation,CPR)作为抢救心脏骤停的有效方法,经过50余年的探索实践,患者的生存出院率仍不理想,故在发掘完善新方法的同时,亦应不断总结经验教训,找出CPR进程中的误区,笔者认为当前临床主要存在CPR程序“刻板化”、CPR通气“死腔化”、CPR按压“形式化”、CPR开胸“概念化”、CPR通路“单一化”、CPR背板“无声化”及CPR时限“教条化”,并结合经验积极尝试修正,以指导临床正确把握并实施CPR.     

老年人心肺复苏的临床特点及影响因素分析

目的探讨老年人心肺复苏的临床特点及影响因素。方法对38例老年人心肺复苏的临床资料进行分析,并与40例非老年人对比。结果老年组心脏骤停的主要病因为心、脑血管疾病,非老年组以意外伤害及中毒多见;老年组复苏前室颤发生率、肾上腺素使用剂量大于非老年组(P<0.05);自主循环恢复率低于非老年组(P<0.05);而MODS发生率及病死率明显高于非老年组(P<0.05)。结论老年患者心肺复苏成功率低,早期气管插管、及时电除颤对抢救至关重要。     

参附注射液对心脏骤停心肺复苏术后患者脏器功能保护作用研究

目的观察参附注射液对心脏骤停心肺复苏术后患者脏器功能的保护作用。方法选取我院2017年3月-2018年6月收治的心脏骤停后心肺复苏成功患者83例,根据心脏骤停心肺复苏术后治疗方法的不同分为观察组43例和对照组40例。对照组给予常规救治,观察组在常规救治基础上联合参附注射液治疗。比较两组心肺复苏成功即刻及治疗后24、48 h时血C反应蛋白(CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、神经元特异性烯醇化酶、氧合指数、心肌型肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、肌钙蛋白T(cTnT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、血肌酐(Cr)、尿素(BUN)水平,以及1个月生存率。结果两组复苏成功后24、48 h CRP和TNF-α水平均较复苏成功即刻升高,且复苏成功后48 h上述指标升高更为明显(P<0.05或P<0.01);观察组复苏成功后24、48 h CRP和TNF-α水平均低于对照组同时间(P<0.05)。两组复苏成功后24、48 h神经元特异性烯醇化酶较复苏成功即刻降低,氧合指数较复苏成功即刻升高,且复苏成功后48 h神经元特异性烯醇化酶降低及氧合指数升高程度更为显著(P<0.05或P<0.01);观察组复苏成功后24、48 h神经元特异性烯醇化酶均低于对照组同时间,氧合指数均高于对照组同时间,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组复苏成功后24、48 h CK-MB、cTnT、AST、ALT、Cr、BUN水平均降低,且复苏成功后48 h CK-MB、cTnT、AST、ALT、Cr、BUN降低程度更为显著(P<0.05或P<0.01);观察组复苏成功后24、48 h CK-MB、cTnT、AST、ALT、Cr、BUN水平均低于对照组同时间(P<0.05)。观察组1个月生存率为76.74%高于对照组1个月生存率52.50%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论心脏骤停心肺复苏术后患者给予参附注射液治疗,可有效减轻相关脏器损伤程度,保护脑、肺、心肌、肝肾功能,并能改善患者预后。     

持续心脏按压心肺复苏术在院内心脏骤停患者的应用研究

目的 探讨院内心脏骤停患者行连续胸外心脏按压心肺复苏能否提高复苏成功率.方法 67例院内发生心脏骤停的患者随机分为CCC-CPR组(即实验组n=35)和ICC-CPR组(即对照组n=32).两组均按照2005国际心肺复苏指南要求进行抢救,实验组采用人工呼吸时不停止胸外心脏按压,做连续胸外心脏按压;对照组按照2:30的比率进行人工呼吸和心脏按压,每次做人工呼吸时,胸外心脏按压必须暂停,做间歇胸外心脏按压心肺复苏(ICC-CPR).结果 实验组自主循环恢复率明显高于对照组(85.5% vs 61.4%,P<0.05);24 h生存率实验组明显高于对照组(28.6% vs 15.6%,P<0.01).结论 CCC-CPR可明显地提高院内心脏骤停患者自主循环恢复率和24 h生存率.     

心肺复苏犬心肌及血浆内皮素含量变化的实验研究

目的:研究复苏犬心肌组织及血浆内皮素(endothelin,E T)含量的变化规律及意义。方法:电击致犬室颤、心跳呼吸骤停,15m in后进行标准复苏,观察心脏停跳15m in、复苏后0.5h、2h、4h时心肌组织及血E T含量。结果:复苏后0.5h心肌组织及血浆E T含量较对照组明显升高(P<0.01),复苏后2h血浆E T含量达最高,心肌组织E T含量持续升高至复苏后4h(P<0.01)。结论:复苏后心肌组织及血中E T含量变化可能是机体在急剧缺血再灌注后出现的一种强烈的自身应激调节机制,与复苏后的心肌损伤及血流动力学不稳定有关。     

Pre- and postconditioning effect of Sevoflurane on myocardial dysfunction after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in rats

Post-resuscitation myocardial dysfunction is an important cause of death in the intensive care unit after initially successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) of pre-hospital cardiac arrest (CA) patients. Volatile anaesthetics reduce ischaemic–reperfusion injury in regional ischaemia in beating hearts. This effect, called anaesthetic-induced pre- or postconditioning, can be shown when the volatile anaesthetic is given either before regional ischaemia or in the reperfusion phase. However, up to now, little data exist for volatile anaesthetics after global ischaemia due to CA. Therefore, the goal of this study was to clarify whether Sevoflurane improves post-resuscitation myocardial dysfunction after CA in rats.     

A rodent model of emergency cardiopulmonary bypass resuscitation with different temperatures after asphyxial cardiac arrest

Background

The use of emergency cardiopulmonary bypass (ECPB) resuscitation after cardiac arrest may offer hope for survival when standard ACLS therapies fail. However, whether cooling adds benefit to ECPB is unknown and we lack an ECPB rodent model for experimental studies. We sought to (a) develop a 72 h survival rodent model using ECPB to treat asphyxial cardiac arrest and (b) use this new model to evaluate early mild and moderate hypothermia versus normothermia during ECPB resuscitation.

Methods

After 8 min of normothermic asphyxia, three groups of rats were resuscitated with ECPB at 37 °C (NORM), 34 °C (MILD) and 30 °C (MOD) for 1 h (n = 10 each). During the second resuscitation hour, ECPB was discontinued, ventilatory support was provided and body temperatures were maintained at 37 °C for NORM, 34 °C for MILD, and from 30 °C gradually up to 34 °C in 1 h for MOD animals. From hours 3 to 8, body temperature was maintained at 37 °C for NORM and 34 °C for MILD and MOD animals.

Results

All rats were initially resuscitated by ECPB. After 72 h, neurological outcome and survival in the MILD (60% survival) and MOD (80%) groups were significantly better than in the NORM (0%) group (p < 0.05). Overall performance recovery in the MOD group was best (vs. the NORM group), while the MILD group had an intermediate outcome.

Conclusions

A rodent model of ECPB is feasible and useful for resuscitation studies. The addition of early mild and moderate hypothermia to ECPB resuscitation significantly improves survival compared with normothermic ECPB in rats.     

Influence of nationwide policy on citizens’ awareness and willingness to perform bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Aims

Public awareness to cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and cardiac arrest is influenced by systemic factors including related policies and legislations in the community. Here, we describe and compare the results of the two nationwide CPR surveys in 2007 and 2011 examining public awareness and attitudes to bystander CPR in South Korea along with changes in nationwide CPR policies and systemic factors.

Methods

This population-based study used specially designed questionnaires via telephone surveys. We conducted bi-temporal surveys by stratified cluster sampling to assess the impact of age, gender, and geographic regions in 2007 (n = 1029) and in 2011 (n = 1000). Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with willingness to perform bystander CPR.

Results

Public awareness of automated external defibrillators increased from 3.0% in 2007 to 32.6% in 2011. The proportion of the population that underwent CPR training within the previous 2 years increased significantly from 26.9% to 49.0%. The factors most related with intention of bystander CPR were male gender, younger age, CPR awareness, recent CPR training, and qualified CPR learning. In 2011, 75.8% of respondents were more willing to perform bystander CPR for stranger vs. 68.3% in 2007 (p = 0.002). Additional dispatcher hands-only CPR increased this proportion (85.8%, p < 0.001). However, bystander CPR experience rates remained unchanged (3.6–3.9%).

Conclusion

Changes in nationwide CPR policies and systemic factors affected citizens’ awareness and willingness to perform bystander CPR. Additionally, applied dispatcher hands-only CPR and publicity increased public willingness to perform bystander CPR.     

A tourniquet assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation augments myocardial perfusion in a porcine model of cardiac arrest

ObjectiveDuring cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), myocardial blood flow generated by chest compression rarely exceeds 35% of its normal level. Cardiac output generated by chest compression decreases gradually with the prolongation of cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Early studies have demonstrated that myocardial blood flow during CPR is largely dependent on peripheral vascular resistance. In this study, we investigated the effects of chest compression in combination with physical control of peripheral vascular resistance assisted by tourniquets on myocardial blood flow during CPR.MethodsVentricular fibrillation was induced and untreated for 7 min in ten male domestic pigs weighing between 33 and 37 kg. The animals were then randomized to receive CPR alone or a tourniquet assisted CPR (T-CPR). In the CPR alone group, chest compression was performed by a miniaturized mechanical chest compressor. In the T-CPR group, coincident with the start of resuscitation, the thin elastic tourniquets were wrapped around the four limbs from the distal end to the proximal part. After 2 min of CPR, epinephrine (20 μg/kg) was administered via the femoral vein. After 5 min of CPR, defibrillation was attempted by a single 150 J shock. If resuscitation was not successful, CPR was resumed for 2 min before the next defibrillation. The protocol was continued until successful resuscitation or for a total of 15 min. Five minutes after resuscitation, the elastic tourniquets were removed. The resuscitated animals were observed for 2 h.ResultsT-CPR generated significantly greater coronary perfusion pressure, end-tidal carbon dioxide and carotid blood flow. There was no difference in both intrathoracic positive and negative pressures between the two groups. All animals were successfully resuscitated with a single shock in both groups. There were no significant changes in hemodynamics observed in the animals treated in the T-CPR group before-and-after the release of tourniquets at post-resuscitation 5 min.ConclusionsT-CPR improves myocardial and cerebral perfusion during CPR. It may provide a new and convenient method for augmenting myocardial and cerebral blood flow during CPR.     

心肺复苏质量对心博骤停猪血流动力学及氧代谢的影响

目的 应用O-CPR技术控制心肺复苏(CPR)质量,以观察在心脏骤停动物模型实施不同质量的CPR对复苏期间血流动力学和氧代谢的影响.方法 18头体质量为(30±1)kg的北京长白猪麻醉后,右侧股静脉送入Swan-Ganz导管并连接爱德华VigianceⅡ连续心排血量监测仪,左侧颈内静脉置管并放置电极到右心室,并分别行主动脉、右心房置管,连续记录血流动力学各指标,然后使用医用程控刺激仪电击致动物心博骤停,在室颤4 min后,将实验猪随机分为2组,标准CPR组和不标准CPR组,利用飞利浦HeartStart MRx监护仪/除颤器的O-CPR进行质量控制,监测胸外按压的深度、频率和回弹等.其中标准CPR组在复苏时进行标准胸外按压,频率为100次/min,按压通气比为30:2,按压深度为38～51 mm,胸廓充分回弹;不标准CPR组按压频率和按压通气比不变,但是按压深度为标准按压的60%～70%,每次胸廓回弹均不完全.在按压和通气9 min后开始电除颤.在各个时间点监测心排血量(CO)、平均主动脉压(MAP)等,计算冠脉灌注压(CPP),监测动静脉血气并计算氧输送量(DO2)和氧耗量(VO2)等,记录复苏成功的实验猪头数.数据处理采用SPSS 11.5统计软件进行y2检验和两个样本的t检验.结果 标准CPR组的自主循环恢复(ROSC)的成功率达90.9%,明显高于不标准者的28.6%(P=0.013),标准CPR组主要血流动力学指标CPP、CO、MAP高(P<0.05),全身血液氧合程度好,D02和VO2高于对照组(P<0.05).结论 在室颤心脏骤停猪模型中,应用规范化标准心肺复苏较不标准者能够明显提高CPP和CO2改善复苏期间的血流动力学,并可以提高DO2和VO2,对氧代谢的改善产生积极作用,因此ROSC成功率明显提高.     

心肺复苏成功后患者死亡因素分析

目的 调查分析心肺复苏成功后影响患者死亡率的因素。方法 收集1997～2001年在院内或院外发生心跳呼吸骤停后，经心肺复苏成功恢复自主循环并维持超过6h以上，收入我院ICU病房进一步治疗的年龄超过18岁的成年患者。从病例中提取数据记录分析患者的一般情况、出院时结局、可能影响预后的危险因素。结果 共50例纳入本研究。最终死亡35例(70％)，痊愈出院6例，伴有中枢神经系统功能缺陷出院9例。存活组和死亡组在下列项目上有显著统计学差异：心肺复苏前超过8min(P=0．043)、自主循环恢复48h后仍然神志不清(P=0．003)、自主循环恢复后48h内出现低血压状态或需要血管活性药维持(P=0．023)、高热(P=0．029)、多尿(P=0，043)、高血糖(P=0．019)。存活组和死亡组在下列项目上无显著统计学差异：年龄、性别、心肺复苏持续时间。结论 心肺复苏成功后患者的死亡率仍很高，影响预后的危险因素包括心肺复苏前超过8min、自主循环恢复48h后仍神志不清、自主循环恢复后48h内出现低血压状态或需要血管活性药维持、高热、多尿、高血糖。     

Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is hampered by interruptions in chest compressions--a nationwide prospective feasibility study

Aim of the study

Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a critical determinant of outcome following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. The aim of our study was to evaluate the quality of CPR provided by emergency medical service providers (Basic Life Support (BLS) capability) and emergency medical service providers assisted by paramedics, nurse anesthetists or physician-manned ambulances (Advanced Life Support (ALS) capability) in a nationwide, unselected cohort of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest cases.

Methods

We conducted a prospective, observational study of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with non-traumatic etiology (>18 years of age) occurring from the 1st to the 31st of January 2009 and treated by the primary Danish emergency medical service operator, covering approximately 85% of the population. One hundred and ninety-one cases were eligible for analysis. Follow-up was up to one year or death. Quality of CPR was evaluated using measurements of transthoracic impedance.

Results

The majority of patients were treated by ambulances with ALS capability (54%). Interruptions in CPR related to loading of the patient into the emergency medical service vehicle were substantial, but independent of whether patients were managed by ALS or BLS capable units (222 s versus 224 s, P = 0.76) as were duration of interruptions during rhythm analysis alone (20 s versus 22 s, P = 0.33) and defibrillation (24 s versus 26 s, P = 0.07).

Conclusions

Nationwide, routine monitoring of transthoracic impedance is feasible. CPR is hampered by extended interruptions, particularly during loading of the patient into the emergency medical service vehicle, rhythm analysis and defibrillation.     

Effect of cardiopulmonary resuscitation on restoration of myocardial ATP in prolonged ventricular fibrillation

Background

There has been controversy over whether a short period of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) prior to defibrillation improves survival in patients who experienced a sudden cardiac arrest. However, there have been no reports about whether CPR restores the myocardial energy source during prolonged ventricular fibrillation (VF). The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of CPR in restoring myocardial high energy phosphates during prolonged VF.

Methods and results

Seventy-two adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. Baseline adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) prior to induction of VF were measured in nine rats, the No-VF group. Sixty-three rats were subjected to 4 min of untreated VF. Animals were then randomized into two groups: No-CPR (n = 37) and CPR (n = 26). In the No-CPR group, ATPs and ADPs were measured at 4 min (No-CPR4), 6 min (No-CPR6), 8 min (No-CPR8) or 10 min (No-CPR10) after the induction of VF. The CPR group received 2 min (CPR2), 4 min (CPR4) or 6 min (CPR6) of mechanical chest compressions before ATP was measured.Myocardial ATP (nmol/mg protein) was decreased as VF duration was prolonged (No-VF: 5.49 ± 1.71, No-CPR4: 4.27 ± 1.58, No-CPR6: 4.13 ± 1.31, No-CPR8: 3.77 ± 1.42, No-CPR10: 3.52 ± 0.90, p < 0.05 between each of No-CPRs vs. No-VF). Two minutes of CPR restored myocardial ATP to the level of No-VF group (5.27 ± 1.67 nmol/mg protein in CPR2, p > 0.05 vs. No-VF group). However, myocardial ATP (nmol/mg protein) decreased if the duration of CPR was longer than 2 min (CPR4: 3.77 ± 1.05, CPR6: 3.49 ± 1.08, p < 0.05 between CPR4 and CPR6 vs. No-VF).

Conclusions

CPR for 2 min helps to maintain myocardial ATP after prolonged VF.     

经股静——动脉心肺转流术心肺脑复苏机制的探讨

目的观察犬电击致室颤/心跳骤停(VF/CA)8min后经开胸心肺复苏(CPR)和/或经股静-动脉心肺转流(CPB)心肺复苏对心脏复苏和脑脊液(CSF)内乳酸(LA)含量的影响.方法采用犬经胸壁电击VF/CA8min,经CPR恢复自主循环(RSC)后观察4h内CSF内LA含量的变化.9只犬分为两组,Ⅰ组(n＝5)采用开胸心脏按压等方法复苏,Ⅱ组(n＝4)于开胸心脏按压同时经一侧股静、动脉心肺转流,并维持2h.结果Ⅱ组RSC时间较Ⅰ组显著缩短(6.3±2.1minvs13.6±5.9min,P＜0.05);Ⅱ组CPB后室颤波幅较Ⅰ组明显提高;Ⅰ组RSC后30、60、120和240minCSF内LA含量均较CA前明显升高(10.7±3.3、8.8±3.8、7.8±3.5、5.6±1.0vs3.2±1.0,P均＜0.05),而Ⅱ组RSC后除30min外各时点CSF内LA含量均较CA前无明显升高(4.1±2.6、3.9±2.4、2.6±1.7vs3.0±0.4,P均＞0.05),且明显低于Ⅰ组各值(P均＜0.05).结论CA后经开胸CPR辅以CPB能提高心脏复苏的有效性,抑制单一开胸CPR后发生的CSF内LA含量升高,提示其能减轻脑内糖无氧代谢,改善脑氧供需关系,对脑复苏有利.