经舟骨月骨周围脱位的诊断与治疗

1 应用解剖 腕骨的结构复杂，八块腕骨分为近、远两排，从桡侧向尺侧远排为大多角骨、小多角骨、头状骨和钩骨，远端与掌骨基底部形成腕掌关节，其近端与近排腕骨形成腕骨间关节。近排依次为舟骨、月骨、三角骨和豌豆骨，前三块腕骨与桡骨远端形成桡腕关节。桡腕关节是典型的椭圆关节，由桡骨腕关节面和关节盘的下面构成关节窝，舟、月、三角骨构成关节头，关节囊松弛，关节腔较宽，其外有韧带增强。     

五种治疗腕塌陷术式的生物力学比较

目的测定5种治疗腕塌陷术式术后腕关节的生物力学变化.方法成人新鲜腕关节标本6侧,模拟不同的治疗腕塌陷的术式.于腕关节内置入压敏片,在双轴液压材料测试系统(material test system MTS,858型,美国产)上,于腕关节在中立位、掌屈5°位、背伸30°位、桡偏10°位、尺偏15°位下加载,分析压敏片上的相关信息.结果腕中立位下,正常的腕单位平均面积的负荷为[(22.9±4.3) N/cm2,±s,下同].腕舟骨远端切除+近端和头月融合术、腕舟骨全切除+头月融合术两手术后,该值无明显变化.四角融合术后,负荷值为(29.4±8.5) N/cm2.腕舟骨+三角骨切除和头月融合术后为(103.2±37.2) N/cm2,近排腕骨切除术后为(136.4±30.7) N/cm2.各功能位状态下,近排腕骨切除术以腕中立位时的负荷最高;而另4种部分腕骨融合术都以腕背伸30°位的单位面积负荷最高.结论在正常腕中立位下,通过腕关节的压应力负荷十分均匀.在腕舟骨远断切除+近端和头月融合术、腕舟骨全切除+头月融合两术后,生物力学改变不明显.四角融合术后,腕关节的单位面积负荷开始上升,腕舟骨+三角骨切除和头月融合术、近排腕骨切除术后该负荷开始大幅度上升.近排腕骨切除术后形成的桡头关节及其生物力学改变具有明显的反生理性.     

经桡骨茎突月骨周围背侧脱位一例

我们收治伴有尺骨茎突粉碎性骨折的经桡骨茎突月骨周围背侧脱位 1例 ,经手术切开复位内固定后 ,取得满意疗效。1　病例报告患者 ,男 ,35岁。因骑摩托车挫伤右腕关节 ,查体 :右手背侧及腕关节肿胀明显 ,右桡、尺骨茎突处压痛明显 ,腕关节活动明显受限。X线后前位片显示 :右腕关节近排腕骨的近侧和远侧弧线的连续性中断 ,正常的腕中关节间隙消失 ,桡、尺骨茎突均为粉碎性骨折 ,舟骨长轴明显变短 ,月骨形态介于四边形和三角形之间 ,腕高比下降 ;侧位片示 :月骨轻度背伸 ,月骨相对于桡骨远端关节面的位置正常 ,头状骨、月骨和桡骨不在同一中心…     

腕舟骨单独脱位1例

患者男,38岁。48天前骑自行车不慎摔倒,右腕关节屈曲手背着地,当时腕部畸形、疼痛,活动受限,手指麻木。在院外两次摄片,并多次手法复位失败,以后到我院求治。查体:右腕部轻度肿胀,似Smith’s骨折的腕部畸形,腕掌面桡侧腕横纹的近侧可扪及异常的骨性突起,局部压痛,X线片示:腕舟骨的远端与大、小多角骨相关节处为轴心,近端向桡侧及掌侧旋转移位,舟骨的长轴线与桡骨的轴线近平行,舟骨与月骨及头状骨间隙增宽,其它腕骨排列正常。诊断:腕舟骨陈旧性脱位并腕管综合征。臂丛麻醉下经腕掌面桡侧切口手术,见腕关节囊破裂,舟骨近端经此破口脱出,舟骨的桡骨关节面旋向掌侧。原舟骨间隙充满疤痕组织,难以复位,故行近排腕骨切除。术后腕关节功能位固定3周。随访9个月,腕部无疼痛,握力下降,手指无麻木。     

近排腕骨切除术后对腕关节生物力学影响的实验研究

目的测定正常腕关节和近排腕骨切除术后腕关节的活动范围和生物力学变化,探讨近排腕骨切除术后腕关节功能丧失和并发症出现的机制。方法选用16例新鲜腕关节标本,通过CSS-44020系列生物力学试验机(中国长春试验机研究所制造),牵引腕关节于被动掌屈、背伸、尺偏和桡偏位,测量正常腕关节和近排腕骨切除术后腕关节的活动范围。然后在腕关节内放置压敏片,于中立位对腕关节施压,分析压敏片上相关信息。结果正常腕关节标本掌屈(74.2°±4.9°,-x±s,下同)、背伸63.3°±3.6°、尺偏36.8°±2.6°、桡偏20.2°±3.4°。近排腕骨切除后掌屈48.1°±5.6°、背伸43.6°±4.6°、尺偏21.0°±4.3°、桡偏10.3°±4.1°。正常腕关节的受力面积平均为(640.57±23.15)mm2,近排腕骨摘除组为(81.26±2.38)mm2。正常腕关节负荷压力为(27.68±0.73)N/cm2,近排腕骨切除组为(169.81±2.27)N/cm2。结论近排腕骨切除术后腕关节活动范围丧失较大,其应力负荷的增加明显超出了正常腕关节所承受的压力负荷,使腕关节功能丧失较多并容易在术后产生腕关节退行性关节炎等并发症。     

部分腕骨融合术或切除术对腕关节运动影响的实验研究

目的 研究临床常用的部分腕骨融合术或切除术对腕关节运动的影响程度。方法 将１２侧新鲜上肢处理后,固定于特制的测试架上,在腕背部打入２根或多根克氏针,作舟头骨、舟大小多角骨、舟月骨、月三解骨、桡月骨、ｆｏｕｒ ｃｏｒｎｅｒ、头月骨融合术、舟骨切除＋ｆｏｕｒ ｃｏｒｎｅｒ、舟骨切除＋头月融合术。观测腕关节正常运动活动范围,及作上述不同部分腕骨融合术后腕关节屈曲、伸腕、尺偏、桡偏度数。结果 桡舟月骨融合     

头状骨移位替代坏死月骨的解剖研究及其临床应用

目的　介绍一种治疗晚期月骨无菌性坏死的新术式。方法　对 5 0侧上肢标本进行显微解剖并观测腕部的血管结构。对 10 0侧腕骨标本中头状骨与月骨进行对比观测 ,并做相关性分析。设计以骨间前动脉背侧支为蒂的头状骨移位术 ,替代坏死碎裂的月骨。临床应用 2 0例 ,术后随访 1～ 13年。结果　头状骨与月骨的几何形状、外径和关节面的弧高、弧长极其相似 ,相关性显著。移位的头状骨有可靠的血运。 2 0例头状骨移位替代坏死月骨者术后腕痛消失 ,保持了腕高、腕骨间的稳定和腕关节的功能。结论　该术式符合腕关节的功能解剖和力学传导 ,是治疗晚期月骨无菌性坏死的较好方法。     

晚期月骨无菌性坏死舟骨环形征的解剖学及生物力学研究

目的明确稳定舟骨近极的韧带及断裂后桡腕关节面应力的改变,阐明舟骨环形征的临床意义. 方法实验分为两部分,分别通过5侧上肢标本的解剖学观察,确定稳定舟骨近极的韧带;通过桡侧、尺侧屈腕肌腱及桡侧、尺侧伸腕肌腱,垂直加载12 kg负荷5分钟,应用压敏薄膜及FPD-305E、FPD-306E系统,分别测量腕关节中立、掌屈、背伸、尺偏及桡偏时,正常及韧带断裂后舟骨窝、月骨窝应力的变化. 结果解剖学观察发现,稳定舟骨近极的韧带为:桡舟头韧带、长桡月韧带及舟月骨间韧带,其中长桡月韧带和舟月骨间韧带起到限制舟骨近极向背侧移位的作用.生物力学研究结果表明,在稳定舟骨近极的韧带断裂后,背伸位时,舟骨窝桡侧亚区应力(0.90±0.43)与正常(0.85±0.15)无差异,但掌侧(0.59±0.20)、尺侧(0.52±0.05)及背侧亚区(0.58±0.23)应力较正常(相对应力为0.77±0.13、0.75±0.08、0.68±0.09)减小;中立、掌屈、桡偏及尺偏位时,舟骨窝内各亚区应力与正常相比增大或无差异;而月骨窝在中立位时,各亚区的应力增大;掌屈、背伸、桡偏及尺偏位时,各亚区的应力减小或无差异. 结论在月骨无菌性坏死ⅢB期,舟骨窝承受的负荷增加,在治疗方法的选择上,应注意矫正舟骨的旋转半脱位,防止后期出现桡舟关节创伤性关节炎.     

腕塌陷的诊断和治疗进展

最近20年对腕塌陷有系统研究，X线片诊断标准的提出和修正进一步明确了腕塌陷的概念，舟月进行性腕塌陷分期法帮助临床医生更客观地追踪该病的发展和愈后。相关生物力学的研究使对此症病理机制的认识大为加深，并且成为手术方法选择的重要参考依据。以四角融合术为代表的各种部分腕骨合术和近排腕骨切除术右以有效缓解症状，阴止腕塌陷的继续，成为该病的主要治疗手段，但必须要根据桡腕关节和腕中关节的具体情况灵活使用。硅胶假体置换术由于其明显的并发症基本被淘汰。     

近排腕骨切除术治疗创伤性腕关节炎10例临床观察

[目的]评价近排腕骨切除术治疗创伤性腕关节炎的疗效。[方法]2009年3月~2014年12月,对10例创伤性腕关节炎行近排腕骨切除术。术后测量腕关节的活动度、握力和疼痛程度,腕关节功能评定采用Krimmer评分法。术后拍摄腕关节正侧位X线片,了解腕关节骨性改变情况。[结果]术后随访8~66个月。腕关节屈伸活动度(腕关节掌屈、背伸角度之和)平均为73°(健侧为127°),尺桡偏平均为37°(健侧为67°);握力为24 kg(健侧为48 kg);疼痛值为30(术前为75);腕关节功能评分为82分(术前为56分)。腕关节X线片示:术后1例桡头关节形成关节炎。[结论]近排腕骨切除可保留腕关节部分功能,减轻腕关节疼痛,是治疗创伤性腕关节炎的有效手段。     

Conservative surgery in Kienbock's disease with perilunate arthrosis: articular resurfacing using resected carpal bones

We present 2 cases of Kienb?ck's disease in which peri-lunate chondral lesions contra-indicated classical procedures such as proximal row carpectomy or 4 corner arthrodesis. A partial carpectomy provided us with an osteochondral graft, used to resurface the areas of chondral damage over the capitate or on the radius. The clinical and radiological result was stable at a follow-up of 3 and 6 years. In the first case, degenerative changes over the head of the capitate contra-indicated proximal row carpectomy. The lunate was removed and the proximal 2/3 of the scaphoid were shifted medially and fused in a "four-corner"-like arthrodesis. In the second case, the lunate fossa on the radius was damaged. The proximal row was excised and an osteochondral graft was harvested from the triquetrum. This was used to replace the lunate fossa on the radius. This new concept of a "carpal bank" has enabled us to extend the classical indications for proximal row carpectomy and four-corner arthrodesis. It makes it possible to withdraw the limits of conservative wrist surgery in Kienb?ck's disease and we believe this concept could also be extended to similar situations of localized chondral damage in small joints.     

Coexisting Kienböck's and Preiser's Disease of the Wrist: Experience with Proximal Row Carpectomy with Dorsal Capsular Interposition Technique

Background

Idiopathic avascular necrosis of the lunate is known as Kienböck's disease and that of the scaphoid is known as Preiser's disease. Because the prevalence of coexisting Kienböck's and Preiser's diseases is very low, standardized stages of disease and treatments are not established.

Case Presentation

We report coexisting avascular necrosis of the scaphoid and lunate in a 68-year-old woman with no history of steroids or other risk factors. We treated her with proximal row carpectomy with capsular interposition technique. A distal-based dorsal capsular flap was prepared and repaired the palmar capsule. At the last follow-up, she had no pain and had gained improved range of wrist motion. There was no arthritic change at the newly formed radiocapitate joint.

Conclusions

In the case of collapsed lunate and scaphoid with avascular necrosis, the proximal row carpectomy procedure has an advantage. Proximal row carpectomy with dorsal capsular interposition can be performed when the lunate or scaphoid cannot be saved. Arthritic changes of the capitate head and distal radius lunate facet can be covered with the dorsal capsule.     

Proximal row carpectomy

Proximal row carpectomy is extremely useful as a wrist reconstructive technique for cases of degenerative joint arthritis of the radiocarpal joint cause by scapholunate advanced collapse, scapholunate advanced collapse, schaphoid nonunion advanced collapse, trans-scaphoid perilunate fracture dislocations, lunate dislocations, and Kienb?ck disease. It should be selected with caution for patients younger than 35 years old. The procedure can be performed with or without temporary internal fixation with with Kirschner wires, and adjunctive techniques of dorsal capsule interposition, proximal capitate excision, and radial styloidectomy can be used. The longevity of the operation is good, but the patient should be informed preoperatively that secondary procedures may be required. Based on historical series, these procedures have included addition have included of radial styloidectomy when this has not been performed at the index procedure, revision of the surgery with capitate debridement or conversion to total wrist arthodesis. Conversion of proximal row carpectomy to total wrist arthoplasty with implants can be contemplated in selected patient particularly as newer implants are designed. The technique the senior author has used on occasion has been to perform revision surgery on those patients who have chronic pain who might need further debridement of the radius in the radial styloid, the proximal capitate, or evaluation of the integrity of the interposition.     

Changes in radiocarpal loading characteristics after proximal row carpectomy

PURPOSE: To document the changes in wrist loading that occur after proximal row carpectomy in a cadaver model. METHODS: The normal radioulnar carpal pressure distributions of 7 cadaver wrists were measured using super-low-pressure-sensitive film. Proximal row carpectomies were performed and the loading characteristics re-evaluated. RESULTS: In the lunate fossa the contact area increased 37%, the average contact pressure increased 57%, and the location of the contact moved radially 5.5 mm. With wrist motion between 40 degrees of extension and 20 degrees of flexion the volar/dorsal excursion of the lunate fossa contact point increased by 108%. CONCLUSIONS: Significant changes in radiocarpal loading occur after proximal row carpectomy. The increased radiocarpal excursion with wrist motion may explain the low incidence of radiocapitate arthritis in patients who have had proximal row carpectomy.     

Subchondral bone mineral density patterns representing the loading history of the wrist joint after a proximal row carpectomy

To evaluate force transmission patterns in vivo of patients with complaints of wrist instability requiring a proximal row carpectomy, bone mineral density (BMD) patterns of the wrist were established using computed tomography absorptiometry. Normal wrists show a BMD pattern in which the scaphoid fossa and lunate fossa of the distal radius contain a center of force transmission. Wrists with pathology of the proximal carpal row or distal radius show a shift of BMD towards the dorsal edge and the styloid process of the scaphoid fossa. After a proximal row carpectomy, the BMD of the scaphoid fossa decreases, and a BMD center is formed in the center of the lunate fossa, demonstrating that the force transmission is concentrated in its center.     

Early proximal row carpectomy after severe carpal trauma

Complex fracture dislocations of the wrist often result in post-traumatic arthrosis. In these cases, patients can experience severe pain and loss of function of the wrist and as a result many of them end up having a total arthrodesis. In trying to avoid the disadvantages of a total arthrodesis, alternative treatment strategies have been investigated, amongst which proximal row carpectomy (PRC). Basic conditions for a good outcome of PRC are an intact cartilage of the lunate fossa of the distal radius and an intact surface of the head of the capitate for the new radiocapitate joint (, schematic drawing post-PRC). Also, an intact (volar) radioscaphocapitate (RSC) ligament is necessary because it plays an essential role in stabilizing the new joint and preventing volar dislocation and ulnar translocation of the distal carpal row. Acute post-traumatic PRC can be indicated, but is rarely reported in literature. In this article, we present four patients whom we have treated with early PRC after severe trauma of the wrist. Three patients had a good outcome. In the patient with the bad outcome, the before-mentioned prerequisites were not met, which is discussed.     

Partial wrist prosthesis: concept and preliminary results in 13 cases

The author introduces a novel concept, namely the partial wrist prosthesis. This new technique combines a proximal row carpectomy with resurfacing of the lunate fossa of the radius and the head of the capitate. Results of the first 13 cases are reported with a mean follow-up of 32.7 months (13-72 m). This prosthesis can be used in degenative arthritis of the wrist instead of total fusion.     

The anatomy of the ligaments of the wrist and distal radioulnar joints

The ligaments of the wrist are responsible for guiding and constraining the complex motion of the carpal bones relative to the forearm bones, the metacarpals, and contiguous carpal bones. The majority of wrist ligaments are found within the joint capsule as organized thickenings composed of parallel collagen fascicles, small caliber nerves and blood vessels, and lined on their deep surfaces by synoviocytes. The palmar radiocarpal ligament complex is composed of the radioscaphocapitate, long radiolunate, radioscapholunate and short radiolunate ligaments. The ulnocarpal ligaments include the ulnolunate, ulnotriquetral and ulnocapitate ligaments. Dorsally, the radiocarpal joint is spanned by the dorsal radiocarpal ligament. Palmar ligaments connecting the proximal and distal carpal rows include the scaphotrapeziotrapezoid, scaphocapitate, triquetrocapitate and triquetrohamate ligaments. Within each row are interosseous ligaments connecting adjacent carpal bones, each divisible into dorsal and palmar components. There are unique regions within some of the ligaments, such as a zone of fibrocartilage in the proximal regions of the scapholunate and lunotriquetral interosseous ligaments, and strong deep regions connecting the trapezoid, capitate, and hamate. The distal radioulnar joint is connected by the triangular fibrocartilage complex, composed of a fibrocartilaginous disc and the palmar and dorsal radioulnar ligaments. The ulnocarpal ligaments attach to the palmar radioulnar ligament rather than directly to the ulna, allowing increased independence between wrist and forearm motion.     

Proximal row carpectomy and intercarpal arthrodesis for the management of wrist arthritis

For advanced noninflammatory wrist arthritis, the most common surgical treatments to preserve motion are proximal row carpectomy and scaphoid excision with capitohamate-lunotriquetral arthrodesis. Both procedures have documented successful outcomes. Proximal row carpectomy is simpler but typically is contraindicated when degeneration of the capitate head cartilage exists. Scaphoid excision with capitohamate-lunotriquetral arthrodesis is more complex but may provide greater grip strength and can be successful in the presence of capitate degeneration. Treatment selection should be based on surgeon preference and experience as well as on the patient's understanding of the possible complications and benefits of each procedure.