毛细支气管炎患儿孟鲁司特治疗前后血清和尿白三烯水平的变化

目的 探讨毛细支气管炎患儿孟鲁司特治疗前后血及尿白三烯的变化.方法 选择我院小儿内科2009年11月至2011年3月住院治疗的毛细支气管炎患儿40例作为研究对象,分为2组:(1)研究组;接受常规治疗及孟鲁司特治疗.(2)对照组:只接受常规治疗.分别于治疗前后留取患儿的血清及尿标本,检测白三烯水平.另取同期体检健康儿童20例作为正常组.结果 (1)研究组毛细支气管炎患儿急性期血清白三烯浓度(83.31±16.82) μg/L,对照组(85.62±17.91)μg/L,均显著高于正常组[(31.35±9.22) μg/L],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).研究组毛细支气管炎患儿应用孟鲁司特治疗后(缓解期)的血清白三烯水平为(58.69±17.95) μg/L,低于对照组(69.72±18.47)μg/L,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(2)研究组毛细支气管炎患儿急性期尿白三烯浓度(353.48±121.77) μg/(L·cr),对照组(321.42±118.31) μg/(L·cr),显著高于正常组[(58.85±9.14)μg/(L·cr)],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).毛细支气管炎患儿应用孟鲁司特治疗后(缓解期)研究组的尿白三烯水平( 192.10±33.52) μg/(L·cr),低于对照组[(281.53±50.65) μg/(L·cr)],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(3)毛细支气管炎患儿血清白三烯与尿白三烯呈正相关.结论 毛细支气管炎急性期血清及尿白三烯水平升高.孟鲁司特能降低毛细支气管炎患儿白三烯水平.     

急性毛细支气管炎患儿血清白细胞介素13、γ-干扰素表达的意义

目的 探讨急性毛细支气管炎患儿血清IL-13、IFN-γ表达及其临床意义.方法 用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测42例急性期毛细支气管炎患儿(其中轻症组22例,重症组20例)和20名健康婴儿血清IL-13、IFN-γ水平.采用方差分析和成组t检验,检测各组间差异.结果 1.急性毛细支气管炎患儿血清IL-13[(6.88±2.12 )ng/L]明显高于对照组[(5.48±1.28 )ng/L](P＜0.05).2.急性期毛细支气管炎患儿IFN-γ[(10.71±2.44 )ng/L]明显高于对照组[(9.20±1.54)ng/L](P＜0.05);轻症组明显高于重症和对照组(P＜0.05),而重症与对照组则无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论 1.IL-13参与毛细支气管炎的发病过程,但其水平不能反映病情严重程度;2.IFN-γ水平在轻症毛细支气管炎组明显增高,而重症组不增高,可能与急性重症毛细支气管炎患儿IFN-γ产生受抑制有关.     

遗尿症与非遗尿症儿童的晨尿渗透浓度测定

目的探讨原发性夜遗尿症(PNE)儿童晨尿渗透浓度与非遗尿儿童有否差异,是否可以反映夜间抗利尿激素分泌水平。方法研究对象为2006-01—2006-08在华中科技大学同济医学院同济医院肾脏专科门诊就诊的患儿。用FM-8P冰点渗透浓度计前瞻性测定18例PNE患儿(病例组)和20例年龄、性别相匹配的非遗尿儿童(对照组)清晨(6:00～7:00)起床第1次尿和白天(14:00～15:00)随机尿的渗透浓度,采用酶联免疫吸附试验法测定凌晨1:00和下午15:00的血清抗利尿激素(ADH)水平。结果病例组晨尿渗透浓度[(682.06±222.68)mmol/L]比白天尿渗透浓度[(712.06±336.25)mmol/L]没有升高(P=1.000)且明显低于对照组晨尿渗透浓度[(911.40±235.98)mmol/L,P=0.023]及晨尿渗透浓度正常值低限(800mmol/L)(t=2.247,P=0.038);白天尿渗透浓度病例组和对照组分别为(712.06±336.25)mmol/L和(759.91±281.53)mmol/L,差异无显著性(P=1.000);血清ADH夜间(1:00)病例组为(1.58±0.35)pg/mL比白天[(15:00,2.48±1.72)pg/mL]无升高(P=0.834)且明显低于对照组夜间血ADH水平[(4.18±0.86)pg/mL,P=0.000],而对照组夜间ADH明显高于白天(15:00)[(2.10±1.35)pg/mL,P=0.002]。结论PNE患儿晨尿渗透浓度比白天没有升高且明显低于非遗尿儿童,与抗利尿激素夜间分泌减少相一致。提示晨尿渗透浓度可以间接反映PNE患儿夜间的抗利尿激素分泌情况。     

毛细支气管炎患儿血清白细胞介素-4及尿白三烯E4水平的临床观察

目的 探讨毛细支气管炎患儿血清IL4及尿白三烯E4(LTFA)水平变化与病情分度的关系.方法 选择2006年12月至2008年12月我院小儿呼吸科住院毛细支气管炎患儿100例,按病情程度分为轻度、中重度两组,轻度组52例,中重度组48例.另选择健康体检儿50例为对照组.采用酶联免疫吸附法测定血清IL-4及尿LIFA水平.结果 毛细支气管炎患儿发病急性期血清IL-4水平为(11.34±7.56)ng/L,尿LTFA(20.3±4.75)pmol/μmol Cr;恢复期血清IL-4(6.84±5.64)ng/L及尿LTE4(3.6±1.12)pmol/μmol Cr;健康组IL-4(5.72±2.24)ng/L及尿LTFA(1.43±0.14)pmol/μmolCr.毛细支气管炎患儿发病急性期血清IL-4及尿LTE4明显增高(P<0.01).中重度组血清IL-4为(15.32±6.85)ng/L,及尿LTE4为(28.8±4.71)pmoL/μmol Cr,高于轻症组IL-4[(7.64±4.31)ng/L]及尿LTE4[(18.1±3.52)pmol/μmol Cr],两组问差异有显著性(P<0.05).恢复期IL-4为(6.84±5.64)ng/L 及尿LTFA为(3.6±1.21)pmol/μmol Cr;正常健康对照组IL-4(5.72±2.24)ng/L及尿LTE4(1.43±0.14)pmol/μmol Cr,两组间差异无显著性(P>0.01).血清IL-4与尿LTE4检测结果呈正相关,r值分别为0.628、0.564(P<0.01).结论 血清IL-4及尿LTE4水平可作为毛细支气管炎病情严重程度的指标之一,有利于指导临床诊治.     

白介素-13与γ-干扰素在急性毛细支气管炎患儿血清中的表达及其临床意义

目的探讨白介素-13(IL-13)、γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)在急性期毛细支气管炎患儿血清中的表达及与病情轻重之间的相关性。方法用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法测定2005-02—2005-11于遵义医学院附属医院治疗的42例急性期毛细支气管炎患儿(其中轻症组22例,重症组20例)和16名健康婴儿的血清IL-13、IFN-γ的质量浓度。结果急性期毛细支气管炎患儿血清IL-13的质量浓度[(6.88±2.12)ng/L]明显高于对照组[(5.48±1.28)ng/L,P<0.01]。急性期毛细支气管炎患儿IFN-γ质量浓度[(10.71±2.44)ng/L]明显高于对照组[(9.20±1.54)ng/L,P<0.05];其中轻症组明显高于重症组和对照组(P<0.05),而重症组与对照组差异则无显著性(P>0.05)。结论急性期毛细支气管炎患儿血清IL-13质量浓度明显增高,提示IL-13参与了毛细支气管炎的发病过程,但所测质量浓度不能反映病情严重程度;IFN-γ在轻症毛细支气管炎组质量浓度明显增高,而重症组不增高,这可能与急性重症毛细支气管炎患儿IFN-γ产生受抑制有关。     

毛细支气管炎患儿血清肺表面活性蛋白A测定及其意义

目的 测定毛细支气管炎患儿血清肺表面活性蛋白A (surfactant protein A,SP-A)浓度,探讨毛细支气管炎患儿SP-A在病情严重程度判断方面的临床意义.方法 2011年9月至12月于新乡市中心医院儿科住院治疗的毛细支气管炎患儿62例,根据病情严重程度分为3个亚组,并以15例健康体检儿童为对照组,采用ELISA方法测定其血清SP-A浓度,应用SPSS 14.0统计软件包进行分析.结果 毛细支气管炎患儿血清SP-A浓度[(38.52±10.19) ng/ml]显著高于对照组[(27.66±2.52) ng/ml],差异有统计学意义(t=18.292,P＜0.05).轻度、中度、重度毛细支气管炎患儿血清SP-A浓度分别为(31.35±6.44) ng/ml、(36.43±9.20) ng/ml、(45.27±12.21) ng/ml,各组间差异有统计学意义(F=9.899,P＜0.05).结论 SP-A参与了毛细支气管炎发生与发展过程,对其严重程度有提示作用,有利于指导临床治疗.     

血清25-羟维生素D_3水平与婴儿喘息关系及临床意义探讨

目的探讨血清25-羟维生素D3[25-(OH)D3]水平与婴儿喘息的关系及临床意义。方法以2011年10月至2012年5月在苏州儿童医院呼吸科住院的105例下呼吸道感染患儿为研究对象,采用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法检测30例婴儿喘息患儿(喘息≥2次)、38例毛细支气管炎患儿、37例普通肺炎患儿血清25-(OH)D3水平,并对部分患儿行血过敏原检测及鼻咽部抽吸物病原学检测。选择同期在该院儿保门诊体检的34例健康患儿作为对照组。比较各组检测结果。结果 (1)婴儿喘息组、毛细支气管炎组、普通肺炎组血清25-(OH)D3水平分别为(55.73±18.16)nmol/L、(68.43±18.63)nmol/L、(70.74±23.56)nmol/L,三组均显著低于对照组(82.99±16.43 nmol/L)(P0.05);婴儿喘息组显著低于毛细支气管炎组、普通肺炎组(P0.05),而后两者间差异未见统计学意义(P=0.609);(2)毛细支气管炎组、婴儿喘息组病毒检出阳性率分别为75.7%和65.5%,显著高于普通肺炎组37.1%(P=0.001),毛细支气管炎组与婴儿喘息组差异无统计学意义(P0.05);(3)血清25-(OH)D375 nmol/L组呼吸道病毒检出阳性率及反复喘息发生率均分别高于≥75 nmol/L组(P0.05),而两组患儿血过敏原检出阳性率差异无统计学意义(P=0.393)。结论病毒感染是婴儿喘息发生的主要因素,而维生素D不足或缺乏可能增加反复喘息发生的风险。     

脑钠肽对儿童毛细支气管炎并发心力衰竭的诊断价值

目的 探讨呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)感染致儿童毛细支气管炎并发充血性心力衰竭(心衰)时血浆脑钠钛(BNP)浓度的变化与急性心衰发生的相关性.方法 选择我院2008年1月至2010年12月收治的7 d～26个月RSV感染致毛细支气管炎并发心衰患儿18例(A组),RSV感染致毛细支气管炎未并发心衰患儿20例(B组),健康儿童20例(C组),检测血浆BNP水平,同时测定其左心室射血分数(LVEF)及左室内径缩短率(FS).结果 A组患儿BNP水平为(727±153)pg/ml,明显高于B组[(37±13)pg/ml]及C组[(21±17)pg/ml](P＜0.05),LVEF及FS值明显低于B组及C组(P＜0.05).B组和C组BNP水平比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 BNP可作为早期诊断RSV感染所致毛细支气管炎并发心衰的指标.     

哮喘患儿急性发作期体内镁离子浓度变化及临床意义

目的探讨哮喘儿童急性发作期血镁、尿镁、红细胞内镁离子的浓度变化,了解尿镁在判断低镁缺乏症中的意义。 方法观察组为自2001年9月至2004年12月浙江省东方医院以及鄂州市中心医院就诊的哮喘急性发作期患儿100例,年龄3~14岁;对照组为同时期、相同年龄段的托幼机构、学校健康儿童80例。2组研究对象均取静脉血3mL、同时收集24h尿,记录尿量。全自动生化分析仪检测血镁、血钙,尿镁、尿肌酐和红细胞内镁浓度。 结果观察组尿镁、红细胞内镁浓度明显低于对照组(P<0.001);两组儿童血镁、血钙差异无显著性(P>0.05)。 结论儿童哮喘在急性发作期会合并镁缺乏症,尿镁浓度测定是判断是否有镁离子缺乏的简单、有效方法,血浆镁浓度不能作为衡量体内镁离子平衡的一个可靠指标。     

毛细支气管炎患儿血清白细胞介素-4及尿白三烯E4水平的临床观察

目的 探讨毛细支气管炎患儿血清IL4及尿白三烯E4(LTFA)水平变化与病情分度的关系.方法 选择2006年12月至2008年12月我院小儿呼吸科住院毛细支气管炎患儿100例,按病情程度分为轻度、中重度两组,轻度组52例,中重度组48例.另选择健康体检儿50例为对照组.采用酶联免疫吸附法测定血清IL-4及尿LIFA水平.结果 毛细支气管炎患儿发病急性期血清IL-4水平为(11.34±7.56)ng/L,尿LTFA(20.3±4.75)pmol/μmol Cr;恢复期血清IL-4(6.84±5.64)ng/L及尿LTE4(3.6±1.12)pmol/μmol Cr;健康组IL-4(5.72±2.24)ng/L及尿LTFA(1.43±0.14)pmol/μmolCr.毛细支气管炎患儿发病急性期血清IL-4及尿LTE4明显增高(P<0.01).中重度组血清IL-4为(15.32±6.85)ng/L,及尿LTE4为(28.8±4.71)pmoL/μmol Cr,高于轻症组IL-4[(7.64±4.31)ng/L]及尿LTE4[(18.1±3.52)pmol/μmol Cr],两组问差异有显著性(P<0.05).恢复期IL-4为(6.84±5.64)ng/L 及尿LTFA为(3.6±1.21)pmol/μmol Cr;正常健康对照组IL-4(5.72±2.24)ng/L及尿LTE4(1.43±0.14)pmol/μmol Cr,两组间差异无显著性(P>0.01).血清IL-4与尿LTE4检测结果呈正相关,r值分别为0.628、0.564(P<0.01).结论 血清IL-4及尿LTE4水平可作为毛细支气管炎病情严重程度的指标之一,有利于指导临床诊治.     

Pubertal growth and development and prenatal and lactational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene

OBJECTIVES: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene (DDE) are ubiquitous toxic environmental contaminants. Prenatal and early life exposures affect pubertal events in experimental animals. We studied whether prenatal or lactational exposures to background levels of PCBs or DDE were associated with altered pubertal growth and development in humans.Study design: Follow-up of 594 children from an existing North Carolina cohort whose prenatal and lactational exposures had previously been measured. Height, weight, and stage of pubertal development were assessed through annual mail questionnaires. RESULTS: Height of boys at puberty increased with transplacental exposure to DDE, as did weight adjusted for height; adjusted means for those with the highest exposures (maternal concentration 4+ ppm fat) were 6.3 cm taller and 6.9 kg larger than those with the lowest (0 to 1 ppm). There was no effect on the ages at which pubertal stages were attained. Lactational exposures to DDE had no apparent effects; neither did transplacental or lactational exposure to PCBs. Girls with the highest transplacental PCB exposures were heavier for their heights than other girls by 5.4 kg, but differences were significant only if the analysis was restricted to white girls. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal exposures at background levels may affect body size at puberty.     

Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia in Infants and Children: Pathophysiology and Treatment

Potassium is the second most abundant cation in the body. About 98% of potassium is intracellular and that is particularly in the skeletal muscle. Electrical disturbances associated with disorders of potassium homeostasis are a function of both the extracellular and intracellular potassium concentrations. Clinical disorders of potassium homeostasis occur with some regularity, especially in hospitalized patients receiving many medications. This article will review the pathophysiology of potassium homeostasis, symptoms, causes, and treatment of hypo- and hyperkalemia.     

Prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents

Increasing numbers of obese children and adolescents all over the world demand an investment in the primary and secondary prevention of obesity and overweight in this age group. The goal of preventive measures in children is to avoid the negative short- and long-term health problems associated with obesity. Primary prevention aims at establishing a healthy, active lifestyle and keeping children and adolescents within a range of body weight which is considered to be healthy. Constant availability and affordability of palatable and energy-dense food in the affluent society of the western world demands preventive strategies. Universal or public health prevention seems to be the most suitable form because several other cofactors of morbidity and mortality of affluent societies can also be prevented. However, in most European countries there is a lack of awareness of the necessity of prevention programmes, not only among the general population but also among the medical society. More awareness and consciousness to the problem of obesity must be generated in order to lead to effective therapeutic programmes. For those children and adolescents who are already obese, secondary prevention is mandatory. Therapeutic intervention programmes for the obese aim at long-term weight maintenance and normalisation of body weight and body fat. They have to modify eating and exercise behaviour of the obese child and establish new, healthier behaviour and lifestyle. Treatments programmes must include behavioural components in order to permanently change nutrition and physical exercise of the obese children and adolescents. However, long-term results of treatment programmes in European countries are scarce and the reported results, even of multidisciplinary regimens, are not impressive. Conclusion In most European countries there is an urgent need not only for a growing awareness of the problem of obesity in children and adolescents but also for development of new comprehensive approaches in treating this group.